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A Healthcare Students Introduction to Global Health: Low- and Middle Income Countries
by Alison Fiander Grace FryAimed at healthcare students: medical, nursing, and allied professionals, the textbook covers a broad range of topics in Global Health as investigated and summarized by Cardiff University medical students completing a short course in Global Health. Global Health is an increasingly important aspect of the undergraduate medical curriculum but is rarely formally taught at undergraduate level. It focuses upon health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Chapters include: What is Global Health; changing demographics and disease burden; Humanitarian medicine, Aid; health in conflict; Sexual Reproductive Health; Gender Based Violence; child health; disability; cancer care; palliative care; infectious disease; neglected tropical disease; the climate crisis and sustainable healthcare, amongst others.
A Heart Afire: Helen Brooke Taussig's Battle Against Heart Defects, Unsafe Drugs, and Injustice in Medicine
by Patricia MeisolA deeply compelling biography of the pioneering children�s heart doctor Helen Taussig, who helped start heart surgery and became a global force against preventable suffering.
A Heart For The Work: Journeys Through An African Medical School
by Claire L. WendlandBurnout is common among doctors in the West, so one might assume that a medical career in Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, would place far greater strain on the idealism that drives many doctors. But, as A Heart for the Work makes clear, Malawian medical students learn to confront poverty creatively, experiencing fatigue and frustration but also joy and commitment on their way to becoming physicians. The first ethnography of medical training in the global South, Claire L. Wendland’s book is a moving and perceptive look at medicine in a world where the transnational movement of people and ideas creates both devastation and possibility. Wendland, a physician anthropologist, conducted extensive interviews and worked in wards, clinics, and operating theaters alongside the student doctors whose stories she relates. From the relative calm of Malawi’s College of Medicine to the turbulence of training at hospitals with gravely ill patients and dramatically inadequate supplies, staff, and technology, Wendland’s work reveals the way these young doctors engage the contradictions of their circumstances, shedding new light on debates about the effects of medical training, the impact of traditional healing, and the purposes of medicine.
A Heartbeat Away: A Novel
by Michael PalmerThe New York Times bestselling author and master of suspense delivers another novel at the crossroads of politics and medicine in this shocker of a thriller On the night of the State of the Union address, President James Allaire expects to give the speech of his career. But no one anticipates the terrifying turn of events that forces him to quarantine everyone in the Capitol building. A terrorist group calling itself "Genesis" has unleashed WRX3883, a deadly, highly contagious virus, into the building. No one fully knows the deadly effect of the germ except for the team responsible for its development—a team headed by Allaire, himself. The only one who might be able to help is virologist Griffin Rhodes, currently in solitary confinement in a maximum security federal prison for alleged terrorist acts, including the attempted theft of WRX3883 from the lab where he worked. Rhodes has no idea why he has been arrested, but when Allaire offers to free him in exchange for his help combating the virus, he reluctantly agrees to do what he can to support the government that has imprisoned him without apparent cause. Meanwhile, every single person in line for presidential succession is trapped inside the Capitol—every person except one: the Director of Homeland Security, who is safely at home in Minnesota, having been selected as the "Designated Survivor" for this event. With enemies both named and unnamed closing in, and the security of the nation at stake, Griff must unravel the mysteries of WRX3883 without violating his pledge as a scientist to use no animal testing in his experiments…and time is running out. Tense, thrilling, and entirely plausible, A Heartbeat Away will make you reflect, wonder, and be truly afraid.
A History of 'Unitary Psychosis': A Contribution to the Historical Epistemology of Nineteenth Century Psychiatry (Theory and History in the Human and Social Sciences)
by German E. Berrios Gerhart Zeller Eric J. EngstromGerhart Zeller&’s prize-winning 1961 study of the history of the concept of unitary psychosis has never before been published in German or English. To date, the manuscript remains by far the best historical account of the early development of the concept in Germany. The editors&’ introduction analyzes Zeller&’s monograph on three temporal levels. First, as a rediscovered original contribution to historical scholarship on nineteenth century psychiatric classification. Second, as an historical document in its own right, situated on the threshold between the murderous atrocities of the Holocaust and the psychiatric reforms of the 1970s and &’80s (Psychiatrie-Enquête). Third, as a unique contribution to post-Neo-Kraepelinian discourse and to the critiques of contemporary psychiatric nosologies (DSM) and research agendas (RDoC). In helping to elucidate the historical evolution of dimensional approaches to psychiatric classification, the monograph is likely to resonate within wider current biomedical trends toward personalized medicine and molecular diagnostics, and to find a readership among psychiatric practitioners and historians alike.
A History of AIDS Social Work in Hospitals: A Daring Response to an Epidemic
by Barbara I Willinger Alan RiceExplore the in-hospital evolution of social work with HIV/AIDS patients!A History of AIDS Social Work in Hospitals: A Daring Response to an Epidemic presents first-hand historical perspectives from frontline hospital social workers who cared for HIV/AIDS patients during the epidemic&’s beginning in the early 1980s. Contributors recount personal and clinical experiences with patients, families, significant others, bureaucracies, and systems during a time of fear, challenge, and extreme caution. Their experiences illustrate the transformation of social work as the development of new programs and treatments increased the lifespan of HIV/AIDS patients.A History of AIDS Social Work in Hospitals portrays the nature of human suffering and teaches how clients deal with adversity and overcome devastating obstacles. At the same time this book, which, while nonfiction, reads like a novel, opens a window into the world of social work providers working with an illness once considered taboo (and now referred to as simply "chronic"). A History of AIDS Social Work in Hospitals provides you with an easy-to-understand medical overview of adult and pediatric infectious diseases that often accompany HIV/AIDS and examines: the evolution of social work with hospitalized patients during the first twenty years of the pandemic the important roles of social workers in New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, and South Carolina challenges that resulted from improved medications and longer life expectancy the status of current HIV/AIDS care programs the development of HIV/AIDS case management in emergency room settings the benefits of developing custody planning programs for HIV-infected families the challenges of working with perinatally infected adolescentsWith case studies and thoughtful analysis of the history of city, state, and national case management responses to the AIDS crisis, A History of AIDS Social Work in Hospitals is a valuable book for educators, students, historians, beginning mental health practitioners, social workers, case managers, substance abuse counselors, and anyone interested in stories of human courage. Make it part of your collection today!
A History of Apprenticeship Nurse Training in Ireland
by Gerard FealyBased on new research using previously unpublished sources, this compelling text is an in-depth study of the history of nurse education in Ireland, presenting a new authoritative account of the history of the traditional system of training in Ireland. Introduced as part of the reforms of hospital nursing in the late nineteenth century, apprenticeship nurse training was a vocational extension of secondary education. Residing outside the mainstream of higher educational provision it provided nurses with the knowledge and technical skills for sick nursing, whilst also functioning to socialise them into the role of hospital worker and introduce to them nursing’s value systems. This method of training provided a ready supply of skilled, efficient, inexpensive and loyal workers. In a chronological period spanning over a century, the book traces the development of modern nursing in Ireland, bringing the hidden role of nurses and nursing to the fore. It analyzes and describes the development, provision and gradual reform of hospital nursing, taking into account the social, cultural, political and economic factors that led to its establishment, its continuance, and eventual demise.
A History of Australia’s Early Cosmopolitan Naturopathic Osteopathy: The Pioneering Practice and Global Symbolism of Thomas Ambrose Bowen
by Shirley Murray StrachanRevealing the forgotten ideas and philosophy behind early naturopathic osteopathy, Shirley Murray Strachan presents a reoriented historical view of Thomas Ambrose Bowen and his work, breaking from the prevailing twentieth-century legitimation narrative of mainstream chiropractic and osteopathy and exploring the contributions and practices of Australia’s early cosmopolitan naturopathic osteopathy pioneers FG Roberts and Maurice Blackmore.Viewing Bowen’s practice and symbolism through a historical lens, the book examines the forgotten world of early cosmopolitan Australian osteopathy, debunking popular posthumous commercialised claims about Bowen’s work and asserts the importance of traditional approaches in naturopathic osteopathy. Though an interrogation of conflicting origin stories and myths about Bowen’s work, it highlights the important contributions of naturopathic pioneers FG Roberts and Maurice Blackmore. The background narrative is the struggle of mainstream chiropractic and osteopathy seeking professional recognition and forged from in-fighting between overseas and Australian chiropractic and osteopathic political interests. Counterposed is the posthumous popular interpretations that orphaned Bowen’s work from its wellsprings in naturopathic osteopathy.This is an accessible book for historians and practitioners of early osteopathy, chiropractic and naturopathy, especially to the large, international community of accredited Bowen therapists.
A History of British Eugenics since 1865: From Francis Galton to Designer Babies (Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History)
by David RedvaldsenThis book examines British eugenics from its origins in 1865 to the early 1990s. It considers the two institutions promoting the doctrine: the Galton Laboratory attached to the University of London; and the Eugenics Society. It charts internal and ideological changes across more than a century, seeing eugenics as primarily a political movement. The doctrine had influence on British society and guided adherents ranging from scientists to charitable ladies. The Galton Laboratory published detailed studies of heredity. It transformed itself into a centre for medical genetics after the Second World War. As early as the 1920s, the Eugenics Society was the mainspring of the doctrine, formulating what became the British version of an international ideology. It began as applied social Darwinism, later incorporating a greater degree of meritocracy and amelioration. Its support for sterilization in the 1930s eroded the kudos it had gained in policy-making circles. From the 1960s, organized eugenics was especially a forum for learned and popular discussion of biology and sociology. Medical advances after 1970 aided its continuation, notably the growth of assisted reproductive technologies. The book presents British eugenics as mostly shaped by domestic concerns, offering new revelations and interpretations with the capacity to readjust historical thinking. It also covers contemporary bioethical and political issues aligned to eugenics.
A History of Dentistry in Canada
by Donald W. GullettBeginning with the earliest records available describing the dental health of the Indians before the arrival of European settlers, Dr Gullett gives a detailed and carefully documented history of dentistry in Canada. He describes the unscrupulous tramp dentists who roamed the countryside years ago as well as their respectable contemporaries, and he traces the development of practice, education, and professional associations, as dentistry developed from an art to a science. The author spent five years gathering information for this book from public archives, libraries, personal interviews, and the records of the profession. The result is a lively and readable story told with a continuing concern for health services.
A History of Diabetes in Pregnancy: The impact of maternal diabetes on offspring prenatal development and survival
by Harold KalterType 1 diabetes is a serious and common disease, afflicting one per 200 of the population worldwide. It is widely believed to cause harmful physical maldevelopment--congenital malformations--and other consequences in the unborn children of women with the disease. This book considers the history of the disease in pregnant women and this belief that it causes anomalies since the time of the discovery of insulin in 1921, and presents a profound and critical appraisal of the subject of its supposed prenatal harmfulness.
A History of Discoveries on Hearing (Springer Handbook of Auditory Research #77)
by Arthur N. Popper Richard R. Fay Allison B. Coffin Darlene R. KettenThis volume focuses on the history of research on hearing from comparative approaches. Each chapters examines the most formative studies that led to current understanding of hearing across taxa and still influence hearing research in general. Much of the early work on hearing, which goes back to Aristotle, as well as the classic work of 16th to early 20th century scientists (e.g., Spellanzani, Retzius, Ramón y Cajal, and Helmholtz) is not well known to modern investigators. Similarly, work in the first 75 years of the 20th century is also unknown or, in some cases, dismissed because it is “old.” Much of the earlier work describes research approaches and results fundamental to our understanding of hearing as well as the beauty of observation and synthesis. The pioneering work on hearing contains ideas and questions that are still germane today. Thus, the goal of this volume is to introduce, review, and put into perspective, older but exemplary, extraordinary studies by investigators that form the basis of our knowledge as well as questions being asked today.Each chapter includes the first significant observations and approaches to hearing in the taxa and/or hearing type that is the focus of the chapter with some of the most important earlier papers discussed in some detail, including the theories, formative experiments, results, and conclusions. Each chapter provides briefer notations and citations of additional important papers that are outgrowths of the founding research – or correlate and even reverse the original works. This volume is a departure from the classic approach established for the SHAR books in which the focus has been on a single topic, and on the most recent and exciting discoveries. One difference in this volume from past SHAR volumes is that we have a more coordinated approach for the chapters to ensure that this volume is, indeed, a documentation of hearing research history, not a review of the latest status of the topic. A second difference is that the focus of the volume is on the historical value of studies. In that sense, the volume maintains the tutorial value for which SHAR books are famous, but it explores the ancestry of modern research in order to help new researchers to gain perspective on important questions and on fundamental information they may not fully appreciate – to their loss. Our interest in doing this volume comes from phenomena familiar to most senior investigators - that younger investigators often have little or no sense of the history of their discipline, and they often do not know that their “hot” new idea was not only pursued, and often solved, but further that it was solved in an elegant way. We believe it is important to bring the methodologies and discoveries on hearing done before the advent of the internet to light, for the benefit and growth of new research.In deciding on the chapter divisions for this book, we considered a number of different organizational schemes, and particularly using as a focus methodological approaches (e.g., psychoacoustics, low to high frequency types, physiology, anatomy). However, we came to the conclusion that most investigators tend to be more focused on working within a particular taxonomic group, settling on particular taxa, in many cases driven by the special hearing abilities. We also concluded that that this approach is more naturally related to the evolution not only of hearing, but also to the evolution of ideas, as much of hearing science was part of the “natural philosopher” approach that was a core element of historical discoveries.
A History of Disease in Ancient Times: More Lethal than War
by Philip NorrieThis book shows how bubonic plague and smallpox helped end the Hittite Empire, the Bronze Age in the Near East and later the Carthaginian Empire. The book will examine all the possible infectious diseases present in ancient times and show that life was a daily struggle for survival either avoiding or fighting against these infectious disease epidemics. The book will argue that infectious disease epidemics are a critical link in the chain of causation for the demise of most civilizations in the ancient world and that ancient historians should no longer ignore them, as is currently the case.
A History of Endometriosis
by Ronald BattThe early history of endometriosis is interwoven with the history of adenomyosis, since it was not until the mid nineteen-twenties that the two conditions were finally separated. A History of Endometriosis provides a detailed reconstruction of the progress made in identifying, describing and treating the condition we call today endometriosis.
A History of Force Feeding: Hunger Strikes, Prisons and Medical Ethics, 1909–1974
by Ian MillerThis book is Open Access under a CC BY license. It is the first monograph-length study of the force-feeding of hunger strikers in English, Irish and Northern Irish prisons. It examines ethical debates that arose throughout the twentieth century when governments authorised the force-feeding of imprisoned suffragettes, Irish republicans and convict prisoners. It also explores the fraught role of prison doctors called upon to perform the procedure. Since the Home Office first authorised force-feeding in 1909, a number of questions have been raised about the procedure. Is force-feeding safe? Can it kill? Are doctors who feed prisoners against their will abandoning the medical ethical norms of their profession? And do state bodies use prison doctors to help tackle political dissidence at times of political crisis?
A History of Genomics across Species, Communities and Projects (Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History)
by Miguel García-Sancho James LoweThis open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the history of genomics across three different species and four decades, from the 1980s to the recent past. It takes an inclusive approach in order to capture not only the international initiatives to map and sequence the genomes of various organisms, but also the work of smaller-scale institutions engaged in the mapping and sequencing of yeast, human and pig DNA. In doing so, the authors expand the historiographical lens of genomics from a focus on large-scale projects to other forms of organisation. They show how practices such as genome mapping, sequence assembly and annotation are as essential as DNA sequencing in the history of genomics, and argue that existing depictions of genomics are too closely associated with the Human Genome Project. Exploring the use of genomic tools by biochemists, cell biologists, and medical and agriculturally-oriented geneticists, this book portrays the history of genomics as inseparably entangled with the day-to-day practices and objectives of these communities. The authors also uncover often forgotten actors such as the European Commission, a crucial funder and forger of collaborative networks undertaking genomic projects. In examining historical trajectories across species, communities and projects, the book provides new insights on genomics, its dramatic expansion during the late twentieth-century and its developments in the twenty-first century. Offering the first extensive critical examination of the nature and historicity of reference genomes, this book demonstrates how their affordances and limitations are shaped by the involvement or absence of particular communities in their production.
A History of Global Health: Interventions into the Lives of Other Peoples
by Randall M. Packard<p>Over the past century, hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested in programs aimed at improving health on a global scale. Given the enormous scale and complexity of these lifesaving operations, why do millions of people in low-income countries continue to live without access to basic health services, sanitation, or clean water? And why are deadly diseases like Ebola able to spread so quickly among populations? <p>In A History of Global Health, Randall M. Packard argues that global-health initiatives have saved millions of lives but have had limited impact on the overall health of people living in underdeveloped areas, where health-care workers are poorly paid, infrastructure and basic supplies such as disposable gloves, syringes, and bandages are lacking, and little effort has been made to address the underlying social and economic determinants of ill health. Global-health campaigns have relied on the application of biomedical technologies―vaccines, insecticide-treated nets, vitamin A capsules―to attack specific health problems but have failed to invest in building lasting infrastructure for managing the ongoing health problems of local populations. <p>Designed to be read and taught, the book offers a critical historical view, providing historians, policy makers, researchers, program managers, and students with an essential new perspective on the formation and implementation of global-health policies and practices.</p>
A History of Global Health: Interventions into the Lives of Other Peoples
by Randall M. PackardA sweeping history explores why people living in resource-poor areas lack access to basic health care after billions of dollars have been invested in international-health assistance.Over the past century, hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested in programs aimed at improving health on a global scale. Given the enormous scale and complexity of these lifesaving operations, why do millions of people in low-income countries continue to live without access to basic health services, sanitation, or clean water? And why are deadly diseases like Ebola able to spread so quickly among populations?In A History of Global Health, Randall M. Packard argues that global-health initiatives have saved millions of lives but have had limited impact on the overall health of people living in underdeveloped areas, where health-care workers are poorly paid, infrastructure and basic supplies such as disposable gloves, syringes, and bandages are lacking, and little effort has been made to address the underlying social and economic determinants of ill health. Global-health campaigns have relied on the application of biomedical technologies—vaccines, insecticide-treated nets, vitamin A capsules—to attack specific health problems but have failed to invest in building lasting infrastructure for managing the ongoing health problems of local populations.Designed to be read and taught, the book offers a critical historical view, providing historians, policy makers, researchers, program managers, and students with an essential new perspective on the formation and implementation of global-health policies and practices.
A History of Health & Fitness: Implications for Policy Today
by Roy J. ShephardThis book provides a unique and succinct account of the history of health and fitness, responding to the growing recognition of physicians, policy makers and the general public that exercise is the most potent form of medicine available to humankind. Individual chapters present information extending from the earliest reaches of human history to the present day, arranged in the form of 30 thematic essays covering topics from the supposed idyll of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and its posited health benefits to the evolution of health professionals and the possible contribution of the Olympic movement to health and fitness in our current society. Learning objectives are set for each topic, and although technical language is avoided as far as possible, a thorough glossary explains any specialized terms that are introduced in each chapter. The critical thinking of the reader is stimulated by a range of questions arising from the text context, and each chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some of the more important implications for public policies on health and fitness today and into the future. The material will be of particular interest to graduate and undergraduate students in public health, health promotion, health policy, kinesiology, physical education, but will be of interest also to many studying medicine, history and sociology.
A History of Herbalism: Cure, Cook and Conjure
by Emma KayFood historian Emma Kay tells the story of our centuries-old relationship with herbs. From herbalists of old to contemporary cooking, this book reveals the magical and medicinal properties of your favourite plants in colorful, compelling detail. At one time, every village in Britain had a herbalist. A History of Herbalism investigates the lives of women and men who used herbs to administer treatment and knew the benefit of each. Meet Dr Richard Shephard of Preston, who cultivated angelica on his estate in the eighteenth century for the sick and injured; or Nicholas Culpeper, a botanist who catalogued the pharmaceutical benefits of herbs for early literary society. But herbs were not only medicinal. Countless cultures and beliefs as far back as prehistoric times incorporated herbs into their practices: paganism, witchcraft, religion and even astrology. Take a walk through a medieval ‘physick’ garden, or Early Britain, and learn the ancient rituals to fend off evil powers, protect or bewitch or even attract a lover. The wake of modern medicine saw a shift away from herbal treatments, with rituals and spells shrouded with superstition as the years wore on. The author reveals how herbs became more culinary rather than medicinal including accounts of recent trends for herbal remedies as lockdown and the pandemic leads us to focus more on our health and wellbeing.
A History of Intelligence and 'Intellectual Disability': The Shaping of Psychology in Early Modern Europe
by C.F. GoodeyStarting with the hypothesis that not only human intelligence but also its antithesis 'intellectual disability' are nothing more than historical contingencies, C.F. Goodey's paradigm-shifting study traces the rich interplay between labelled human types and the radically changing characteristics attributed to them. From the twelfth-century beginnings of European social administration to the onset of formal human science disciplines in the modern era, A History of Intelligence and 'Intellectual Disability' reconstructs the socio-political and religious contexts of intellectual ability and disability, and demonstrates how these concepts became part of psychology, medicine and biology. Goodey examines a wide array of classical, late medieval and Renaissance texts, from popular guides on conduct and behavior to medical treatises and from religious and philosophical works to poetry and drama. Focusing especially on the period between the Protestant Reformation and 1700, Goodey challenges the accepted wisdom that would have us believe that 'intelligence' and 'disability' describe natural, trans-historical realities. Instead, Goodey argues for a model that views intellectual disability and indeed the intellectually disabled person as recent cultural creations. His book is destined to become a standard resource for scholars interested in the history of psychology and medicine, the social origins of human self-representation, and current ethical debates about the genetics of intelligence.
A History of Intoxication: Opium in Assam, 1800–1959
by Kawal Deep KourThis volume unearths the emerging pattern of consumption of opium in colonial Assam and the creation of drug-dependency in a social context. It analyses the competing forces of the empire which played a key role in the production and distribution of opium; national politics alongside international drug diplomacy and how these together shaped the discourse of opium in Assam; the wider implications of opium production and consumption in the agrarian economy and the narrative of the nationalist critique of intoxication. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
A History of London County Lunatic Asylums & Mental Hospitals
by Ed BrandonFrom the Middle-Ages onwards, London’s notorious Bedlam lunatic hospital saw the city’s ‘mad’ locked away in dank cells, neglected and abused and without any real cure and little comfort. The unprecedented growth of the metropolis after the Industrial Revolution saw a perceived ‘epidemic’ of madness take hold, with ‘county asylums’ seen by those in power as the most humane or cost-effective way to offer the mass confinement and treatment believed necessary. The county of Middlesex – to which London once belonged – would build and open three huge county asylums from 1831, and when London became its own county in 1889 it would adopt all three and go on to build or run another eight such immense institutions. Each operated much like a self-contained town; home to thousands and often incorporating its own railway, laundries, farms, gardens, kitchens, ballroom, sports pitches, surgeries, wards, cells, chapel, mortuary, and more, in order to ensure the patients never needed to leave the asylum’s grounds. Between them, at their peak London’s eleven county asylums were home to around 25,000 patients and thousands more staff, and dominated the physical landscape as well as the public imagination from the 1830s right up to the 1990s. Several gained a legacy which lasted even beyond their closure, as their hulking, abandoned forms sat in overgrown sites around London, refusing to be forgotten and continuing to attract the attention of those with both curious and nefarious motives. Hanwell (St Bernard’s), Colney Hatch (Friern), Banstead, Cane Hill, Claybury, Bexley, Manor, Horton, St Ebba’s, Long Grove, and West Park went from being known as ‘county lunatic asylums’ to ‘mental hospitals’ and beyond. Reflecting on both the positive and negative aspects of their long and storied histories from their planning and construction to the treatments and regimes adopted at each, the lives of patients and staff through to their use during wartime, and the modernisation and changes of the 20th century, this book documents their stories from their opening up to their eventual closure, abandonment, redevelopment, or destruction.
A History of Lung Cancer
by Carsten TimmermannThe first comprehensive history of lung cancer from around 1800 to the present day; a story of doctors and patients, hopes and fears, expectations and frustrations. Where most histories of medicine focus on progress, Timmermann asks what happens when medical progress does not seem to make much difference.
A History of Medicine
by Lois N. Magner Oliver J KimDesigned for survey courses in the field A History of Medicine presents a wide-ranging overview for those seeking a solid grounding in the medical history of Western and non-Western cultures. Invaluable to instructors promoting the history of medicine in pre-professional training, and stressing major themes in the history of medicine, this third edition continues to stimulate further exploration of the events, methodologies, and theories that have shaped medical practices in decades past and continue to do so today.