- Table View
- List View
Front Lines
by Michael GrantPerfect for fans of The Book Thief and Code Name Verity, New York Times bestselling author Michael Grant unleashes an epic, genre-bending, and transformative new series that reimagines World War II with girl soldiers fighting on the front lines.World War II, 1942. A court decision makes women subject to the draft and eligible for service. The unproven American army is going up against the greatest fighting force ever assembled, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.Three girls sign up to fight. Rio Richlin, Frangie Marr, and Rainy Schulterman are average girls, girls with dreams and aspirations, at the start of their lives, at the start of their loves. Each has her own reasons for volunteering: Rio fights to honor her sister; Frangie needs money for her family; Rainy wants to kill Germans. For the first time they leave behind their homes and families--to go to war.These three daring young women will play their parts in the war to defeat evil and save the human race. As the fate of the world hangs in the balance, they will discover the roles that define them on the front lines. They will fight the greatest war the world has ever known.
Front Rank [Illustrated Edition]
by Glenn TuckerIncludes more than 20 illustrationsFamed Civil War historian Glen Tucker was commissioned by the North Carolina Confederate Centennial Commission to write a short portrait of the men and battles that the soldiers from North Carolina fought under the Stars and Bars. Illustrated beautifully throughout by Bill Ballard, the author takes the reader on to the battlefields of the Civil War and through his vivid vignettes records the immortal deeds of the North Carolinians from Manassas to the last shot at Appomattox.
Front Toward Enemy: A Slain Soldier's Widow Details Her Husband's Murder and How Military Courts Allowed the Killer to Escape Justice
by Barbara AllenA slain soldier&’s widow details her husband&’s murder by a fellow soldier . . . and exposes how the US military courts allowed the killer to escape justice. June 7, 2005. A sandstorm obscured what light lingered in Iraq&’s nighttime sky as Staff Sergeant Alberto Martinez tied a claymore mine to a window grate. On the other side of the window was Lieutenant Louis Allen, a husband and father of four young boys, and his good friend and Commanding Officer Captain Phillip Esposito, a West Point graduate and father of a baby girl. The men were engaged in a board game, unwinding after a hard day, when without warning the window exploded. More than seven hundred steel ball bearings erupted from the mine and hurtled inward with lethal force, obliterating everything in their kill zone. Martinez was arrested and tried for the murders. But the military judicial system failed, and the killer was set free. How can American soldiers be at risk on their own base, among their fellow soldiers? Could these murders have been prevented? Will it happen again? How can the military&’s judicial system have failed so drastically? What was the government hiding from the slain soldiers&’ families? This book is a personal and factual behind-the-scenes account of a case that is to the military judicial system what the O. J. Simpson case is to the civilian judicial system.
Frontal Assault (Seal Team Seven, #10)
by Keith DouglassMurdock and his SEAL team find themselves right in the middle of the fight. They're going to show Saddam that he's not the only one who can destroy a country from within.
Frontier Bishop: The Life and Times of Robert Richford Roberts
by Dr Worth Marion TippyThis book, written by Dr. Worth Marion Tippy in 1958, is a biography of Robert Richford Roberts (1778-1843), an American Methodist Circuit Rider, Pastor, Presiding Elder, and the first married man in America to serve as Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1816.Born in Frederick County, Maryland, his family were communicants of The Church of England. In 1785, they moved to the Ligonier Valley in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, where Roberts united with the M.E. Church when he was fourteen years old. Until he was twenty-one, his was a thoroughly frontier existence, with few books and quite simple habits. Despite becoming one of the “foremost religious leaders of his time,” he remained a frontiersman to the day of his death in 1843.“Long after he became a bishop he liked to follow deer in the forest. When he was free, being now a bishop, to live where he chose, he established his episcopal residence in what was then wilderness of the hill country of southern Indiana. Here, in utmost seclusion, he lived for the next quarter century, at first under most primitive conditions. From this isolated place he left on horseback on his amazing episcopal journeys to all parts of the nation, returning after long absences to work on his lands.”Dr. Tippy tells of Bishop Roberts’ move from his native Maryland to the then-frontier of western Pennsylvania, where his father had secured four hundred acres of land in the Ligonier Valley fifty miles east of Pittsburgh, and where the young Roberts would go on to experience the hardships and adventures of migrants before and after him—experiences which “better prepared for the leadership which came to him so early in life.”An invaluable read.
Frontier Cavalry Trooper: The Letters of Private Eddie Matthews, 1869–1874
by Douglas C. McChristianDuring his five years in the army, Private Edward L. Matthews wrote a series of exceptionally detailed and engaging letters to his family back home in Maryland describing his life in the Arizona and New Mexico Territories. Eddie Matthews&’s letters, published here for the first time, provide an unparalleled chronicle of one soldier&’s experiences in garrison and in the field in the post–Civil War Southwest.Eddie&’s letters record a vivid chronicle of day-to-day life in the frontier regulars. Included are operational details in his company, candid observations of people and places, intimate views of frontier society, and personal opinions that probably would have been forgotten or moderated had he recorded his experiences later in life. More subtle are his valuable references to the state of transportation and communication in the Southwest during the early 1870s. Matthews probably did not realize until later years that he was not only a witness to the nation&’s rapid westward expansion, but was himself a tiny cog in the machinery that made it possible.
Frontier Defence on the Upper Ohio, 1777-1778
by Reuben Gold ThwaitesBut the barbaric enemy facing the frontier differed greatly from the well-equipped, well-drilled professional army from Europe that confronted the armed men of the tidewater. The stealthy foes of the border aimed their heaviest blows at the homes, wives, and children of the settlers; no life was safe from them, no person secure. Through long and bitter experience, the backwoodsmen had come to understand the art of defense by concentration within neighborhood blockhouses and log forts. But a new danger presented itself. The Indians were now guided and stimulated by the nation’s white enemies, so that to their native cunning were added the superior intelligence and more astute methods of the English. The situation soon became desperate.The British authorities at Detroit were especially active in urging the Indians to war against the Americans. Permissory orders to that effect were received by Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton early in June, 1777. With consummate skill he roused the barbarians to frenzy; under his stimulus they prepared to hurl themselves upon the American frontier. The invading parties were provided by Hamilton with proclamations prepared both by Governor Carleton and himself, calling on the Western inhabitants to submit to King George and take refuge within the British posts, where a land bounty would be given them for loyal service. This project was adroitly devised to mingle terror and mercy, in the hope that the colonists’ rebellion would speedily be crushed on the Western borders; and that the Easterners, finding themselves between two fires, would be obliged to yield. The effect of these proclamations, scattered by Indian raiders throughout the American backwoods settlements, was considerable. In some cases they were suppressed by American officers, but the Loyalist disaffection in the trans-Alleghany is largely attributable to this source.
Frontier Fighters: The Memoirs of Major James Cumming
by Walter CummingsThese are fascinating memoirs of a British officer who fought the legendary Pathan tribesmen of the Northwest Frontier, right up to the beginning of WW2. He describes desperate battles against this highly skilled and ruthless enemy. Pathan atrocities were commonplace and no prisoners were taken.Cummings served in two Frontier units, the South Waziristan Scouts and the Corps of Guides. Waziristan, then the home of Wazirs and Mahsuds, the most war like of Pathan tribes, is today sanctuary for Al Qaeda and Taliban terrorists. Frontier Fighters describes the closing stages of Britains imperial presence on the subcontinent. Yet beside the pig sticking, polo and hunting, there was great excitement danger and gallantry. A unique bond existed between the British and their native troops. Paradoxically Cummings went on to command a Pathan regiment in North Africa in WW2.
Frontier Forts of Texas (Images of America)
by Bill O'NealWith its vast size and long frontier period, Texas was the scene of more combat events between Native American warriors and Anglo soldiers and settlers than any other state or territory. The US Army, therefore, erected more military outposts in Texas, a tradition begun by Spanish soldados and their presidios. Settlers built blockhouses and even stockades, the most famous of which was Parker's Fort, the site of an infamous massacre in 1836. Successive north to south lines of Army forts attempted to screen westward-moving settlers from war parties, while border posts stretched along the Rio Grande from Fort Brown on the Gulf of Mexico to Fort Bliss at El Paso del Norte. Texas was the site of the first US Cavalry regiment employed against horseback warriors, as well as the experimental US Camel Corps. From Robert E. Lee to Albert Sidney Johnston to Ranald Mackenzie, the Army's finest officers served out of Texas forts, and 61 Medals of Honor were earned by soldiers campaigning in the Lone Star State.
Frontier Militiaman in the War of 1812
by Adam Hook Ed Gilbert"He who relies on militia leans upon a broken cane." (George Washington)Osprey's survey of militiamen of the War of 1812. The great military effectiveness of semi-trained local militia is one of the enduring myths of American military history. In this book Ed Gilbert reveals the truth behind this myth. Quoting from memoirs of men like Sam Dale, Sam Houston, and rare histories, he sheds light on who these frontier men actually were. He chronicles how militiamen, ranging from hard-working farmers to politicians like Davy Crockett, were transformed through hard campaigning, fierce combat, and Andrew Jackson's equally fierce discipline, into a formidable fighting force. Contemporary illustrations and artwork depict the rough life on campaign and the uniforms worn by the militia. He details how they fought and won the crucial battle of Horseshoe Bend, and how finally on the swampy Plains of Chalmette a scratch force of State Militias, Federal Regulars, US Marines, and Jean Lafitte's mercenary pirates inflicted a stunning defeat on General Pakenham's forces, opening up the western frontier for the new nation.
Frontier Science: Northern Canada, Military Research, and the Cold War, 1945–1970
by Matthew WisemanBetween 1945 and 1970, Canada’s Department of National Defence sponsored scientific research into the myriad challenges of military operations in cold regions. To understand and overcome the impediments of the country’s cold climate, scientists studied cold-weather acclimatization, hypothermia, frostbite, and psychological morale for soldiers assigned to active duty in northern Canada. Frontier Science investigates the history of military science in northern Canada during this period of the Cold War, highlighting the consequences of government-funded research for humans and nature alike. The book reveals how under the guise of “environmental protection” research, the Canadian military sprayed pesticides to clear bushed areas, used radioactive substances to investigate vector-borne diseases, pursued race-based theories of cold tolerance, and enabled wide-ranging tests of newly developed weapons and equipment. In arguing that military research in northern Canada was a product of the Cold War, Matthew S. Wiseman tackles questions of government power, scientific authority, and medical and environmental research ethics. Based on a long and deep pursuit of declassified records, archival sources, and oral testimony, Frontier Science is a fascinating new history of military approaches to the human-nature relationship.
Frontiers, Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies in South Asia
by Kaushik RoyThis book uses cross-cultural analysis across Eurasia and Afro-Asia to trace the roots of contemporary border disputes and insurgencies in South Asia. It discusses the way frontiers of British India, and consequently the modern states of India and Pakistan, were drafted through negotiations backed up by organized violence, showing how this conce
Frontline General: America's Most Controversial Hero (History for Young Readers)
by Jules Archer Iain C. MartinAt twenty-six Douglas MacArthur was military aide to President Theodore Roosevelt, and his courageous leadership of the Rainbow Division in World War I made him a general. At the same time, his reluctance to heed any authority but his own gained him a reputation of arrogance and insubordination that was to shadow his entire career.As MacArthur helped guide defeated Japan to democracy, it was remarked that he himself tolerated no democratic questioning of his commands. When he was summoned from Japan to take command of the desperately beleaguered forces in Korea, the conflict between duty and pride brought his career to a dramatic conclusion. With brilliant generalship he saved his army from defeat, only to be removed from his post when he refused to obey the president himself. Douglas MacArthur’s deeds were of heroic proportion, but he is, and will continue to be, one of America’s most controversial figures.
Frontline Justice: The Evolution and Reform of Summary Trials in the Canadian Armed Forces (Human Dimensions in Foreign Policy, Military Studies, and Security Studies #7)
by Pascal LévesqueCompared with its civilian counterpart – which struggles with delays and uncertain results – summary military justice is efficient. From offence until outcome, 90 per cent of cases are dealt with in less than ninety days. The other side of the coin is that there is no right to representation by defence counsel, no transcript produced, and no appeal to a judge. Nine times out of ten, individuals are found guilty. For service members, consequences can include fines, reductions in rank, confinement, and sentences of up to thirty days in military jail, sometimes with a criminal conviction. Addressing important gaps in legal literature, Frontline Justice sets out to examine summary justice in Canada's military and to advocate for reform. Pascal Lévesque describes the origins, purposes, and features of the summary trial system in the Canadian Armed Forces. He then analyzes the system's benefits and flaws and the challenges it faces in maintaining discipline while respecting the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Lévesque determines that troubling aspects of the system, including the fact that lower and higher ranks are dealt with and punished differently, are clear indicators of a need for change. Criticizing current legislation, the book takes into account the latest developments in military law and jurisprudence to make concrete recommendations for an alternative model of military justice. A thought-provoking and balanced analysis, Frontline Justice seeks to remedy some of the more unfair and arcane proceedings of the Canadian military's summary trial system.
Frontline Justice: The Evolution and Reform of Summary Trials in the Canadian Armed Forces (Human Dimensions in Foreign Policy, Military Studies, and Security Studies)
by Pascal LévesqueCompared with its civilian counterpart - which struggles with delays and uncertain results - summary military justice is efficient. From offence until outcome, 90 per cent of cases are dealt with in less than ninety days. The other side of the coin is that there is no right to representation by defence counsel, no transcript produced, and no appeal to a judge. Nine times out of ten, individuals are found guilty. For service members, consequences can include fines, reductions in rank, confinement, and sentences of up to thirty days in military jail, sometimes with a criminal conviction. Addressing important gaps in legal literature, Frontline Justice sets out to examine summary justice in Canada's military and to advocate for reform. Pascal Lévesque describes the origins, purposes, and features of the summary trial system in the Canadian Armed Forces. He then analyzes the system's benefits and flaws and the challenges it faces in maintaining discipline while respecting the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Lévesque determines that troubling aspects of the system, including the fact that lower and higher ranks are dealt with and punished differently, are clear indicators of a need for change. Criticizing current legislation, the book takes into account the latest developments in military law and jurisprudence to make concrete recommendations for an alternative model of military justice. A thought-provoking and balanced analysis, Frontline Justice seeks to remedy some of the more unfair and arcane proceedings of the Canadian military's summary trial system.
Frontline Nurses On Duty: A moving and emotional historical novel (Frontline Nurses Series #2)
by Holly GreenCan they do their bit for the war effort?A gripping historical saga based on a true story, following wartime nurses during the First World War. Perfect for fans of Lizzie Page’s The War Nurses, Donna Douglas’s The Nightingale Nurses and Margaret Dickinson’s The Poppy Girls.When war is declared in 1914, Leonora Malham Brown and her best friend Victoria, head to Calais to volunteer with the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry. But Leonora is torn between doing her duty and love. Determined to see her sweetheart, Colonel Malkovic, again she soon decides to return to the Front. Leonora quickly loses hope of ever finding Sasha as she gets caught up in the chaos of the battlefields. Finding herself alone and in danger, she must use all her nursing training if she is to return home safely…A moving emotional wartime saga about brave nurses on the battlefield, based on an amazing true story. ________________________________Make sure you've read all the books in the Frontline Nurses series:1. Frontline Nurses2. Frontline Nurses On Duty3. Secrets of the Frontline NursesAnd don't miss Holly Green's new series set in a Liverpool Workhouse:1. Workhouse Orphans2. Workhouse Angel3. Workhouse Nightingale4. Workhouse Girl
Frontline and Experimental Flying With the Fleet Air Arm
by Geoffrey HiggsThe first Royal Navy pilot to fly transatlantic non-stop (in a Buccaneer) describes his thirty-five-year career in the Fleet Air Arm and as an Empire Test Pilot. The spectacle of Alan Cobham&’s Flying Circus and the Fleet at anchor in Weymouth inspired the author&’s lifelong passion for aeroplanes, flying and the Royal Navy. World War Two provided the opportunity to fulfil his ambition and at eighteen he volunteered for the Fleet Air Arm as a pilot. Training in Canada began a Naval flying career that spanned thirty-years. Front line squadron service, embarked on aircraft carriers was followed by qualification as a flying instructor. Selection for the Empire Test Pilots School at Farnborough and qualification as an experimental Test Pilot changed the direction of his naval career. In all he flew nearly one hundred types of aircraft and carried out close to a thousand deck landings. Initial flight testing of several new naval aircraft, as well as research flying in support of the development of aircraft such as the English Electric Lightning and Concorde added to a unique career. Such a long and varied period of flying was not without the inevitable mishaps. A near catastrophic catapult launch of a new naval aircraft, the jamming of the power control system in a research aircraft and hazardous flying through tropical storms at supersonic speeds to determine safety factors for Concorde&’s intended Far East route were some of the dangers of flying at the cutting edge. As pilot, he flew the first Royal Naval aircraft to cross the Atlantic non-stop without in-flight refuelling or navigational aids. He describes the fascinating ten-day flight from Croydon to Rangoon across Europe, the Middle East, Pakistan and India to deliver a Percival Provost trainer to the Burmese Air Force.Praise for Frontline and Experimental Flying with the Fleet Air Arm &“Follow Higgs from one cockpit/conference room/country to another. You&’ll be as surprised as he is that he lived to tell about some of these adventures.&” —Speedreaders &“This hefty [book] chronicles . . . a life crammed with flying all types of aircraft, mostly shipboard, and the inevitable mishaps. . . . A good read, particularly for those of us who soak up anything to do with ships and aircraft. The shipboard accounts of catapult trials, amongst other sections, are gripping, and the times in Singapore and the Far East add to the appeal, as do the various accounts of life alongside the Americans. Geoffrey Higgs flew nearly 100 different types of aircraft in his career and his love of flying shines through the pages.&” —Alan Rawlinson
Frontline: The sweeping WWI drama that 'deserves to be read' - Jeffrey Archer
by Hilary Jones'The doctor hits the spot and deserves to be read' - Jeffrey Archer 'A story to get the heart racing' - Daily Express 'An enthralling tale' - Daily Mirror 'Dr Hilary is a master storyteller' - Lorraine Kelly CBE ___________LOVE GAVE THEM STRENGTH. LOVING EACH OTHER GAVE THEM COURAGE. Britain and her allies are engaged in a long war with Germany.Grace is the daughter of landed gentry, volunteering as a nurse on the Western Front.Will is the son of a dockworker, driven to enlist by a sense of patriotism and the thrill of adventure.When their lives collide in a field hospital in France, they form a passionate connection.This is a sweeping and sumptuous WW1 drama and historical epic, perfect for fans of Ken Follett, Kate Mosse and Jeffrey Archer.
Frontline: The sweeping WWI drama that 'deserves to be read' - Jeffrey Archer
by Hilary Jones'The doctor hits the spot and deserves to be read' - Jeffrey Archer 'A story to get the heart racing' - Daily Express 'An enthralling tale' - Daily Mirror 'Dr Hilary is a master storyteller' - Lorraine Kelly CBE ___________LOVE GAVE THEM STRENGTH. LOVING EACH OTHER GAVE THEM COURAGE. Britain and her allies are engaged in a long war with Germany.Grace is the daughter of landed gentry, volunteering as a nurse on the Western Front.Will is the son of a dockworker, driven to enlist by a sense of patriotism and the thrill of adventure.When their lives collide in a field hospital in France, they form a passionate connection.This is a sweeping and sumptuous WW1 drama and historical epic, perfect for fans of Ken Follett, Kate Mosse and Jeffrey Archer.
Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II
by Stephen G. FritzIn exploring the reality of the Landser, the average German soldier in World War II, through letters, diaries, memoirs, and oral histories, Stephen G. Fritz provides the definitive account of the everyday war of the German front soldier. The personal documents of these soldiers, most from the Russian front, where the majority of German infantrymen saw service, paint a richly textured portrait of the Landser that illustrates the complexity and paradox of his daily life.
Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II
by Stephen G. Fritz&“Drawn from letters, diaries and memoirs, this impressive study presents a rounded, detailed picture of the daily life&” for frontline Nazi soldiers (Publishers Weekly). Stephen G. Fritz explores the day-to-day reality of the average German infantryman—or Landser—during World War II. Through letters, diaries, memoirs, and oral histories, most of which describe life on the Russian front, Fritz presents a richly textured portrait of the Landser that illustrates the complexity and paradox of his daily life. Although clinging to a self-image as a decent fellow, the German soldier nonetheless committed terrible crimes in the name of The Third Reich. When the war was finally over, and his country lay in ruins, the Landser faced a bitter truth: all his exertions and sacrifices had been in the name of a deplorable regime that had committed unprecedented crimes. With chapters on training, images of combat, living conditions, combat stress, the personal sensations of war, the bonds of comradeship, and ideology and motivation, Fritz reveals war through the eyes of these self-styled &“little men.&”
Frost Fire (The Fire Trilogy)
by Linda LaddThe Fire Trilogy ignites with one woman&’s quest for Civil War vengeance—&“packed with subplots and supporting characters that keep the action percolating&” (Publishers Weekly). Join Linda Ladd in this first book of an exciting trilogy as she takes you on an incredible journey from the terrors of war to the comforts of love. She is intent on avenging her dishonor by the man who had taken more from her than she could ever possibly imagine. She has nothing, and so there is nothing she can lose, but she is intent on using any means necessary to take back what is rightfully hers. Born out of the ravages of war, theirs is a love that cannot be denied, blurring the boundaries forged by conflict until both are on the edge of a dizzying abyss where only passion matters, and surrender is sweet.
Frozen Chosin: U.S. Marines At The Changjin Reservoir [Illustrated Edition] (Marines In The Korean War Commemorative Series #7)
by Brigadier General Edwin H. SimmonsIncludes more than 40 maps, plans and illustrations.This volume in the official History of the Marine Corps chronicles the part played by United States Marines in the Chosin Reservoir Campaign.The race to the Yalu was on. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's strategic triumph at Inchon and the subsequent breakout of the U.S. Eighth Army from the Pusan Perimeter and the recapture of Seoul had changed the direction of the war. Only the finishing touches needed to be done to complete the destruction of the North Korean People's Army. Moving up the east coast was the independent X Corps, commanded by Major General Edward M. Almond, USA. The 1st Marine Division, under Major General Oliver P. Smith, was part of X Corps and had been so since the 15 September 1950 landing at Inchon.After Seoul the 1st Marine Division had reloaded into its amphibious ships and had swung around the Korean peninsula to land at Wonsan on the east coast. The landing on 26 October 1950 met no opposition; the port had been taken from the land side by the resurgent South Korean army. The date was General Smith's 57th birthday, but he let it pass unnoticed. Two days later he ordered Colonel Homer L. Litzenberg, Jr., 47, to move his 7th Marine Regimental Combat Team north from Wonsan to Hamhung. Smith was then to prepare for an advance to the Manchurian border, 135 miles distant. And so began one of the Marine Corps' greatest battles--or, as the Corps would call it, the "Chosin Reservoir Campaign." The Marines called it the "Chosin" Reservoir because that is what their Japanese-based maps called it. The South Koreans, nationalistic sensibilities disturbed, preferred--and, indeed, would come to insist--that it be called the "Changjin" Reservoir.
Frozen in Time
by Mitchell ZuckoffThe author of the best-selling Lost in Shangri-La recounts the November 1942 crash of a U. S. cargo plane into the Greenland Ice Cap, the loss of the B-17 sent to find it, and the loss of a Grumman Duck amphibious plane that had managed to rescue one B-17 crew member. The remaining crew endured 148 days of Arctic winter before finally being rescued. With a 200,000-copy first printing.
Fu-go: The Curious History of Japan's Balloon Bomb Attack on America (Studies in War, Society, and the Military)
by Ross CoenNear the end of World War II, in an attempt to attack the United States mainland, Japan launched its fu-go campaign, deploying thousands of high-altitude hydrogen balloons armed with incendiary and high-explosive bombs designed to follow the westerly winds of the upper atmosphere and drift to the west coast of North America. After reaching the mainland, these fu-go, the Japanese hoped, would terrorize American citizens and ignite devastating forest fires across the western states, ultimately causing the United States to divert wartime resources to deal with the domestic crisis. While the fu-go offensive proved to be a complete tactical failure, six Americans lost their lives when a discovered balloon exploded. Ross Coen provides a fascinating look into the obscure history of the fu-go campaign, from the Japanese schoolgirls who manufactured the balloons by hand to the generals in the U.S. War Department who developed defense procedures. The book delves into panic, propaganda, and media censorship in wartime. Fu-go is a compelling story of a little-known episode in our national history that unfolded virtually unseen.