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The Efficient Kitchen Definite Directions for the Planning, Arranging and Equipping of the Modern Labor-Saving Kitchen: a Practical Book for the Home-Maker
by Georgie Boynton ChildFascinating turn of the 20th century housekeeping bible, richly illustrated.“In this spirit we started on a determined quest for information and new resources. We took lessons in cooking to see whether the Domestic Science schools had any wonderful wisdom to impart in the direction of “better food for less money.” We studied courses in Home Economics. We read books. We visited cooking laboratories and practise houses. Finally we came to the Housekeeping Experiment Station at Darien, Conn.Here at last we found what we had been seeking: an inexpensive but charming home which had been so transformed by engineering skill that it could be cared for with the minimum expense, and so equipped that it could be operated with the smallest possible amount of effort. Here we learned of two wonderful resources for preparing food, adapted to the income of the average home. Here we heard of Taylor’s wonderful book on Scientific Management, which has been revolutionizing the business world. And here we saw two old people living happily an ideal life in which labor and culture each had its rightful place. At last science and high ideals had transformed “villain kitchen vassalage” into the noble profession of home-making.The resources which Mr. and Mrs. Barnard had developed were suited to the needs of two people living simply in the country, free from the demands of city life, and free from all the subtle complications which constantly arise in larger households, particularly in homes where there are little children. But back of their work was a great idea, and this idea was applicable to any home and to any income. “Do not try to do efficient work in an inefficient house. First transform your conditions.” This is one of the first principles of engineering; and, strange as it may seem, the very last principle applied in the average home.”-From the Introduction
The Egg Breakers Counter: Terrorism in Sub Saharan Africa
by Jacobus KotzeTerrorism is never static. It evolves all the time as one side tries to gain the upper hand over the other and in open conflict, where the terrorist makes a stand, he is usually annihilated by the Security Forces, it is never a good tactic unless the terrorism phase becomes a conventional phase.
Ego-histories of France and the Second World War: Writing Vichy (The\holocaust And Its Contexts Ser.)
by Manuel Bragança Fransiska LouwagieThis volume presents the intellectual autobiographies of fourteen leading scholars in the fields of history, literature, film and cultural studies who have dedicated a considerable part of their career to researching the history and memories of France during the Second World War. Basedin five different countries, Margaret Atack, Marc Dambre, Laurent Douzou, Hilary Footitt, Robert Gildea, Richard J. Golsan, Bertram M. Gordon, Christopher Lloyd, Colin Nettelbeck, Denis Peschanski, Renée Poznanski, Henry Rousso, Peter Tame, and Susan Rubin Suleiman have playeda crucial role in shaping and reshaping what has become a thought-provoking field of research. This volume, which also includes an interview with historian Robert O. Paxton, clarifies the rationales and driving forces behind their work and thus behind our current understanding of one of the darkest and most vividly remembered pages of history in contemporary France.
Egypt 1801: The End of Napoleon's Eastern Empire
by Stuart ReidThe first campaign medal awarded to British soldiers is reckoned to be that given to those men who fought at Waterloo in 1815, but a decade and a half earlier a group of regiments were awarded a unique badge – a figure of a Sphinx - to mark their service in Egypt in 1801. It was a fitting distinction, for the successful campaign was a remarkable one, fought far from home by a British army which had so far not distinguished itself in battle against Revolutionary France, and one moreover which had the most profound consequences in the Napoleonic wars to come. In 1798 a quixotic French expedition led by a certain General Bonaparte not only to seize Egypt and consolidate French influence in the Mediterranean, but also to open up a direct route to Indian and provide an opportunity to destroy the East India Company and fatally weaken Great Britain. In the event, General Bonaparte returned to France to mount a coup which would eventually see him installed as Emperor of the French, but behind him he abandoned his army, which remained in control of Egypt, still posing a possible threat to the East India Company, until in 1801 a large but rather heterogeneous British Army led by Sir Ralph Abercrombie landed and in a series of hard-fought battles utterly defeated the French. Not only did this campaign establish the hitherto rather doubtful reputation of the British Army, and help secure India, but its capture en route of the islands of Malta gained Britain a base which would enable it to dominate the Mediterranean for the next century and a half. This little understood, but profoundly important campaign at last receives the treatment it deserves in the hands of renowned historian Stuart Reid.
Egypt and the Army
by P. G. ElgoodIn his 1924 book, Egypt and the Army, author P. G. Elgood demonstrated his intimate knowledge and reasoned criticism of the conditions and circumstances which brought the Egyptian Army into being from 1882 onwards, and resulted in the creation of a reliable fighting force when trained and disciplined by carefully selected British officers.An invaluable addition to any History library.
The Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910-2009 (Studies in Intelligence)
by Owen L. SirrsThis book analyzes how the Egyptian intelligence community has adapted to shifting national security threats since its inception 100 years ago. Starting in 1910, when the modern Egyptian intelligence system was created to deal with militant nationalists and Islamists, the book shows how the security services were subsequently reorganized, augmented and centralized to meet an increasingly sophisticated array of challenges, including fascism, communism, army unrest, Israel, France, the United Kingdom, conservative Arab states, the Muslim Brotherhood and others. The book argues that studying Egypt’s intelligence community is integral to our understanding of that country’s modern history, regime stability and human rights record. Intelligence studies have been described as the ‘missing dimension’ of international relations. It is clear that intelligence agencies are pivotal to understanding the nature of many Arab regimes and their decision-making processes, and there is no published history of modern Egyptian intelligence in either a European language or in Arabic, though Egypt has the largest and arguably most effective intelligence community in the Arab world. This book will fill a clear gap in the intelligence literature and will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, Middle Eastern politics, international security and IR in general.
Eichelberger In Mindanao: Leadership In Joint Operations
by LTC Dan K. McNeillGeneral Robert L. Eichelberger was an extraordinary and brilliant leader. He was a selfless man who loyally and diligently served an egocentric task maker in General Douglas MacArthur. Eichelberger was the American version of the British Field Marshal William Slim of Burma fame. In a six-month period in World War II, Eichelberger's Eighth US Army made 52 amphibious landings in the Southwest Pacific Theater. In each of those operations, Eichelberger skillfully used US and Allied ground troops, naval forces, and aircraft. While his Army was normally assigned a supporting or mopping-up role, the Mindanao campaign was solely Eichelberger's. The purpose behind this study is to explore Eichelberger's leadership in the joint operations on, Mindanao Island in the Philippines.
Eichelberger - Intrepidity, Iron Will, And Intellect: General Robert L. Eichelberger And Military Genius
by Major Matthew H. FathThere are currently two contradictory schools of thought in the historiography of General Robert L. Eichelberger's generalship. One group of authors, John Shortal and Jay Luvaas, consider Eichelberger a brilliant World War II commander. Another author, Paul Chwialkowski, believes Eichelberger to be good, but not distinguished. This study attempts to develop a concise judgment of Eichelberger's leadership. The research analyzed Eichelberger's generalship using Clausewitz's theory of military genius as a model. The first step was to define military genius and to determine its components and subcomponents. Next, Eichelberger's pre-World War II education, mentorship, and training experiences were evaluated. The third step was to analyze Eichelberger's generalship during the Papua New Guinea, Netherlands New Guinea, and Philippines Campaigns of World War II to determine if he consistently demonstrated the qualities of military genius. This study concluded that Eichelberger definitively displayed the components of courage and determination but a judgment on his coup d'œil required a more detailed examination and warranted further research. Eichelberger's leadership is relevant to today's military officer because he successfully defeated an enemy who employed many asymmetrical tactics of potential enemies in the contemporary operating environment: anti-access denial, defense in complex terrain, and fanatical fighting abilities.
Eichmann And The Destruction Of Hungarian Jewry
by Randolph L. BrahamThe capture of Adolf Eichmann and the subsequent dispute between Israel and Argentina before the Security Council of the United Nations have aroused new interest in the history of Nazi Germany in general and of its anti-Jewish policies in particular. This interest gained momentum as the preparations for Eichmann's trial progressed.The 15 years that have elapsed since the end of World War II have brought to light a plethora of new material and made possible a more objective evaluation of the Nazi design to liquidate the Jews of Europe, euphemistically referred to as "the final solution of the Jewish question."This study has a modest aim. Its primary purpose is to present a succinct, though informative, account of the destruction of the Hungarian Jewish community during World War II, with special emphasis on the role of Eichmann and his collaborators. Its scope and coverage are limited, for, indeed, volumes would be required to write the definitive history of Hungarian Jewry during the Nazi era on the basis of the recently discovered documentary and archival material alone. Such a larger project is now under consideration.-Preface
Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer
by Ruth Martin Bettina StangnethA total and groundbreaking reassessment of the life of Adolf Eichmann—a superb work of scholarship that reveals his activities and notoriety among a global network of National Socialists following the collapse of the Third Reich and that permanently challenges Hannah Arendt’s notion of the “banality of evil.”<P> Smuggled out of Europe after the collapse of Germany, Eichmann managed to live a peaceful and active exile in Argentina for years before his capture by the Mossad. Though once widely known by nicknames such as “Manager of the Holocaust,” in 1961 he was able to portray himself, from the defendant’s box in Jerusalem, as an overworked bureaucrat following orders—no more, he said, than “just a small cog in Adolf Hitler’s extermination machine.” How was this carefully crafted obfuscation possible? How did a central architect of the Final Solution manage to disappear? And what had he done with his time while in hiding?<P> Bettina Stangneth, the first to comprehensively analyze more than 1,300 pages of Eichmann’s own recently discovered written notes— as well as seventy-three extensive audio reel recordings of a crowded Nazi salon held weekly during the 1950s in a popular district of Buenos Aires—draws a chilling portrait, not of a reclusive, taciturn war criminal on the run, but of a highly skilled social manipulator with an inexhaustible ability to reinvent himself, an unrepentant murderer eager for acolytes with whom to discuss past glories while vigorously planning future goals with other like-minded fugitives. <P> A work that continues to garner immense international attention and acclaim, Eichmann Before Jerusalem maps out the astonishing links between innumerable past Nazis—from ace Luftwaffe pilots to SS henchmen—both in exile and in Germany, and reconstructs in detail the postwar life of one of the Holocaust’s principal organizers as no other book has done.
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
by Hannah ArendtHannah Arendt's authoritative report on the trial of Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann includes further factual material that came to light after the trial, as well as Arendt's postscript directly addressing the controversy that arose over her account.
The Eichmann Kommandos [Illustrated Edition]
by Rear-Admiral Michael A. MusmannoIncludes 204 photos, plans and maps illustrating The Holocaust“Fourteen officers of the SS (Elite Guard) were sentenced today to hang for at least a million killings. The sentences wound up the biggest murder trial in history.The men were leaders of the “Einsatz Kommandos”...special extermination squads sent...to do away with peoples classified by the Nazis as racially undesirable.”—NUREMBERG, APRIL 10 (1948)—(ASSOCIATED PRESS)After the first Nuremberg trials of the remaining Nazi leaders in 1945-6, the Allies spent much time and effort in searching out the men responsible for the Holocaust, the full scale of which was only then becoming apparent. In the most important case of his career, Judge Michael A. Musmanno (Captain USN), presided over the trial of the leaders of the Einsatz Kommandos, death squads trained to hunt and kill “Untermenschen” or those deemed undesirable by Hitler. Blazing a bloody trail across the conquered areas of Poland, the Ukraine, White Russia and the Baltic states, the Einsatzgruppen shot innocent men, women and children by the tens of thousands. Finding that shooting was an inefficient way to complete their horrendous executions, the Einsatz Kommando leaders pioneered the use of mobile poison gas trucks which would lead to the evolution of the death camps at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec and Sobibor and the industrialised murder of the Holocaust. In this riveting and horrifying book the author looks back on a trial that serves as a testament to the depths of man’s inhumanity; at times almost surreal in its horror it is a story that should be read and re-read.
Eichmann, The Man And His Crimes: The Man And His Crimes
by Comer ClarkeEichmann’s crimes, so monstrous that the first accounts were dismissed as anti-German propaganda, resulted in the death of 6,000,000 men, women and children. To maintain secrecy, the Nazis gave him the rank of sergeant at the very time when he was supervising the murder of Austria’s Jews. Speaking Yiddish fluently, Eichmann often disguised himself as a Jew and deceived Jewish leaders into giving him the names of his future victims. In his extermination camps, Jews were forced to aid in the slaughter of their people. To those who cooperated he promised “decent burial.” Human life meant nothing to Eichmann; instead, he prided himself on the efficient operation of his death camps and spent months searching for a low-cost poison for his gas chambers.Comer Clarke, British correspondent, has spent much of the last two years in Germany and Austria, questioning war criminals and men behind the Nazi plans and terror. He has had access to secret S.S. dossiers and Nazi documents captured after the war. He has met men who knew Eichmann intimately, and traced the Nazi butcher’s activities in a blood-stained trail of murder that leads across Europe. Out of his investigations he has written EICHMANN: THE MAN AND HIS CRIMES, a full account of Eichmann’s monstrous past, his mysterious disappearance.
The Eichmann Trial and The Rule of Law
by Yosal RogatThe Eichmann Trial and The Rule of Law by Professor Yosal Rogat is one of a series of pamphlets concerning issues that are fundamental to the maintenance of a free society. These pamphlets and related materials were first published in 1961 by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions at Santa Barbara, California. The work of the Center was directed at clarifying basic questions of freedom and justice, especially those constitutional questions raised by the emergence of twentieth century institutions. Among the areas that were studied were the economic order, the political process, law, communications, the American character, war as an institution.
Eichmann's Executioner: A Novel
by Astrid Dehe Achim EngstlerThis acclaimed novel imagining the life of Israeli soldier Shalom Nagar explores the legacy of the Holocaust: &“A fascinating book that doesn&’t let you go&” (Neue Deutschland, Germany). In May 1962, twenty-two men gathered in Jerusalem to decide by lot who would be Adolf Eichmann&’s executioner. These men had guarded the former Nazi SS lieutenant colonel during his imprisonment and trial, and with no trained executioners in Israel, it would fall to one of them to end Eichmann&’s life. Shalom Nagar, the only one among them who had asked not to participate, drew the short straw. Decades later, Nagar is living on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, haunted by his memory of Eichmann. He remembers watching him day and night, the way he ate, the way he slept—and the sound of the cord tensing around his neck. But as he tells and re-tells his story to anyone who will listen, he begins to doubt himself. When one of his friends, Moshe, reveals his link to Eichmann, Nagar is forced to reconsider everything he has ever believed about his past. In the tradition of postwar trauma literature that includes Günter Grass&’s The Tin Drum and Bernhard Schlink&’s The Reader, Eichmann&’s Executioner raises provocative questions about how we represent the past, and how those representations impinge upon the present. &“Both curiously transparent and full of secrets, a simultaneously dense yet airy fabric of cryptic threads and references. . . . Nothing is gratuitous in this book, nothing coincidental; all is intricately interlaced.&” —Frankfurter Rundschau, Germany
Eight Days in May: The Final Collapse Of The Third Reich
by Volker UllrichThe best-selling author of Hitler: Ascent and Hitler: Downfall reconstructs the chaotic, otherworldly last days of Nazi Germany. In a bunker deep below Berlin’s Old Reich Chancellery, Adolf Hitler and his new bride, Eva Braun, took their own lives just after 3:00 p.m. on April 30, 1945—Hitler by gunshot to the temple, Braun by ingesting cyanide. But the Führer’s suicide did not instantly end either Nazism or the Second World War in Europe. Far from it: the eight days that followed were among the most traumatic in modern history, witnessing not only the final paroxysms of bloodshed and the frantic surrender of the Wehrmacht, but the total disintegration of the once-mighty Third Reich. In Eight Days in May, the award-winning historian and Hitler biographer Volker Ullrich draws on an astonishing variety of sources, including diaries and letters of ordinary Germans, to narrate a society’s descent into Hobbesian chaos. In the town of Demmin in the north, residents succumbed to madness and committed mass suicide. In Berlin, Soviet soldiers raped German civilians on a near-unprecedented scale. In Nazi-occupied Prague, Czech insurgents led an uprising in the hope that General George S. Patton would come to their aid but were brutally put down by German units in the city. Throughout the remains of Third Reich, huge numbers of people were on the move, creating a surrealistic tableau: death marches of concentration-camp inmates crossed paths with retreating Wehrmacht soldiers and groups of refugees; columns of POWs encountered those of liberated slave laborers and bombed-out people returning home. A taut, propulsive narrative, Eight Days in May takes us inside the phantomlike regime of Hitler’s chosen successor, Admiral Karl Dönitz, revealing how the desperate attempt to impose order utterly failed, as frontline soldiers deserted and Nazi Party fanatics called on German civilians to martyr themselves in a last stand against encroaching Allied forces. In truth, however, the post-Hitler government represented continuity more than change: its leaders categorically refused to take responsibility for their crimes against humanity, an attitude typical not just of the Nazi elite but also of large segments of the German populace. The consequences would be severe. Eight Days in May is not only an indispensable account of the Nazi endgame, but a historic work that brilliantly examines the costs of mass delusion.
Eight Hours From England: Imperial War Museum Wartime Classics
by Anthony QuayleAutumn 1943. Realising that his feelings for his sweetheart are not reciprocated, Major John Overton accepts a posting behind enemy lines in Nazi-Occupied Albania. Arriving to find the situation in disarray, he attempts to overcome geographical challenges and political intrigues to set up a new camp in the mountains overlooking the Adriatic.As he struggles to complete his mission amidst a chaotic backdrop, Overton is left to ruminate on loyalty, comradeship and his own future.Based on Anthony Quayle's own wartime experience with the Special Operations Executive (SOE), this new edition of a 1945 classic includes a contextual introduction from IWM which sheds new light on the fascinating true events that inspired its author.(P)2019 Headline Publishing Group Ltd
Eight Lives Down
by Chris HunterIf fate is against me and I m killed, so be it, but make it quick and painless. If I m wounded, don t let me be crippled. But above all don t let me fuck up the task So goes the bomb technician s prayer before every bomb he defuses. For Chris Hunter, it is a prayer he says many times over his four month tour of Iraq. His is the most dangerous job in the world in the most dangerous place in the world - to make safe the British sector in Iraq against some of the most hardened and technically advanced terrorists in the world. It is a 24/7 job his team defuse over 45 bombs in the first two months alone. And the people they re up against don t play by the Geneva Convention. For them, there are no rules, only results. Bombs, rockets, grenades, ambushes, booby traps death by any means necessary. Welcome to the real Wild West. The job of Bomb Disposal Officer in Iraq is a lonely one. You are alone with the sound of your own breathing and the drumming of your heart in a protective suit in forty plus degrees of heat. The drawbridge has been pulled up behind you as you advance on your goal. Playtime is over. It s just you and the bomb. But for Chris Hunter, just when life couldn t get any more dangerous, the stakes are raised again. Halfway through his tour, he is told the following: They want you dead, Chris. You and your team have captured their weaponry, you ve fingered them with forensics, you ve neutralised a shedload of their IEDs, and basically you re making Behadli and his lot look like cunts. They re out to kill the golden-haired bomb man in Basra
Eight Months’ Campaign Against The Bengal Sepoy Army During The Mutiny Of 1857 [Illustrated Edition]
by Major-General Sir George Bourchier KCB[Illustrated with over one hundred maps, photos and portraits, of the battles, individuals and places involved in the Indian Mutiny]"The Indian Mutiny from the siege of Delhi to the mutineers' defeat at Cawnpore, via the relief of Lucknow. Written by an officer of the British Horse Artillery.An account of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 by a British participant. The author, Col. Bourchier of the Bengal Horse Artillery, describes the British siege and storming of Delhi - including the foiling of a fiendish plan to intoxicate the besieging forces; the defeat of the mutineers at Agra; the siege and massacre at Cawnpore; the relief of Lucknow by Havelock and Outram and its second relief by Sir Colin Campbell; and finally the defeat of the Gwalior mutineers at Cawnpore. An action-packed account of eight months' of remorseless fighting."-Print Ed.
Eight O'Clock Ferry to the Windward Side: Seeking Justice in Guantánamo Bay
by Clive Stafford SmithEvery time human rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith lands in Cuba, he takes the eight o'clock ferry to the windward side; his journey ends at Guantánamo Bay. One of the few people in the world who has ongoing independent access to the prison, Smith reveals the grotesque injustices that are perpetrated there in the name of national security-including the justifications created to legitimate the use of torture and the bureaucratic structures that have been put in place to shield prison authorities from legal accountability. <P><P>By bearing witness to the stories of the forty prisoners that he represents, Smith asks us to consider what is done to American democracy when the rule of law is jettisoned in the name of combating terrorism.
Eighteen Days in October: The Yom Kippur War and How It Created the Modern Middle East
by Uri Kaufman"[Kaufman] tells the story brilliantly. Anyone interested in the Middle East or military history will appreciate Kaufman’s work."—Senator Joseph I. Lieberman "Stimulating and insightful...will no doubt find a permanent place on the Arab-Israeli bookshelf."—Michael Oren, New York Times bestselling author of Six Days of WarOctober 2023 marks the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War, a conflict that shaped the modern Middle East. The War was a trauma for Israel, a dangerous superpower showdown, and, following the oil embargo, a pivotal reordering of the global economic order. The Jewish State came shockingly close to defeat. A panicky cabinet meeting debated the use of nuclear weapons. After the war, Prime Minister Golda Meir resigned in disgrace, and a 9/11-style commission investigated the “debacle.”But, argues Uri Kaufman, from the perspective of a half century, the War can be seen as a pivotal victory for Israel. After nearly being routed, the Israeli Defense Force clawed its way back to threaten Cairo and Damascus. In the war’s aftermath both sides had to accept unwelcome truths: Israel could no longer take military superiority for granted—but the Arabs could no longer hope to wipe Israel off the map. A straight line leads from the battlefields of 1973 to the Camp David Accords of 1978 and all the treaties since. Like Michael Oren’s Six Days of War, this is the definitive account of a critical moment in history.
Eighteen Years In Lebanon And Two Intifadas: The Israeli Defense Force And The U.S. Army Operational Environment
by Major Richard D. Creed Jr.This monograph determined that the tactical and strategic experience of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) since 1981 was relevant to the future operational environment of the U.S. Army. The IDF's experiences are relevant because the Israeli Army was similarly equipped and organized to the heavy units in the U.S. Army, both then and now. Israel faced a similar full spectrum threat, and the IDF had to adapt to enemies who switched to asymmetric methods in order to overcome Israel's conventional military superiority. The IDF of 1981 paralleled the U.S. Army of the 2000 in many ways. It was a mechanized heavy force designed to conduct operations against a Soviet armed and equipped enemy. It fought and defeated some of those enemies decisively eight years previously. Beginning with the invasion of Lebanon (Operation "Peace for Galilee"), the IDF discovered that there were no peer competitors willing to fight it on its own terms. The nature of war changed for the IDF in sometimes unexpected ways, and it struggled to adapt to its changing operational environment. The IDF operational environment became much more complicated, because while it retained the old threats in the form of its Arab neighbors, it added sustained guerrilla war and civil insurrection.
Eighteenth-Century Naval Officers: A Transnational Perspective (War, Culture and Society, 1750 –1850)
by Evan Wilson AnnaSara Hammar Jakob SeerupThis book surveys the lives and careers of naval officers across Europe at the height of the age of sail. It traces the professionalization of naval officers by exploring their preparation for life at sea and the challenges they faced while in command. It also demonstrates the uniqueness of the maritime experience, as long voyages and isolation at sea cemented their bond with naval officers across Europe while separating them from landlubbers. It depicts, in a way no previous study has, the parameters of their shared experiences—both the similarities that crossed national boundaries and connected officers, and the differences that can only be seen from an international perspective.
Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World – Warsaw 1920
by Viscount Edgar Vincent D'AbernonAfter the cataclysmic events of the First World War officially ended on the Western Front in 1918, the Democratic Western Powers were still faced with the fallout of the struggle for power in Russia. There was a very real chance that the Communist contagion would transfer across the borders of Russia to Eastern Europe, as it would do some two decades later. Viscount Edgar Vincent D'Abernon was head of the Interallied Mission to Poland and was eye-witness to the struggle in Poland that culminated in the battle for Warsaw that saw the red tide turned back.“The 18th most decisive battle in history...Had the Battle of Warsaw ended with a Bolshevik victory, it would have been a turning point in the history of Europe; as there is no doubt that with the fall of Warsaw, Central Europe would have been left open to Communist propaganda and Soviet invasion.
Eighth Air Force Bombing 20-25 February 1944: How Logistics Enabled Big Week To Be Big
by Major Jon M. Sutterfield USAFEighth Air Force (8AF) conducted the US's first thousand-bomber raids against Germany in February 1944--recorded in history as Big Week. Until that time the USAAF was not able to concentrate such firepower on the enemy in such a short period of time. It took much effort to make Big Week "big" covering the spectrum of planning and execution activities dating back to the end of World War I that were adapted and flexed to be successful in a different context. Indeed, the depth and breadth of the preparations required to successfully execute Big Week on the scale intended is deserving of a closer examination.Leadership from President Roosevelt to first line supervisors influenced 8AF logistics before February 1944. Major General Hugh J. Knerr was the one man that stood out as the champion of USAAF logistics. He influenced the concept of logistical operations in the ETO and, more specifically, put logistics on a level of importance equal to that of operations within the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF). He synchronized logistics with operations and strove for constant improvement by making organizational and process changes aimed at increasing logistical responsiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency.The British provided tremendous host nation support including construction of new airfields, skilled and unskilled labor support, supply items, and transportation. The British host nation support 8AF received far surpassed what a cursory review of World War II history leads one to believe and serves as a model for US-led coalition operations in the 21st century. The US Merchant Marine and US Navy provided sealift of goods from the stateside depots to the theater. The US Army provided supply support of common items and Air Service Command (ASC) provided technical and supply support. Last, but not least, both civil servants and civilian contractors provided depot maintenance and in-theater technical support.