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Reinventing Paulo Freire
by Antonia DarderOne of the most influential critical educators of the twentieth century, Paulo Freire challenged those educational inequalities and conditions of injustice faced by oppressed populations. In this new edition of Reinventing Paulo Freire, Antonia Darder re-examines his legacy through reflections on Freirean pedagogy and the narratives of teachers who reinvent his work. The fully revised first part provides important historical, political, and economic connections between major societal concerns and educational questions raised by Freire and their link to the contemporary moment, including questions tied to neoliberalism, coloniality, and educational inequalities. At the heart of the book is a critical understanding of how Freire#65533;s pedagogy of love can inform, in theory and practice, a humanizing approach to teaching and learning. Powerful teacher narratives offer examples of a living praxis, committed to democratic classroom life and the emancipation of subaltern communities. The narratives clearly illustrate how Freire#65533;s ideas can be put concretely into practice in schools and communities. These reflections on Freirean praxis are sure to spark conversation and inspiration in teacher education courses. Through a close theoretical engagement of Freire#65533;s ideas and key insights garnered from lived experiences, the book speaks to the ways Freire can still inspire contemporary educators to adopt the spirit of#65533;liberatory pedagogy, By so doing, Reinventing Paulo Freire is certain to advance his theories in new ways, both to those familiar with his work and to those studying Freire for the first time.
Reinventing Philosophy of Religion: An Opinionated Introduction
by Graham OppyConsiderations about the existence and nature of God are given far too much weight in contemporary discussions of philosophy of religion. Against prevailing orthodoxy, this introduction to philosophy of religion urges a broader perspective that attends seriously to a wide range of religious and non-religious worldviews.
Reinventing World War II: Popular Memory in the Rise of the Ethnonationalist State (RSA Series in Transdisciplinary Rhetoric)
by Barbara A. BieseckerBy the 1970s, World War II had all but disappeared from US popular culture. But beginning in the mid-eighties it reemerged with a vengeance, and for nearly fifteen years World War II was ubiquitous across US popular and political culture. In this book, Barbara A. Biesecker explores the prestige and rhetorical power of the “Good War,” revealing how it was retooled to restore a new kind of social equilibrium to the United States.Biesecker analyzes prominent cases of World War II remembrance, including the canceled exhibit of the Enola Gay at the National Air and Space Museum in 1995 and its replacement, Steven Spielberg’s Saving Private Ryan, Tom Brokaw’s The Greatest Generation, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Situating these popular memory texts within the culture and history wars of the day and the broader framework of US political and economic life, Biesecker argues that, with the notable exception of the Holocaust Memorial Museum, these reinventions of the Good War worked rhetorically to restore a strong sense of national identity and belonging fitted to the neoliberal nationalist agenda.By tracing the links between the popular retooling of World War II and the national state fantasy, and by putting the lessons of Foucault, Derrida, Lacan, and their successors to work for a rhetorical-political analysis of the present, Biesecker not only explains the emergence and strength of the MAGA movement but also calls attention to the power of public memory to shape and contest ethnonational identity today. This book will interest rhetoricians and historians as well as students and scholars in the fields of US politics and communication studies.
Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion
by Stuart A. KauffmanConsider the complexity of a living cell after 3. 8 billion years of evolution. Is it more awesome to suppose that a transcendent God fashioned the cell at a stroke, or to realize that it evolved with no Almighty Hand, but arose on its own in the changing biosphere? In this bold and fresh look at science and religion, complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman argues that the qualities of divinity that we revere--creativity, meaning, purposeful action--are properties of the universe that can be investigated methodically. He offers stunning evidence for this idea in an abundance of fields, from cell biology to the philosophy of mind, and uses it to find common ground between belief systems often at odds with one another. A daring and ambitious argument for a new understanding of natural divinity, Reinventing the Sacred challenges readers both scientifically and philosophically.
Reinvigorating the Lost Philosophical Self: The Life-Nature of Philosophical Innovation
by Qinghai GaoThis book not only presents Gao’s major philosophical views and background but also reflects “our” self-consciousness and zeitgeist. Reinvigorating the Lost Philosophical Self is the last major published work by Qinghai Gao. The three parts of the book are organized around the themes of “traditional reality and philosophy”, “philosophy and innovation” and “man and philosophy”, respectively. The book does not only provide a philosophical standpoint but also broaden the horizon on which the Chinese turn to themselves, to the times and to the world. Presently, under the context of the Covid pandemic, trade war, regional conflicts and economic slowdown, there is an increasing risk of disruption to people’s lives. The book sheds some light on where we are going. Coming from a Chinese philosopher, Reinvigorating the Lost Philosophical Self is concerned with our destiny, reflects our hardships and attempts to provide answers to our questions.
Reivindicación de la política: Veinte años de relaciones internacionales
by Javier Solana Lluís BassetUn repaso a los retos del mundo actual a partir de la experiencia de 15 años en primera fila de la política internacional de Javier Solana. «Yo creo en la política... La política no es mera gestión, no es administración, es mucho más que eso. Es que la gente te entienda y que sepa adónde vas. La política tiene que ser pedagogía y tiene que ser liderazgo. En parte es hacer presente el futuro, y para eso hay que tener una visión del futuro.»Javier Solana Desde que en 1995 fuera nombrado secretario general de la OTAN, Javier Solana ha pasado quince años en primera fila de la política internacional. Han sido quince años repletos de acontecimientos: la disolución de la antigua Yugoslavia, la decadencia de Rusia, el auge de China, la aparición del terrorismo islámico, los años de Clinton, de Bush y la llegada de Obama, la expansión de la OTAN y de la Unión Europea, la globalización, la mayor crisis económica desde 1929... Gracias a su experiencia y en muchas ocasiones a su presencia en las cumbres y reuniones que definieron momentos históricos, Solana presenta, guiado por las inteligentes preguntas de un periodista de prestigio como es Lluís Bassets, un fascinante panorama del mundo actual, los retos a los que nos enfrentamos y cómo se hizo la transición del mundo estable de la guerra fría a las incertidumbres del actual. Dos ideas y un principio vertebran el libro: Occidente se ha impuesto a costa de perder poder frente a las potencias emergentes, como Brasil, China o la India; Europa se empezó justificando como reconciliación tras la guerra, luego estabilización tras la caída del Muro, pero ahora se fundamenta en la necesidad para no pasar a la irrelevancia. Y el principio es la inquebrantable fe en la política como la manera de conciliar intereses, alcanzar objetivos y evitar conflictos. Un libro esencial, plagado de anécdotas y de retratos de primera mano, por el español más importante en la escena internacional de los últimos tiempos.
Rekindling Life: A Common Front
by Baptiste MorizotAs the environmental crisis accelerates, we can easily feel overwhelmed, but our feeling of powerlessness is partly due to a misunderstanding of the natural world. We tend to think of nature as a cathedral on fire, like Notre Dame engulfed in flames. But the living world is not a cathedral on fire – if it were, the battle would already be lost. The living world is itself a fire that reconstitutes itself continuously and creates countless forms of life as soon as we leave it the space and time to do so. So the problem we face today is not to stop the fire – rather, it is how to defend and rekindle the embers of life that are all around us.Drawing lessons from conservationist initiatives aimed at allowing the natural forces of forests to take over again through a process of free evolution, and from agro-ecological farming initiatives which make lands hospitable for wildlife, Baptiste Morizot shows how specific actions can release the prodigality of life, its jungle-like power to regenerate itself. Actions like these are possible because the power of the living world lies in its abundance and creativity: the biosphere is a living fire that covers the earth, and it can always start up again if we know how to defend and kindle its embers.
Relate, Then Educate: The Untold Stories of Teachers, By Teachers
by Andrea AveyCompiled by two former educators, Relate, Then Educate contains the firsthand stories of sixteen seasoned educators’ professional hurdles and personal moments of heartbreak and joy.To be an educator is to be thrown into the classroom without much practical training. Young teachers can languish for years without knowing if they’re “doing it right,” and, despite the wealth of tactical curriculum resources available, the intangible needs of educators often go overlooked and unmet. Former educators Rick Holmes and Andrea Avey understand this perspective well; they collected the stories within Relate, Then Educate for teachers seeking experienced insight and support as they decide the trajectory of their career. This unbiased collection of candid and approachable experiences are written to challenge, inspire, correct, and console teachers—and humans—who need direction. It features stories of unthinkable tragedy, like the tragic death of a student midyear, and rich rewards, like lifelong friendships with students. Relate, Then Educate breaks down each teacher’s story into three segments: their path into education, a defining moment in their career, and an instructional best practice.
Relating Hegel’s Science of Logic to Contemporary Philosophy
by Luis GuzmánThis book offers an interpretation of certain Hegelian concepts, and their relevance to various themes in contemporary philosophy, which will allow for a non-metaphysical understanding of his thought, further strengthening his relevance to philosophy today by placing him in the midst of current debates.
Relating Humanities and Social Thought (Science, Ideology And Values Ser. #Vol. Iv)
by Abraham EdelIn the current atmosphere of controversy about modes of interpreting literature, historical influences in science, and subtle ideologies in social theory, Abraham Edel confronts the institutionalized separation of the humanities and the sciences, the segregation of disciplines through structures that rest on entrenched dualisms, and the isolations reenforced by habits of the academy and its struggles over turf. Edel's "search for connections" - carried out not only theoretically but through a series of particular studies spanning major disciplines from philosophy and social theory to jurisprudence, biography, and cultural anthropology - leads into uncharted waters. He faces the startling conclusion that the clue to answering internal questions characteristically turns out to come from trans-discipline relations.This fourth volume of Edel's Science, Ideology and Value focuses in a Deweyan vein on the functional requirements at the base of the social sciences and humanities alike: discipline structures are subject to change, development, and decay, and even to categorial shifts as well as to readjustments. At the same time, Edel's philosophical nauralism helps diagnose the obstacles to research that stem from imposed dualisms such as theory and practice, subjectivity and objectivity, fact and value, individual and society, as well as social contrasts of elite and mass. Normative structures are to be held responsible to inquiry, and a self-conscious exploratory practice is needed to minimize the risks of arbitrary closures. For those who wish to get beyond sloganeering in the world of education, humane learning, and the social and historical sciences, this book is a must.
Relating Narratives: Storytelling and Selfhood (Warwick Studies in European Philosophy)
by Adriana CavareroRelating Narratives is a major new work by the philosopher and feminist thinker Adriana Cavarero. First published in Italian to widespread acclaim, Relating Narratives is a fascinating and challenging new account of the relationship between selfhood and narration. Drawing a diverse array of thinkers from both the philosophical and the literary tradition, from Sophocles and Homer to Hannah Arendt, Karen Blixen, Walter Benjamin and Borges, Adriana Cadarero's theory of the `narratable self' shows how narrative models in philosophy and literature can open new ways of thinking about formation of human identities. By showing how each human being has a unique story that can be told about them, Adriana Cavarero inaugurates an important shift in thinking about subjectivity and identity which relies not upon categorical or discursive norms, but rather seeks to account for `who' each one of us uniquely is.
Relational Anthropology for Contemporary Economics: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Ethical Economy #61)
by Steven C. van den Heuvel Patrick Nullens Jermo Van NesThis open access book offers a multidisciplinary dialogue on relational anthropology in contemporary economics. A particular view of the human being is often assumed in economic models, but seldom acknowledged let alone explicated. Addressing this neglected area of research in economic studies, altogether the contributors touch upon the importance and potential of virtues, the notions of freedom and self-love, the potential of simulation models, the dialectics of love, and questions of methodology in constructing a relational anthropology for contemporary economics. The overall result is a highly informative and constructive dialogue, establishing inter alia a research agenda for future collaborative and multidisciplinary study.
Relational Calculus for Actionable Knowledge (Information Fusion and Data Science)
by Éloi Bossé Michel BarèsThis book focuses on one of the major challenges of the newly created scientific domain known as data science: turning data into actionable knowledge in order to exploit increasing data volumes and deal with their inherent complexity. Actionable knowledge has been qualitatively and intensively studied in management, business, and the social sciences but in computer science and engineering, its connection has only recently been established to data mining and its evolution, ‘Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining’ (KDD). Data mining seeks to extract interesting patterns from data, but, until now, the patterns discovered from data have not always been ‘actionable’ for decision-makers in Socio-Technical Organizations (STO). With the evolution of the Internet and connectivity, STOs have evolved into Cyber-Physical and Social Systems (CPSS) that are known to describe our world today. In such complex and dynamic environments, the conventional KDD process is insufficient, and additional processes are required to transform complex data into actionable knowledge. Readers are presented with advanced knowledge concepts and the analytics and information fusion (AIF) processes aimed at delivering actionable knowledge. The authors provide an understanding of the concept of ‘relation’ and its exploitation, relational calculus, as well as the formalization of specific dimensions of knowledge that achieve a semantic growth along the AIF processes. This book serves as an important technical presentation of relational calculus and its application to processing chains in order to generate actionable knowledge. It is ideal for graduate students, researchers, or industry professionals interested in decision science and knowledge engineering.
Relational Egalitarianism: Living as Equals
by Kasper Lippert-RasmussenOver the last twenty years, many political philosophers have rejected the idea that justice is fundamentally about distribution. Rather, justice is about social relations, and the so-called distributive paradigm should be replaced by a new relational paradigm. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen seeks to describe, refine, and assess these thoughts and to propose a comprehensive form of egalitarianism which includes central elements from both relational and distributive paradigms. He shows why many of the challenges that luck egalitarianism faces reappear, once we try to specify relational egalitarianism more fully. His discussion advances understanding of the nature of the relational ideal, and introduces new conceptual tools for understanding it and for exploring the important question of why it is desirable in the first place to relate as equals. Even severe critics of the distributive understanding of justice will find that this book casts important new light on the ideal to which they subscribe.
Relational Improvisation: Music, Dance and Contemporary Art
by Simon RoseRelational Improvisation explores the creative exchanges that occur between artistic disciplines through the practice of improvisation in performance. Building upon the growing research into improvisation, the book explores contemporary transdisciplinary collaborations between improvised music and other fields including dance and visual arts, offering insights from a wide range of practitioners. Author Simon Rose takes a ground-up approach that places value on lived experience and reflects the value of collaboration. Mirroring improvisation’s relationality, chapters are co-authored by musicians, dancers and visual artists from diverse backgrounds who are engaged in active artistic collaborations with the author.The relational approach allows for the inclusion of improvisation’s scope and many levels. Showcasing a range of different voices, the chapters address topics in artistic improvisation including cybernetics, interspecies work, working with light, phenomenology, sympoiesis and identity, and utilise a range of approaches including autoethnography and philosophical analysis. Considering the relationships of improvisation to emotion, space, embodiment and philosophy, this book shows how improvisation, collaboration and transdisciplinary artistic practices combine to generate new creative possibilities. It provides vital insights for practicing artists, arts researchers, philosophy and pedagogy and all those studying improvisation and collaborative creativity in contemporary music, dance and visual arts.
Relational Intentionality: Brentano and the Aristotelian Tradition (Primary Sources in Phenomenology)
by Hamid TaiebThis book sheds new light on the history of the philosophically crucial notion of intentionality, which accounts for one of the most distinctive aspects of our mental life: the fact that our thoughts are about objects. Intentionality is often described as a certain kind of relation. Focusing on Franz Brentano, who introduced the notion into contemporary philosophy, and on the Aristotelian tradition, which was Brentano’s main source of inspiration, the book reveals a rich history of debate on precisely the relational nature of intentionality. It shows that Brentano and the Aristotelian authors from which he drew not only addressed the question whether intentionality is a relation, but also devoted extensive discussions to what kind of relation it is, if any. <P><P> The book aims to show that Brentano distinguishes the intentional relation from two other relations with which it might be confused, namely, causality and reference, which also hold between thoughts and their objects. Intentionality accounts for the aboutness of a thought; causality, by contrast, explains how the thought is generated, and reference, understood as a sort of similarity, occurs when the object towards which the thought is directed exists. Brentano claims to find some anticipation of his views in Aristotle. This book argues that, whether or not Brentano’s interpretation of Aristotle is correct, his claim is true of the Aristotelian tradition as a whole, since followers of Aristotle more or less explicitly made some or all of Brentano’s distinctions. This is demonstrated through examination of some major figures of the Aristotelian tradition (broadly understood), including Alexander of Aphrodisias, the Neoplatonic commentators, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and Francisco Suárez. <P><P> This book combines a longue durée approach – focusing on the long-term evolution of philosophical concepts rather than restricting itself to a specific author or period – with systematic analysis in the history of philosophy. By studying Brentano and the Aristotelian authors with theoretical sensitivity, it also aims to contribute to our understanding of intentionality and cognate features of the mind.
Relational Liberalism: Democratic Co-Authorship in a Pluralistic World (Philosophy and Politics - Critical Explorations #24)
by Federica LiverieroThis book investigates the unresolved issue of democratic legitimacy in contexts of pervasive disagreement and contributes to this debate by defending a relational version of political liberalism that rests on the ideal of co-authorship. According to this proposal, democratic legitimacy depends upon establishing appropriate interactions among citizens who ought to ascribe to one another the status of putative practical and epistemic authorities. To support this relational reading of political liberalism, the book proposes a revised account of the civic virtue of reasonableness along with an investigation of the epistemic-specific dimension of political equality. By engaging with political epistemology and social theory, this book explores ways to address inherent tensions within the liberal paradigm, using the following strategies of addressing these tensions: first, it defends a twofold model of legitimacy that distinguishes the goals, methodologies, and justificatory tasks of both ideal and nonideal phases of the two-level justificatory framework; second, it contends that democratic legitimacy requires an engaged and contextual critical appraisal of the injustices that characterize our daily social lives, illustrating how structural forms of injustice represent a profound betrayal of the liberal ideal of democratic legitimacy.
Relational Passage of Time (Routledge Studies in Metaphysics)
by Matias SlavovThis book defends a relational theory of the passage of time. The realist view of passage developed in this book differs from the robust, substantivalist position. According to relationism, passage is nothing over and above the succession of events, one thing coming after another. Causally related events are temporally arranged as they happen one after another along observers’ worldlines. There is no unique global passage but a multiplicity of local passages of time. After setting out this positive argument for relationism, the author deals with five common objections to it: (a) triviality of deflationary passage, (b) a-directionality of passage, (c) the impossibility of experiencing passage, (d) fictionalism about passage, and (e) the incompatibility of passage with perduring objects. Relational Passage of Time will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of time, metaphysics, and philosophy of physics.
Relational Political Marketing in Party-Centred Democracies: Because We Deserve It
by Helene P.M. JohansenThis book offers a critical re-thinking of the way in which traditional market logic - derived from mainstream economics and managerial marketing - has for decades commonly been applied in the theoretical understanding of democratic politics within influential quarters of political science and in later years also the relatively new but rapidly expanding field of political marketing. Such approaches are founded on the assumption that all markets are driven exclusively by exchange dynamics and this has in turn rendered the most basic workings of co-production and participation-oriented party-centred political systems theoretically invisible. The author starts by providing a thorough and wide-ranging critical assessment of the theoretical underpinnings of the contemporary political marketing literature and its market-based political science antecedents. Using a relationship marketing perspective the author goes on to offer a re-conceptualisation of these political spheres in terms of 'markets' which addresses the theoretical inadequacies of prior research. She closes by examining some of the most important practical implications that this alternative approach to party-centred politics may have for the marketing efforts of contemporary membership parties. This book is essential reading to all those interested in party-centred politics and political marketing, as well as democratic theorists and students of political theory in general.
Relational Topology (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2208)
by Michael Winter Gunther SchmidtThis book introduces and develops new algebraic methods to work with relations, often conceived as Boolean matrices, and applies them to topology. Although these objects mirror the matrices that appear throughout mathematics, numerics, statistics, engineering, and elsewhere, the methods used to work with them are much less well known. In addition to their purely topological applications, the volume also details how the techniques may be successfully applied to spatial reasoning and to logics of computer science. Topologists will find several familiar concepts presented in a concise and algebraically manipulable form which is far more condensed than usual, but visualized via represented relations and thus readily graspable. This approach also offers the possibility of handling topological problems using proof assistants.
Relational and Algebraic Methods in Computer Science: 17th International Conference, RAMiCS 2018, Groningen, The Netherlands, October 29 – November 1, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11194)
by Jules Desharnais Walter Guttmann Stef JoostenThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Relational and Algebraic Methods in Computer Science, RAMiCS 2018, held in Groningen, The Netherlands, in October/November 2018. The 21 full papers and 1 invited paper presented together with 2 invited abstracts and 1 abstract of a tutorial were carefully selected from 31 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topics: Theoretical foundations; reasoning about computations and programs; and applications and tools.
Relational and Algebraic Methods in Computer Science: 18th International Conference, RAMiCS 2020, Palaiseau, France, October 26–29, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12062)
by Michael Winter Peter Jipsen Uli FahrenbergThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Relational and Algebraic Methods in Computer Science, RAMiCS 2020, which was due to be held in Palaiseau, France, in April 2020. The conference was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 20 full papers presented together with 3 invited abstracts were carefully selected from 29 submissions. Topics covered range from mathematical foundations to applications as conceptual and methodological tools in computer science and beyond.
Relationale Datenbanken: Von den theoretischen Grundlagen zu Anwendungen mit PostgreSQL (Examen. Press Ser.)
by Thomas StuderDieses Buch erläutert Theorie und Praxis zu relationalen Datenbanken Was sind relationale Datenbanken? Die Antwort darauf geben die theoretischen Grundlagen und Praxisbeispiele in diesem Buch. Zunächst erläutert Thomas Studer die mathematisch präzise Darstellung des relationalen Modells und die relationale Algebra. Daneben widmet er sich der Datenbanksprache SQL und schafft damit den Praxisbezug. Die zahlreichen Beispiele auf Basis der open-source Datenbank PostgreSQL erleichtern die Anwendung. Dieses Buch erklärt die grundlegenden Prinzipien des Schemaentwurfs und Normalformen fundiert und praxisnah und verbindet die relationale Datenbanktheorie mit Datenbankdesign. Studer hat aktuelle Entwicklungen im Blick Die vorliegende Auflage ist umfassend aktualisiert und dem aktuellen Kenntnisstand angepasst. Studer widmet sich in diesem Buch den folgenden Teilaspekten relationaler Datenbanken: Logische und physische Query-Optimierung Isolation von serializable Snapshots Zerlegung der dritten Normalform in die Boyce-Codd Normalform Rollen und Berechtigungen SQL als Sprache zur Datendefinition und Datenmanipulation Sicherheitsrichtlinien auf Zeilenebene Durch die nachhaltige Verbindung von Theorie und Praxis eignet sich das Buch „Relationale Datenbanken“ für: Studierende aus den Bereichen (Wirtschafts-)Informatik Praktiker wie Softwareentwickler, Systemadministratoren oder Fachinformatiker Besuchen Sie uns online und entdecken Sie die zahlreichen Begleitmaterialien zu diesem Buch, die alle frei zugänglich sind.
Relationality across East and West (Political Theories in East Asian Context)
by Jun-Hyeok Kwak Ken ChengThis book explores how the concept of ‘relationality’ can offer a strong basis for cross-cultural dialogue between Western and non-Western traditions of moral and political philosophy.As addressed in this book, the implications of relationality go beyond a Eurocentric binary of Western individualism and non-Western collectivism. Instead, the contributors seek to establish an appropriate discursive stance for understanding and deliberating over relationality across cultural boundaries. Through an investigation of the theoretical and practical meanings of relationality across East and West, it offers possible frameworks for reconciling the emphasis on individual choice in modern Western social and political philosophy with the amorphous dynamics of relational morality in non-Western philosophical discourses.Examining relationality in practical forms and culturally-situated contexts, rather than positing an essentialist view of the relational self, this book will be of interest to scholars in political philosophy, intellectual history, contemporary political theory and Northeast Asian regional studies.
Relations (Elements in Metaphysics)
by John HeilHistorically, philosophical discussions of relations have featured chiefly as afterthoughts, loose ends to be addressed only after coming to terms with more important and pressing metaphysical issues. F. H. Bradley stands out as an exception. Understanding Bradley's views on relations and their significance today requires an appreciation of the alternatives, which in turn requires an understanding of how relations have traditionally been classified and how philosophers have struggled to capture their nature and their ontological standing. Positions on these topics range from the rejection of relations altogether, to their being awarded the status as grounds for everything else, to various intermediary positions along this spectrum. Love them, hate them, or merely tolerate them, no philosopher engaged in ontologically serious metaphysics can afford to ignore relations.