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An Overview of High-energy Ball Milled Nanocrystalline Aluminum Alloys (SpringerBriefs in Materials)
by Nick Birbilis Rajeev Kumar Gupta B. S. MurtyThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the nanocrystalline Al based alloys as prepared using high-energy ball milling (HEBM). It discusses the influence of HEBM parameters on grain refinement and examines methods for the consolidation of nanocrystalline Al powders; further, it reviews the effects of various processing parameters on the final microstructure and the impact of microstructure on corrosion and mechanical properties. The book also provides guidelines for choosing appropriate HEBM parameters for the production of nanocrystalline Al powders and methods for consolidating them in net-shaped components. Future challenges and possible applications of high-energy ball milled Al alloys are also discussed. The book is intended for researchers and professionals interested in aluminium alloy development, manufacturing technologies, light metals and nanocrystalline metallic materials.
An Overview of Project Finance and Infrastructure Finance--2009 Update
by Aldo Sesia Benjamin C. EstyProvides an introduction to the fields of project finance and infrastructure finance, and gives a statistical overview of project-financed investments over the years from 2005 to 2009. Examples of project-financed investments include the $1.4 billion Mozal aluminum smelter in Mozambique, $4 billion Chad-Cameroon pipeline, $6 billion Iridium global satellite telecommunications system, 900 million A2 Toll Road in Poland, $20 billion Sakhalin II gas field in Russia, and the $28 billion Dabhol power project. Globally, firms financed $240 billion of capital expenditures using project finance in 2009, down from $409 billion in 2008 as the financial crisis hit the Western markets. The use of project finance has grown at a compound rate of 0% over the last five years, 4% over the past 10 years, and 12% over the past 15 years. This note focuses primarily on private sector investment in industrial and infrastructure projects, and contains four sections. The first section defines project finance and contrasts it with other well-known financing mechanisms. The second section describes the evolution of project finance from its beginnings in the natural resources industry in the 1970s, to the U.S. power industry in the 1980s, to a much wider range of industry applications and geographic locations in the 1990s, and most recently to infrastructure finance in the 2000s. The third section provides a statistical overview of project-financed investment over the last five years (2005 to 2009), and looks at industry, project, and participant specific data. The third section also provides recent data on infrastructure investments and public-private partnerships. The final section discusses current and likely future trends.
An Overview of Project Finance and Infrastructure Finance-2014 Update
by Aldo Sesia Benjamin C. Esty Carla ChavichProvides an introduction to the fields of project finance and infrastructure finance, and gives a statistical overview of project-financed investments over the years from 2009 to 2013. Examples of project-financed investments include the the Kashagan oil field development in Kazakhstan (1997), the $1 billion Port of Miami Tunnel (2007), the $54 billion Gorgon liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Australia (2009), and the $6 billion Oyu Tolgoi copper mine expansion in Mongolia (2014). Globally, firms financed a record $415 billion of capital expenditures using project finance in 2013, and the use of project financed-investment has grown at a compound rate of 8% over the past 15 years despite several macroeconomic crises.This note focuses primarily on private sector investment in industrial and infrastructure projects and contains four sections. The first section defines project finance and contrasts it with other well-known financing mechanisms. The second section describes the evolution of project finance from its beginnings in the natural resources industry in the 1970s, to the U.S. power industry in the 1980s, to a much wider range of industry applications and geographic locations in the 1990s and 2000s, and most recently to infrastructure finance in the 2010s. The third section provides a statistical overview of project-financed investment over the last five years (2009 to 2013) and looks at industry, project, and participant specific data. The third section also provides recent data on infrastructure investments and public-private partnerships. The final section discusses current and likely future trends.
An Overview of the "Employees First, Customers Second" Approach to Management-How Empowering Your Employees Sets the Stage for Transformative Growth
by Vineet NayarIf yours is a knowledge-based business, you know that your company's assets lie increasingly in the talent and creativity of your employees. Vineet Nayar, CEO of HCL Technologies, a global IT services company, draws on his own experience to show how a company can focus on its value creators-its frontline employees-to achieve remarkable growth and profitability through innovation. In this chapter, he describes how his company turned the conventional wisdom-that the customer always comes first-upside down. By putting employees first, writes Nayar, you can bring about a fundamental change in the way you deliver value to your customers and differentiate your company from its competitors. This is the story of one company's journey to transformation and accelerated growth, but it's one that can be adapted and applied in a thousand different ways-in any company, industry, or culture. This chapter was originally published as the Introduction of "Employees First, Customers Second: Turning Conventional Management Upside Down."
An Overview of the SIGMA Research Project: A European Approach to Seismic Hazard Analysis (Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering #42)
by Alain Pecker Ezio Faccioli Aybars Gurpinar Christophe Martin Philippe RenaultThis book presents a summary of the important outcomes of the SIGMA project related to all aspects of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment: source characterization, rock motion characterization, site response characterization, and hazard calculations, with for all of them emphasis on the treatment of uncertainties. In recent years, attempts have been made to identify and quantify uncertainties in seismic hazard estimations for regions with moderate seismicity. These uncertainties, for which no estimation standards exist, create major difficulties and can lead to different interpretations and divergent opinions among experts. To address this matter, an international research project was launched in January 2011, by an industrial consortium composed of French and Italian organizations. This program, named SIGMA (Seismic Ground Motion Assessment) lasted for five years and involved a large number of international institutions. This book is intended for instructors running courses on engineering seismology, graduate students in the same field and practicing engineers involved in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analyses.
An Owl at Sea
by Susan Vande GriekThe extraordinary, true story of an owl stranded on the deck of an oil rig one hundred miles from shore, and the Good Samaritans who shepherded it home.This is the true story of a Short-eared Owl that plummeted onto the deck of an oil rig in the North Sea, one hundred miles from shore. Weak and tired, it huddled on the deck until riggers provided it with a makeshift shelter and fresh meat to eat. When a helicopter arrived to transport some of the workers back home, they took the owl with them, handing it over to the Scottish SPCA. A few weeks later the owl was strong enough to be released into the countryside.Susan Vande Griek’s gentle prose poem describes this unusual encounter with a creature from the wild with curiosity and wonder. Ian Wallace’s stunning watercolors show gorgeous seascapes, the subtle beauty of the owl, and the oil rig and its workers, creating compelling visual contrasts.An author’s note includes information about the Short-eared Owl, a bird found in the Americas, Europe and Asia, whose numbers may be in decline due to loss of habitat.Key Text Featuresauthor’s notefurther readingsourcesCorrelates to the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts:CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1.2Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1.4Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1.5Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of a range of text types.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.3Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.4Describe how words and phrases (e.g., regular beats, alliteration, rhymes, repeated lines) supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.7Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.
An Ownership Theory of the Trade Union
by Donald L. MartinThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1980.
An Ozark Culinary History: Northern Arkansas Traditions for Corn Dodgers to Squirrel Meatloaf (American Palate Ser.)
by Erin RoweDiscover the rich history of Northwest Arkansas with this volume of classic recipes, culinary traditions, and stories full of nostalgic flavor.In the 1890s, Ozark apples fed the nation. Welch&’s Concord grapes grew in Arkansas vineyards. Local poultry king, Tyson, still satisfies America's chicken craving. Now food writer and Arkansas native Erin Rowe recounts these and other tales of Northwest Arkansas&’ High South cuisine, as well as her own adventures stomping grapes, canning hominy, picking Muscadines, gathering wild watercress and tracking honeybees. Illustrated throughout with historic photographs, An Ozark Culinary History celebrates the region&’s cuisine and foodways from chow-chow to moonshine. Featuring fifty heirloom recipes dating as far back as the early 1800s, it&’s sure to whet your curiosity and appetite.</
An R Companion for Applied Statistics I: Basic Bivariate Techniques
by Danney RascoAn R Companion for Applied Statistics I: Basic Bivariate Techniques breaks the language of the R software down into manageable chunks in order to help students learn how to use it. R is a powerful, flexible, and free tool. However, the flexibility—which eventually becomes a great asset—can make the initial learning curve appear steep. This book introduces a few key aspects of the R tool. As readers become comfortable with these aspects, they develop a foundation from which to more thoroughly explore R and the packages available for it. This introduction does not explain every possible way to analyze data or perform a specific type of analysis. Rather, it focuses on the analyses that are traditionally included in an undergraduate statistics course and provides one or two ways to run these analyses in R. Datasets and scripts to run the examples are provided on an accompanying website. The book has been designed to be an R companion to Warner′s Applied Statistics I, Third Edition, and includes end-of-chapter instructions for replicating the examples from that book in R. However, this text can also be used as a stand-alone R guide, without reference to the Warner text.
An R Companion for Applied Statistics I: Basic Bivariate Techniques
by Danney RascoAn R Companion for Applied Statistics I: Basic Bivariate Techniques breaks the language of the R software down into manageable chunks in order to help students learn how to use it. R is a powerful, flexible, and free tool. However, the flexibility—which eventually becomes a great asset—can make the initial learning curve appear steep. This book introduces a few key aspects of the R tool. As readers become comfortable with these aspects, they develop a foundation from which to more thoroughly explore R and the packages available for it. This introduction does not explain every possible way to analyze data or perform a specific type of analysis. Rather, it focuses on the analyses that are traditionally included in an undergraduate statistics course and provides one or two ways to run these analyses in R. Datasets and scripts to run the examples are provided on an accompanying website. The book has been designed to be an R companion to Warner′s Applied Statistics I, Third Edition, and includes end-of-chapter instructions for replicating the examples from that book in R. However, this text can also be used as a stand-alone R guide, without reference to the Warner text.
An R Companion for Applied Statistics II: Multivariable and Multivariate Techniques
by Danney RascoAn R Companion for Applied Statistics II: Multivariable and Multivariate Techniques breaks the language of the R software down into manageable chunks in order to help students learn how to use R to analyze multivariate data. The book focuses on the statistics generally covered in an intermediate or multivariate statistics course and provides one or two ways to run each analysis in R. The book has been designed to be an R companion to Rebecca M. Warner′s Applied Statistics II: Third Edition, and includes end-of-chapter instructions for replicating the examples from that book in R. However, this text can also be used as a stand-alone R guide for a multivariate statistics course, without reference to the Warner text. Datasets and scripts to run the examples are provided on an accompanying website.
An R Companion for Applied Statistics II: Multivariable and Multivariate Techniques
by Danney RascoAn R Companion for Applied Statistics II: Multivariable and Multivariate Techniques breaks the language of the R software down into manageable chunks in order to help students learn how to use R to analyze multivariate data. The book focuses on the statistics generally covered in an intermediate or multivariate statistics course and provides one or two ways to run each analysis in R. The book has been designed to be an R companion to Rebecca M. Warner′s Applied Statistics II: Third Edition, and includes end-of-chapter instructions for replicating the examples from that book in R. However, this text can also be used as a stand-alone R guide for a multivariate statistics course, without reference to the Warner text. Datasets and scripts to run the examples are provided on an accompanying website.
An R Companion for The Fundamentals of Social Research
by Paul M. Kellstedt Guy D. Whitten Steven A. TuchAn R Companion for The Fundamentals of Social Research offers students the opportunity to delve into the world of R using real data sets and statistical analysis techniques directly from Paul M. Kellstedt, Guy D. Whitten, and Steven A. Tuch's new textbook. Workbook sections parallel chapters in the main text, giving students a chance to apply the lessons and techniques learned in each chapter in a statistical software setting. Detailed chapters teach students to reproduce results presented in the textbook, allowing them to become comfortable performing statistical analyses for evaluating causal claims through repeated practice. Step-by-step instructions for using R are provided, along with command lines and screenshots to demonstrate proper use of the software. Instructions for producing the figures and tables in the main text are integrated throughout the workbook. End-of-chapter exercises encourage students to formulate and evaluate their own hypotheses.
An R Companion for the Third Edition of The Fundamentals of Political Science Research
by Paul M. Kellstedt Guy D. WhittenAn R Companion for the Third Edition of The Fundamentals of Political Science Research offers students a chance to delve into the world of R using real political data sets and statistical analysis techniques directly from Paul M. Kellstedt and Guy D. Whitten's best-selling textbook. Built in parallel with the main text, this workbook teaches students to apply the techniques they learn in each chapter by reproducing the analyses and results from each lesson using R. Students will also learn to create all of the tables and figures found in the textbook, leading to an even greater mastery of the core material. This accessible, informative, and engaging companion walks through the use of R step-by-step, using command lines and screenshots to demonstrate proper use of the software. With the help of these guides, students will become comfortable creating, editing, and using data sets in R to produce original statistical analyses for evaluating causal claims. End-of-chapter exercises encourage this innovation by asking students to formulate and evaluate their own hypotheses.
An R Companion to Applied Regression
by Dr John Fox Professor Harvey Sanford WeisbergThis is a broad introduction to the R statistical computing environment in the context of applied regression analysis. It is a thoroughly updated edition of John Fox's bestselling text An R and S-Plus Companion to Applied Regression (SAGE, 2002). The Second Edition is intended as a companion to any course on modern applied regression analysis. The authors provide a step-by-step guide to using the high-quality free statistical software R, an emphasis on integrating statistical computing in R with the practice of data analysis, coverage of generalized linear models, enhanced coverage of R graphics and programming, and substantial web-based support materials.
An R Companion to Applied Regression
by John Fox Sanford WeisbergAn R Companion to Applied Regression is a broad introduction to the R statistical computing environment in the context of applied regression analysis. John Fox and Sanford Weisberg provide a step-by-step guide to using the free statistical software R, an emphasis on integrating statistical computing in R with the practice of data analysis, coverage of generalized linear models, and substantial web-based support materials. The Third Edition has been reorganized and includes a new chapter on mixed-effects models, new and updated data sets, and a de-emphasis on statistical programming, while retaining a general introduction to basic R programming. The authors have substantially updated both the car and effects packages for R for this edition, introducing additional capabilities and making the software more consistent and easier to use. They also advocate an everyday data-analysis workflow that encourages reproducible research. To this end, they provide coverage of RStudio, an interactive development environment for R that allows readers to organize and document their work in a simple and intuitive fashion, and then easily share their results with others. Also included is coverage of R Markdown, showing how to create documents that mix R commands with explanatory text. "An R Companion to Applied Regression continues to provide the most comprehensive and user-friendly guide to estimating, interpreting, and presenting results from regression models in R." –Christopher Hare, University of California, Davis
An R Companion to Applied Regression
by John Fox Sanford WeisbergAn R Companion to Applied Regression is a broad introduction to the R statistical computing environment in the context of applied regression analysis. John Fox and Sanford Weisberg provide a step-by-step guide to using the free statistical software R, an emphasis on integrating statistical computing in R with the practice of data analysis, coverage of generalized linear models, and substantial web-based support materials. The Third Edition has been reorganized and includes a new chapter on mixed-effects models, new and updated data sets, and a de-emphasis on statistical programming, while retaining a general introduction to basic R programming. The authors have substantially updated both the car and effects packages for R for this edition, introducing additional capabilities and making the software more consistent and easier to use. They also advocate an everyday data-analysis workflow that encourages reproducible research. To this end, they provide coverage of RStudio, an interactive development environment for R that allows readers to organize and document their work in a simple and intuitive fashion, and then easily share their results with others. Also included is coverage of R Markdown, showing how to create documents that mix R commands with explanatory text. "An R Companion to Applied Regression continues to provide the most comprehensive and user-friendly guide to estimating, interpreting, and presenting results from regression models in R." –Christopher Hare, University of California, Davis
An R Companion to Linear Statistical Models
by Christopher Hay-JahansThis work was prepared to serve as an R supplement for textbooks on Linear Statistical Models. It provides computational and coding details on the use of R that textbooks do not. Topics covered include simple and multiple linear regression models, models for one- and two-factor fixed-effects designs, covariance models, and models for randomized complete block designs. The text can serve as both a course supplement and a fairly detailed self-help resource. The development of grass-roots code alongside demonstrations of pre-packaged routines provides users with illustrations on how to develop their own programs with R.
An R Companion to Political Analysis
by Philip H. Pollock Barry Clayton EdwardsThe Third Edition of An R Companion to Political Analysis by Philip H. Pollock III and Barry C. Edwards teaches your students to conduct political research with R, the open-source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. This workbook offers the same easy-to-use and effective style as the other software companions to the Essentials of Political Analysis, tailored for R. With this comprehensive workbook, students analyze research-quality data to learn descriptive statistics, data transformations, bivariate analysis (such as cross-tabulations and mean comparisons), controlled comparisons, correlation and bivariate regression, interaction effects, and logistic regression. The clear explanations and instructions are aided by the use of many annotated and labeled screen shots, as well as QR codes linking to demonstration videos. The many end-of-chapter exercises allow students to apply their new skills. The Third Edition includes new and revised exercises, along with new and updated datasets from the 2020 American National Election Study, an experiment dataset, and two aggregate datasets, one on 50 U.S. states and one based on countries of the world. A new structure helps break up individual elements of political analysis for deeper explanation while an updated suite of R functions makes using R even easier. Students will gain valuable skills learning to analyze political data in R.
An R Companion to Political Analysis
by Philip H. Pollock Barry Clayton EdwardsThe Third Edition of An R Companion to Political Analysis by Philip H. Pollock III and Barry C. Edwards teaches your students to conduct political research with R, the open-source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. This workbook offers the same easy-to-use and effective style as the other software companions to the Essentials of Political Analysis, tailored for R. With this comprehensive workbook, students analyze research-quality data to learn descriptive statistics, data transformations, bivariate analysis (such as cross-tabulations and mean comparisons), controlled comparisons, correlation and bivariate regression, interaction effects, and logistic regression. The clear explanations and instructions are aided by the use of many annotated and labeled screen shots, as well as QR codes linking to demonstration videos. The many end-of-chapter exercises allow students to apply their new skills. The Third Edition includes new and revised exercises, along with new and updated datasets from the 2020 American National Election Study, an experiment dataset, and two aggregate datasets, one on 50 U.S. states and one based on countries of the world. A new structure helps break up individual elements of political analysis for deeper explanation while an updated suite of R functions makes using R even easier. Students will gain valuable skills learning to analyze political data in R.
An R Companion to Political Analysis
by Philip H. Pollock Professor Barry Clayton EdwardsTeach your students to conduct political research using R, the open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. An R Companion to Political Analysis by Philip H. Pollock III and Barry C. Edwards offers the same easy-to-use and effective style as the best-selling SPSS and Stata Companions. The all-new Second Edition includes new and revised exercises and datasets showing students how to analyze research-quality data to learn descriptive statistics, data transformations, bivariate analysis (cross-tabulations and mean comparisons), controlled comparisons, statistical inference, linear correlation and regression, dummy variables and interaction effects, and logistic regression. The clear explanation and instruction is accompanied by annotated and labeled screen shots and end-of-chapter exercises to help students apply what they have learned.
An R Companion to Political Analysis
by Philip H. Pollock Professor Barry Clayton EdwardsTeach your students to conduct political research using R, the open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. An R Companion to Political Analysis by Philip H. Pollock III and Barry C. Edwards offers the same easy-to-use and effective style as the best-selling SPSS and Stata Companions. The all-new Second Edition includes new and revised exercises and datasets showing students how to analyze research-quality data to learn descriptive statistics, data transformations, bivariate analysis (cross-tabulations and mean comparisons), controlled comparisons, statistical inference, linear correlation and regression, dummy variables and interaction effects, and logistic regression. The clear explanation and instruction is accompanied by annotated and labeled screen shots and end-of-chapter exercises to help students apply what they have learned.
An RTI Guide to Improving the Performance of African American Students
by Dwayne D. WilliamsHelp students thrive with this systematic approach to culturally responsive instruction! Research shows that students of color learn best in classrooms that reflect their cultural values. This breakthrough book shows educators how to create culturally relevant RTI models that help diverse students thrive! Step-by-step, you’ll learn to skillfully apply 4 core characteristics critical to culturally responsive instruction: communalism, movement expressiveness, orality, and verve. Richly detailed case studies and evidence-based, process-focused strategies will help you to: Understand how and why culture mediates learning Dispel cultural biases and appreciate the assets among all student groups Address all tiers of the RTI model across grade levels Eliminate disproportionality in special education eligibility decisions Work collaboratively with African American parents and communities Use this thought-provoking handbook to confidently design high quality, culturally responsive instruction that fits the cultural needs of most African-American students! "All educators working with diverse students should read this book! Using personal experiences, the author provides examples of culturally responsive classroom instruction that brings tears to my eyes realizing what I missed in my own education." —Julie Esparza Brown, Assistant Professor in Special Education Portland State University "Diversity in race and culture is one of the greatest issues facing students and teachers in education today. Without changing our mindset and understanding how others learn, we will never meet the expectations of educating all people. This book is outstanding in addressing these issues. It is truly a powerful read and something all educators should keep as a resource when making decisions for students who do not fall into that stereotypical ′box′." —Cindy Lawrence, Curriculum Coordinator Lumberton ISD "This book presents salient and provocative ideas with regards to teaching the way students learn. These ideas are not readily spoken about in teacher preparation programs or in schools. This book provides an avenue to discuss the ways African American students learn best." —Lydia Adegbola, Assistant Principal NYC Department of Education
An RTI Guide to Improving the Performance of African American Students
by Dwayne D. WilliamsHelp students thrive with this systematic approach to culturally responsive instruction! Research shows that students of color learn best in classrooms that reflect their cultural values. This breakthrough book shows educators how to create culturally relevant RTI models that help diverse students thrive! Step-by-step, you’ll learn to skillfully apply 4 core characteristics critical to culturally responsive instruction: communalism, movement expressiveness, orality, and verve. Richly detailed case studies and evidence-based, process-focused strategies will help you to: Understand how and why culture mediates learning Dispel cultural biases and appreciate the assets among all student groups Address all tiers of the RTI model across grade levels Eliminate disproportionality in special education eligibility decisions Work collaboratively with African American parents and communities Use this thought-provoking handbook to confidently design high quality, culturally responsive instruction that fits the cultural needs of most African-American students! "All educators working with diverse students should read this book! Using personal experiences, the author provides examples of culturally responsive classroom instruction that brings tears to my eyes realizing what I missed in my own education." —Julie Esparza Brown, Assistant Professor in Special Education Portland State University "Diversity in race and culture is one of the greatest issues facing students and teachers in education today. Without changing our mindset and understanding how others learn, we will never meet the expectations of educating all people. This book is outstanding in addressing these issues. It is truly a powerful read and something all educators should keep as a resource when making decisions for students who do not fall into that stereotypical ′box′." —Cindy Lawrence, Curriculum Coordinator Lumberton ISD "This book presents salient and provocative ideas with regards to teaching the way students learn. These ideas are not readily spoken about in teacher preparation programs or in schools. This book provides an avenue to discuss the ways African American students learn best." —Lydia Adegbola, Assistant Principal NYC Department of Education
An SPSS Companion for The Fundamentals of Social Research
by Paul M. Kellstedt Guy D. Whitten Steven A. TuchAn SPSS Companion for The Fundamentals of Social Research offers students the opportunity to delve into the world of SPSS using real data sets and statistical analysis techniques directly from Paul M. Kellstedt, Guy D. Whitten, and Steven A. Tuch's new textbook. Workbook sections parallel chapters in the main text, giving students a chance to apply the lessons and techniques learned in each chapter in a statistical software setting. Detailed chapters teach students to reproduce results presented in the textbook, allowing them to become comfortable performing statistical analyses for evaluating causal claims through repeated practice. Step-by-step instructions for using SPSS are provided, along with command lines and screenshots to demonstrate proper use of the software. Instructions for producing the figures and tables in the main text are integrated throughout the workbook. End-of-chapter exercises encourage students to formulate and evaluate their own hypotheses.