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Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics: and the Letter to Marcus Herz, February 1772
by Immanuel Kant James W. EllingtonThis edition of Prolegomena includes Kant’s letter of February, 1772 to Marcus Herz, a momentous document in which Kant relates the progress of his thinking and announces that he is now ready to present a critique of pure reason.
Prolegomena to Ethics
by David O. Brink T. H. GreenThe new edition provides an introductory essay, a bibliographical essay, and an index. Brink's extended editorial introduction examines the context, themes, and significance of Green's work and will be of special interest to readers working on the history of ethics, ethical theory, political philosophy, and nineteenth century philosophy.
Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics
by Immanuel Kant Lewis White BeckKant’s Prolegomena -- its full title, in the eighteenth-century manner, is Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Which Will Be Able to Come Forth as Science -- is a classic in metaphysics and the theory of knowledge. It deals with the perennially baffling questions: How do we know? How much can we know? Its answers to these questions are interesting especially now. We live in one of the recurring periods of intellectual and cultural history that are skeptical and impatient of systems of speculative metaphysics, and a distrust of speculation is the leading motif of the Prolegomena. Though Kant's arguments against speculative metaphysics differ from those of our contemporaries, in some of his results he anticipates their negative conclusions. The Prolegomena, however, is not interesting merely as an historical anticipation of recent views; indeed, as such it has been as it were condemned in advance by Kant (Prolegomena, Introduction). Rather, its chief interest to the student of philosophy is probably the way in which it goes beyond and against the views of contemporary positivism. The book is therefore a challenge both to those who think metaphysical knowledge of the ultimate nature of things is possible and to those who regard metaphysics as comprising only pious wishes and rationalizations, “poetry”, "nonsense," and "pseudoproblems." The Prolegomena is, moreover, the best of all introductions to that vast and obscure masterpiece, the Critique of Pure Reason. It is a guide through what Kant himself calls the "thorny paths" of that work. Because of the central position the Critique occupies in philosophy, the Prolegomena thus makes a major contribution to an understanding of the chief problems of general philosophy, metaphysics, theory of knowledge, philosophy of science, and ethics. It has an exemplary lucidity and wit, making it unique among Kant's greater works and uniquely suitable as a textbook of the Kantian philosophy.
Proletarian China: A Century of Chinese Labour
by Ivan Franceschini Christian SoraceA century of complex relations between Communists and workers in ChinaIn 2021, the Chinese Communist Party celebrated a century of existence. Since the Party&’s humble beginnings in the Marxist groups of the Republican era to its current global ambitions, one thing has not changed for China&’s leaders: their claim to represent the vanguard of the Chinese working class. Spanning from the night classes for workers organised by student activists in Beijing in the 1910s to the labour struggles during the 1920s and 1930s; from the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution to the social convulsions of the reform era to China&’s global push today, this book reconstructs the contentious history of labour in China from the early twentieth century to this day (and beyond). This will be achieved through a series of essays penned by scholars in the field of Chinese society, politics, and culture, each one of which will revolve around a specific historical event, in a mosaic of different voices, perspectives, and interpretations of what constituted the experience of being a worker in China in the past century.Contributors: Corey Byrnes, Craig A. Smith, Xu Guoqi, Zhou Ruixue, Lin Chun, Elizabeth J. Perry, Tony Saich, Wang Kan, Gail Hershatter, Apo Leong, S.A. Smith, Alexander F. Day, Yige Dong, Seung-Joon Lee, Lu Yan, Joshua Howard, Bo Ærenlund Sørensen, Brian DeMare, Emily Honig, Po-chien Chen, Yi-hung Liu, Jake Werner, Malcolm Thompson, Robert Cliver, Mark W. Frazier, John Williams, Christian Sorace, Zhu Ruiyi, Ivan Franceschini, Chen Feng, Ben Kindler, Jane Hayward, Tim Wright, Koji Hirata, Jacob Eyferth, Aminda Smith, Fabio Lanza, Ralph Litzinger, J onathan Unger, Covell F. Meyskens, Maggie Clinton, Patricia M. Thornton, Ray Yep, Andrea Piazzaroli Longobardi, Joel Andreas, Matt Galway, Michel Bonnin, A.C. Baecker, Mary Ann O&’Donnell, Tiantian Zheng, Jeanne L. Wilson, Ming-sho Ho, Yueran Zhang, Anita Chan, Sarah Biddulph, Jude Howell, William Hurst, Dorothy J. Solinger, Ching Kwan Lee, Chloé Froissart, Mary Gallagher, Eric Florence, Junxi Qian, Chris King-chi Chan, Elaine Sio-Ieng Hui, Jenny Chan, Eli Friedman, Aaron Halegua, Wanning Sun, Marc Blecher, Huang Yu, Manfred Elfstrom, Darren Byler, Carlos Rojas, Chen Qiufan.
Proletarian Nights
by Jacques RanciereProletarian Nights, previously published in English as Nights of Labor and one of Rancière's most important works, dramatically reinterprets the Revolution of 1830, contending that workers were not rebelling against specific hardships and conditions but against the unyielding predetermination of their lives. Through a study of worker-run newspapers, letters, journals, and worker-poetry, Rancière reveals the contradictory and conflicting stories that challenge the coherence of these statements celebrating labor.This updated edition includes a new preface by the author, revisiting the work twenty years since its first publication in France.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Prologue to Education: An Inquiry into Ends and Means (Routledge Library Editions: Education)
by John N WalesMany people have come to feel that the controversy on education in Britain has got bogged down in political polemics, and that common polarisations between ‘conventional’ and ‘progressive’, ‘selective’ and ‘comprehensive’, ‘elite’ and ‘democratic’ are both unrealistic and damaging. The author believes that a new educational ethic is needed now that former religious sanctions are no longer generally operative. He believes that it is possible to regard the concept of a Rational Good as a basis for educational theory and practice. The book discusses important practical issues in education: liberty and equality, use and abuse of convention, the ethical basis and occasion for coercion, the validity of co-education as an educational principle and the John Wales concludes that the correspondence between the popular extremes of educational views is much more significant than their differences.
Promesas incumplidas: Las fuentes históricas de la indignación
by Javier MoscosoPromesas incumplidas es una historia sobre la ambición, ligada a la promesa igualitaria y al desengaño que marcó el Romanticismo. De la mano de Javier Moscoso, uno de los mejores ensayistas españoles contemporáneos. Ambición, resentimiento, envidia, celos... El Promesas incumplidas explora las emociones más estrechamente relacionadas con la rivalidad, pero también la fraternidad, el patriotismo, la compasión o la amistad. Las fuentes consultadas incluyen tratados de medicina, de filosofía moral y política, así como de lo que hoy denominamos psiquiatría. Junto a estos se han consultado textos biográficos y autobiográficos, así como material iconográfico, fuentes publicadas y manuscritas.
Prometheus Reimagined: Technology, Environment, and Law in the Twenty-first Century
by Albert C. LinTechnologies such as synthetic biology, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and geoengineering promise to address many of our most serious problems, yet they also bring environmental and health-related risks and uncertainties. Moreover, they can come to dominate global production systems and markets with very little public input or awareness. Existing governance institutions and processes do not adequately address the risks of new technologies, nor do they give much consideration to the concerns of persons affected by them. Instead of treating technology, health, and the environment as discrete issues, Albert C. Lin argues that laws must acknowledge their fundamental relationship, anticipating both future technological developments and their potential adverse effects. Laws should encourage international cooperation and the development of common global standards, while allowing for flexibility and reassessment.
Promise Ahead: A Vision of Hope and Action for Humanity's Future
by Duane ElginThe sequel to Duane Elgin’s bestselling classic Voluntary Simplicity, which changed the lives of thousands and was called the “bible” of the simplicity movement by the Wall Street Journal, Promise Ahead looks beneath the headlines to reveal the deeper currents now changing our lives. Elgin sees two powerful sets of trends converging in the coming decades. The first set he calls “adversity trends.” These include 1. Global climate changes that threaten our food supply2. Massive human population3. Mass extinction of species4. Rapid depletion of crucial natural resources 5. Civil unrest caused by global poverty. The second set he calls “opportunity trends.” These include1. Recognition of the universe as a living system2. The quiet revolution toward simpler ways of living3. Use of the Internet as a tool for social awareness and change4. Growing efforts toward reconciliation of racial, gender, religious, and other differences If we meet these unprecedented challenges, we can make a dramatic leap in our evolutionary journey and will have a very promising future.
Promise and Peril: Understanding and Managing Change and Conflict in Congregations
by David BrubakerCongregations cannot exist without finances, priorities, leadership, worship, and decision making, yet these five aspects breed the most conflict between church members and clergy. These conflicts unfortunately tend to bring about the most negative consequences: drops in giving, resignation of leaders, and, perhaps most pointedly, loss of members. The importance of congregations and their effect on our lives is clear, yet what is less clear is what makes conflicts in faith communities inevitable.
Promises to Keep: Cultural Studies, Democratic Education, and Public Life
by Greg Dimitriadis Dennis CarlsonThis book takes a serious look at the erosion of democratic public life and public education, and offers directions for re-imagining, re-designing, and re-inventing the current system. Bridging the disciplines of film studies, postcolonial studies, curriculum theory, and politics, these essays suggest new possibilities for curriculum, and shed new light on what shape public education could take in coming decades.
Promoting Health and Wellbeing through Schools
by Peter AggletonThe contribution schools can make to improving students’ health and wellbeing is increasingly recognised. Schools that have embraced this role and adapted policies and practices to create an environment in which young people feel safe and happy have reported broad and significant gains. Through expert contributions from active researchers and experienced practitioners, Promoting Health and Wellbeing through Schools combines recent research with knowledge of the current climate in which schools are operating. Offering authoritative advice on effective intervention, this book provides an overview of the key issues that need to be addressed, including: alcohol use sexual health drug use obesity mental health. This accessible text is innovative in its focus on how schools can build partnerships with young people, parents, and health professionals to promote their commitment to health and wellbeing. It highlights successful approaches for promoting health and educational goals, and provides useful advice on planning and evaluation. Promoting Health and Wellbeing through Schools is invaluable reading for professionals working in and with schools to implement healthy schools programmes and to bring about improvement in health and wellbeing, including teachers, nurses, and health and education managers. It is also of interest to students, researchers and policy-makers.
Promoting Positive Thinking: Building Children's Self-Esteem, Self-Confidence and Optimism
by Glynis HannellHelp pupils towards increased emotional intelligence using this book's practical ideas for developing confidence and optimism amongst learners. The book includes: * An explanation of the differences between self-esteem, confidence and optimism * Complete coverage of how low self-esteem can manifest itself * Workable solutions to meet the everyday difficulties faced by all sorts of pupils
Proof Complexity (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications #170)
by Jan KrajíčekProof complexity is a rich subject drawing on methods from logic, combinatorics, algebra and computer science. This self-contained book presents the basic concepts, classical results, current state of the art and possible future directions in the field. It stresses a view of proof complexity as a whole entity rather than a collection of various topics held together loosely by a few notions, and it favors more generalizable statements. Lower bounds for lengths of proofs, often regarded as the key issue in proof complexity, are of course covered in detail. However, upper bounds are not neglected: this book also explores the relations between bounded arithmetic theories and proof systems and how they can be used to prove upper bounds on lengths of proofs and simulations among proof systems. It goes on to discuss topics that transcend specific proof systems, allowing for deeper understanding of the fundamental problems of the subject.
Proof Patterns
by Mark JoshiThis innovative textbook introduces a new pattern-based approach to learning proof methods in the mathematical sciences. Readers will discover techniques that will enable them to learn new proofs across different areas of pure mathematics with ease. The patterns in proofs from diverse fields such as algebra, analysis, topology and number theory are explored. Specific topics examined include game theory, combinatorics and Euclidean geometry, enabling a broad familiarity. The author, an experienced lecturer and researcher renowned for his innovative view and intuitive style, illuminates a wide range of techniques and examples from duplicating the cube to triangulating polygons to the infinitude of primes to the fundamental theorem of algebra. Intended as a companion for undergraduate students, this text is an essential addition to every aspiring mathematician's toolkit.
Proof Technology in Mathematics Research and Teaching (Mathematics Education in the Digital Era #14)
by Gila Hanna Michael De Villiers David A. ReidThis book presents chapters exploring the most recent developments in the role of technology in proving. The full range of topics related to this theme are explored, including computer proving, digital collaboration among mathematicians, mathematics teaching in schools and universities, and the use of the internet as a site of proof learning. Proving is sometimes thought to be the aspect of mathematical activity most resistant to the influence of technological change. While computational methods are well known to have a huge importance in applied mathematics, there is a perception that mathematicians seeking to derive new mathematical results are unaffected by the digital era. The reality is quite different. Digital technologies have transformed how mathematicians work together, how proof is taught in schools and universities, and even the nature of proof itself. Checking billions of cases in extremely large but finite sets, impossible a few decades ago, has now become a standard method of proof. Distributed proving, by teams of mathematicians working independently on sections of a problem, has become very much easier as digital communication facilitates the sharing and comparison of results. Proof assistants and dynamic proof environments have influenced the verification or refutation of conjectures, and ultimately how and why proof is taught in schools. And techniques from computer science for checking the validity of programs are being used to verify mathematical proofs. Chapters in this book include not only research reports and case studies, but also theoretical essays, reviews of the state of the art in selected areas, and historical studies. The authors are experts in the field.
Proof Theory and Algebra in Logic (Short Textbooks in Logic)
by Hiroakira OnoThis book offers a concise introduction to both proof-theory and algebraic methods, the core of the syntactic and semantic study of logic respectively. The importance of combining these two has been increasingly recognized in recent years. It highlights the contrasts between the deep, concrete results using the former and the general, abstract ones using the latter. Covering modal logics, many-valued logics, superintuitionistic and substructural logics, together with their algebraic semantics, the book also provides an introduction to nonclassical logic for undergraduate or graduate level courses.The book is divided into two parts: Proof Theory in Part I and Algebra in Logic in Part II. Part I presents sequent systems and discusses cut elimination and its applications in detail. It also provides simplified proof of cut elimination, making the topic more accessible. The last chapter of Part I is devoted to clarification of the classes of logics that are discussed in the second part. Part II focuses on algebraic semantics for these logics. At the same time, it is a gentle introduction to the basics of algebraic logic and universal algebra with many examples of their applications in logic. Part II can be read independently of Part I, with only minimum knowledge required, and as such is suitable as a textbook for short introductory courses on algebra in logic.
Proof Theory: Second Edition (Dover Books on Mathematics #Volume 81)
by Gaisi TakeutiFocusing on Gentzen-type proof theory, this volume presents a detailed overview of creative works by author Gaisi Takeuti and other twentieth-century logicians. The text explores applications of proof theory to logic as well as other areas of mathematics. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics, this long-out-of-print monograph forms a cornerstone for any library in mathematical logic and related topics.The three-part treatment begins with an exploration of first order systems, including a treatment of predicate calculus involving Gentzen's cut-elimination theorem and the theory of natural numbers in terms of Gödel's incompleteness theorem and Gentzen's consistency proof. The second part, which considers second order and finite order systems, covers simple type theory and infinitary logic. The final chapters address consistency problems with an examination of consistency proofs and their applications.
Proof and Falsity: A Logical Investigation
by Nils KürbisThis book argues that the meaning of negation, perhaps the most important logical constant, cannot be defined within the framework of the most comprehensive theory of proof-theoretic semantics, as formulated in the influential work of Michael Dummett and Dag Prawitz. Nils Kürbis examines three approaches that have attempted to solve the problem - defining negation in terms of metaphysical incompatibility; treating negation as an undefinable primitive; and defining negation in terms of a speech act of denial - and concludes that they cannot adequately do so. He argues that whereas proof-theoretic semantics usually only appeals to a notion of truth, it also needs to appeal to a notion of falsity, and proposes a system of natural deduction in which both are incorporated. Offering new perspectives on negation, denial and falsity, his book will be important for readers working on logic, metaphysics and the philosophy of language.
Proof and Knowledge in Mathematics
by Michael DetlefsenThese questions arise from any attempt to discover an epistemology for mathematics. This collection of essays considers various questions concerning the nature of justification in mathematics and possible sources of that justification. Among these are the question of whether mathematical justification is a priori or a posteriori in character, whether logical and mathematical differ, and if formalization plays a significant role in mathematical justification,
Proof!: How the World Became Geometrical
by Amir AlexanderA “lucid and convincingly argued” narrative of how ancient geometric principles continue to shape the contemporary world (Publishers Weekly).On a cloudy day in 1413, a balding young man stood at the entrance to the Cathedral of Florence, facing the ancient Baptistery across the piazza. As puzzled passers-by looked on, he raised a small painting to his face, then held a mirror in front of the painting. Few at the time understood what he was up to; even he barely had an inkling of what was at stake. But on that day, the master craftsman and engineer Filippo Brunelleschi would prove that the world and everything within it was governed by the ancient science of geometry.In Proof!, the award-winning historian Amir Alexander traces the path of the geometrical vision of the world as it coursed its way from the Renaissance to the present, shaping our societies, our politics, and our ideals. Geometry came to stand for a fixed and unchallengeable universal order, and kings, empire-builders, and even republican revolutionaries would rush to cast their rule as the apex of the geometrical universe. For who could doubt the right of a ruler or the legitimacy of a government that drew its power from the immutable principles of Euclidean geometry?From the elegant terraces of Versailles to the broad avenues of Washington, DC, and on to the boulevards of New Delhi and Manila, the geometrical vision was carved into the landscape of modernity. Euclid, Alexander shows, made the world as we know it possible.
Proof, Computation and Agency
by Johan Van Benthem Amitabha Gupta Rohit ParikhProof, Computation and Agency: Logic at the Crossroads provides an overview of modern logic and its relationship with other disciplines. As a highlight, several articles pursue an inspiring paradigm called 'social software', which studies patterns of social interaction using techniques from logic and computer science. The book also demonstrates how logic can join forces with game theory and social choice theory. A second main line is the logic-language-cognition connection, where the articles collected here bring several fresh perspectives. Finally, the book takes up Indian logic and its connections with epistemology and the philosophy of science, showing how these topics run naturally into each other.
Proof, Logic and Formalization
by Michael DetlefsenThe mathematical proof is the most important form of justification in mathematics. It is not, however, the only kind of justification for mathematical propositions. The existence of other forms, some of very significant strength, places a question mark over the prominence given to proof within mathematics. This collection of essays, by leading figures working within the philosophy of mathematics, is a response to the challenge of understanding the nature and role of the proof.
Proof: The Art and Science of Certainty
by Adam KucharskiAn award-winning mathematician—he "made me smile and made me feel clever" (Peter Frankopan)—shows how we prove what&’s true, and what to do when we can&’t How do we establish what we believe? And how can we be certain that what we believe is true? And how do we convince other people that it is true? For thousands of years, from the ancient Greeks to the Arabic golden age to the modern world, science has used different methods—logical, empirical, intuitive, and more—to separate fact from fiction. But it all had the same goal: find perfect evidence and be rewarded with universal truth. As mathematician Adam Kucharski shows, however, there is far more to proof than axioms, theories, and laws: when demonstrating that a new medical treatment works, persuading a jury of someone&’s guilt, or deciding whether you trust a self-driving car, the weighing up of evidence is far from simple. To discover proof, we must reach into a thicket of errors and biases and embrace uncertainty—and never more so than when existing methods fail. Spanning mathematics, science, politics, philosophy, and economics, this book offers the ultimate exploration of how we can find our way to proof—and, just as importantly, of how to go forward when supposed facts falter.
Proofiness
by Charles SeifeThe bestselling author of Zero shows how mathematical misinformation pervades-and shapes-our daily lives. According to MSNBC, having a child makes you stupid. You actually lose IQ points. Good Morning America has announced that natural blondes will be extinct within two hundred years. Pundits estimated that there were more than a million demonstrators at a tea party rally in Washington, D. C. , even though roughly sixty thousand were there. Numbers have peculiar powers-they can disarm skeptics, befuddle journalists, and hoodwink the public into believing almost anything. "Proofiness," as Charles Seife explains in this eye-opening book, is the art of using pure mathematics for impure ends, and he reminds readers that bad mathematics has a dark side. It is used to bring down beloved government officials and to appoint undeserving ones (both Democratic and Republican), to convict the innocent and acquit the guilty, to ruin our economy, and to fix the outcomes of future elections. This penetrating look at the intersection of math and society will appeal to readers of Freakonomics and the books of Malcolm Gladwell. .