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Teaching Innovations in Economics: Towards a Sustainable World
by María del Carmen Valls Martínez José–María MonteroThis book highlights the latest technological innovations in economics education. Economics, as a discipline, not only studies the relationship between ends and scarce means, which can be used alternatively, but also serves as a social science that uses historical data to predict future events—a task complicated by the influence of human behavior. In economics, a solid theoretical foundation alone is insufficient; practical application requires a deep understanding of statistics. With the vast amount of information available today, data processing is now performed using specialized software. Consequently, teaching economics demands a wide range of complex skills that have significantly evolved in recent years, driven by the growing interest in educational innovation among professors and scientists, further accelerated by advancements in new technologies. Moreover, economics education is increasingly aligned with the global concern for sustainability, as emphasized in the United Nations' Agenda 2030. Professors are now integrating sustainability into syllabi and teaching methodologies. This book covers key topics such as: Technological and innovative advancements in economics education. New teaching-learning theories and models in economics education. The impact of digital transformation on economics education. The role of artificial intelligence in economics education. Addressing special educational needs in economics education. Evaluation of the teaching-learning process in economics. Assessment of student learning in economics. Development of materials and tools for economics education. Final projects (Undergraduate and Master's) in economics. Authored by leading professors and researchers in the field, this book presents a collection of chapters that rigorously explore teaching innovations in economics.
Teaching Interculturality 'Otherwise' (New Perspectives on Teaching Interculturality)
by Fred Dervin, Mei Yuan, and SudeThis edited volume focuses on the thorny and somewhat controversial issue of teaching (and learning) interculturality in a way that considers the notion from critical and reflexive perspectives when introduced to students. Comprised of three parts, the book discusses the nuts and bolts of teaching interculturally, considers changes in the teaching of interculturality, and provides pedagogical insights into interculturalising the notion. It studies both teaching im-/explicitly about interculturality and how to incorporate interculturality into teaching practices or into an institution. By sharing varied cases and theoretical reflections on the topic, the editors and contributors from different parts of the world aim to stimulate more initiatives to enrich the field instead of delimiting it, especially in complement to and beyond the 'West' or 'Global North', and also to build up further reflexivity in the way readers engage with interculturality in education. This will be a must-read for teachers and researchers of intercultural communication education at different educational levels, as well as anyone interested in scholarship on education for interculturality.
Teaching Justice: Solving Social Justice Problems through University Education (Solving Social Problems)
by Kristi HolsingerTeaching Justice explores the role that teaching and learning in higher education can play in solving problems of social injustice. Examining a range of approaches to education, it considers the challenges that exist in teaching about justice, drawing on extensive empirical data gathered amongst college lecturers and professors, as well as the author's own experience. With an analysis of the strategies commonly used this book will shed light on the manner in which students can be engaged in activism and concerned with issues of social injustice. By overcoming apathy and engaging students with social problems, education can thus address matters of injustice and begin to effect change. Presenting extensive international research and insightful analyses, Teaching Justice reveals the classroom and the lecture theatre to be important sites in the pursuit of social justice and will appeal to teachers and researchers with interests in social problems, education and educational methods, and criminal justice, as well as community engagement and service learning outside the classroom.
Teaching Kids to Thrive: Essential Skills for Success
by Debbie Thompson Silver Ms Dedra A. StaffordThere’s more to student success than standards and test scores… Integrating Social and Emotional Learning into a curriculum has been shown to increase personal and school-wide growth. With lifelong success the goal over simply meeting academic thresholds, Teaching Kids to Thrive presents strategies, activities, and stories in an approachable way to develop responsible, self-motivated learners. Uniting social, academic, and self-skills this instrumental resource offers benefits to students such as: Using mindfulness strategies to help students tap their inner strengths Learning to self-regulate and control other executive brain functions Developing growth mindsets along with perseverance and resilience Cultivating a sense of responsibility, honesty, and integrity Encouraging a capacity for empathy and gratitude
Teaching Kids to Thrive: Essential Skills for Success
by Debbie Thompson Silver Ms Dedra A. StaffordThere’s more to student success than standards and test scores… Integrating Social and Emotional Learning into a curriculum has been shown to increase personal and school-wide growth. With lifelong success the goal over simply meeting academic thresholds, Teaching Kids to Thrive presents strategies, activities, and stories in an approachable way to develop responsible, self-motivated learners. Uniting social, academic, and self-skills this instrumental resource offers benefits to students such as: Using mindfulness strategies to help students tap their inner strengths Learning to self-regulate and control other executive brain functions Developing growth mindsets along with perseverance and resilience Cultivating a sense of responsibility, honesty, and integrity Encouraging a capacity for empathy and gratitude
Teaching, Learning and Education in Late Modernity: The Selected Works of Peter Jarvis
by Peter JarvisProfessor Peter Jarvis has spent over 30 years researching, thinking and writing about some of the key and enduring issues in education. He has contributed well over 30 books and 200 papers and chapters in books on learning theory, adult education and learning, continuing professional education, nurse education, primary school education, distance education and third age education. In this book, he brings together 19 key writings in one place. Starting with a specially written Introduction, which gives an overview of Peter’s career and contextualises his selection within the development of the field, the chapters cover: Learning Learning and Spirituality Learning and Doing Teaching The End of Modernity Learning in Later Life. This book not only shows how Peter's thinking developed during his long and distinguished career; it also gives an insight into the development of the fields to which he contributed. In the World Library of Educationalists, international scholars themselves compile career-long collections of what they judge to be their finest pieces – extracts from books, key articles, salient research findings, major theoretical and/practical contributions – so the world can read them in a single manageable volume. Readers will be able to follow the themes and strands of their work and see their contribution to the development of a field, as well as the development of the field itself. Contributors to the series include: Richard Aldrich, Stephen J. Ball, John Elliott, Elliot Eisner, Howard Gardner, John Gilbert, Ivor F. Goodson, David Labaree, John White, E.C. Wragg .
Teaching, Learning, and Loving: Reclaiming Passion in Educational Practice
by Daniel Liston Jim GarrisonFirst Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
The Teaching of Jesus and its Enduring Significance: With an Appendix: 'A Brief Description of the Christian Doctrine' (Primary Sources in Phenomenology)
by Franz BrentanoHere, for the first time in English, is Franz Brentano’s The Teaching of Jesus, a compendium of texts Brentano assembled for publication shortly before his death that constitute a frank, public settling of accounts with the Christian religion. Originally conceived by Brentano as a volume that might help others similarly led to doubt the doctrines of Christianity, the book is remarkably free of bitterness or spitefulness. On the contrary, what makes the book of singular importance, especially now, is its careful attempt at taking stock of the positive and negative influence Christianity has had in history. This text appeals to those researchers and scholars interested in the work of Franz Brentano and his work on the philosophy of religion, in this case, Christianity.
Teaching Peace and Conflict: The Multiple Roles of School Textbooks in Peacebuilding
by Catherine Vanner Spogmai Akseer Thursica Kovinthan LeviThis book illustrates the multiple roles of textbooks as victim, transformer, and accomplice to conflict by introducing the Intersecting Roles of Education in Conflict (IREC) framework for use in the research, development, production, distribution, and dissemination of textbooks and learning materials. The framework illustrates these three potentially overlapping roles by mapping the complex educational contexts of conflict-affected societies and considering how textbooks, learning materials, and education systems more broadly may simultaneously operate within these various roles. Country case studies from Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East are used to analyze primary and secondary school textbook development, content, and application from a variety of approaches that articulate conflict as protracted and/or socio-political violence. The breadth of case studies shows how conflict discourse circulates in educational systems and materials in a wide range of contexts, indicating that the complexity of the relationship between textbooks and conflict is not unique to one culture, geographic region, or type of conflict.
Teaching Performance: A Philosophy of Piano Pedagogy
by Jeffrey SwinkinHow can the studio teacher teach a lesson so as to instill refined artistic sensibilities, ones often thought to elude language? How can the applied lesson be a form of aesthetic education? How can teaching performance be an artistic endeavor in its own right? These are some of the questions Teaching Performance attempts to answer, drawing on the author's several decades of experience as a studio teacher and music scholar. The architects of absolute music (Hanslick, Schopenhauer, and others) held that it is precisely because instrumental music lacks language and thus any overt connection to the non-musical world that it is able to expose essential elements of that world. More particularly, for these philosophers, it is the density of musical structure--the intricate interplay among purely musical elements--that allows music to capture the essences behind appearances. By analogy, the author contends that the more structurally intricate and aesthetically nuanced a pedagogical system is, the greater its ability to illuminate music and facilitate musical skills. The author terms this phenomenon relational autonomy. Eight chapters unfold a piano-pedagogical system pivoting on the principle of relational autonomy. In grounding piano pedagogy in the aesthetics of absolute music, each domain works on the other. On the one hand, Romantic aesthetics affords pedagogy a source of artistic value in its own right. On the other hand, pedagogy concretizes Romantic aesthetics, deflating its transcendental pretentions and showing the dichotomy of absolute/utilitarian to be specious.
Teaching Performance Assessments as a Cultural Disruptor in Initial Teacher Education: Standards, Evidence and Collaboration (Teacher Education, Learning Innovation and Accountability)
by Claire Wyatt-Smith Lenore Adie Joce NuttallThis book explores how well teachers are prepared for professional practice. It is an outcome of a large-scale research and development program that has collected extensive data on the impact of the Graduate Teacher Performance Assessment on Initial Teacher Education programs and preservice teachers’ engagement with the assessment. It contributes to international debates in teacher education by examining an Australian experience of teacher performance assessments as a catalyst for cultural change and practice reform in teacher education. The respective chapters describe and critique this unique, multi-institutional investigation into the quality of teacher education and present substantial evidence, drawing on a variety of conceptual, empirical and methodological entry points. Further, they address the intellectual, experiential and personal resources and related expertise that teacher educators and preservice teachers bring to their practice. Taken together, they offer readers clearly conceptualised and evidence-rich accounts of site-specific and cross-site investigations into cultural, pedagogical and assessment change in Initial Teacher Education.
Teaching Philosophy: A Guide
by Steven M. CahnSome students find philosophy engrossing; others are merely bewildered. How can professors meet the challenge of teaching introductory-level philosophy so that their students, regardless of initial incentive or skill, come to understand and even enjoy the subject? For nearly a decade, renowned philosopher and teacher Steven M. Cahn offered doctoral students a fourteen-week, credit-bearing course to prepare them to teach undergraduates. At schools where these instructors were appointed, department chairs reported a dramatic increase in student interest. In this book, Cahn captures the essence of that course. Yet many of the topics he discusses concern all faculty, regardless of subject: a teacher’s responsibilities, the keys to effective instruction, the proper approach to term papers, examinations, and grades; and suggestions for how administrators should demonstrate that they take teaching seriously. Such matters are covered in the first seven chapters and in the final, fourteenth chapter. The intermediate six chapters focus on teaching introductory philosophy and, in particular, on critical thinking, free will, philosophy of religion, ethics, and political philosophy. Cahn’s writing is lucid and lively, using vivid examples and avoiding educational jargon. In sum, this book is not only a guide on how to inspire students but also an inspiration for teachers themselves.
Teaching Philosophy in Early Modern Europe: Text and Image (Archimedes #61)
by Daniel Garber Susanna BergerThis book examines how philosophy was taught in the early modern period in Europe. It breaks new ground in a number of ways. Firstly, it seeks to bring text-based scholars in the history of philosophy together with social and cultural historians to examine the interaction between tradition and innovation in the early modern classroom, the site where traditional views of the world were transmitted to the generation that was to give birth to modern philosophy and science. Secondly, it draws together scholars who are centered on ideas and words with other scholars who focus on the role of images in the classroom and the intellectual world in this central period of history. The volume advances our understanding of how philosophy was understood and transmitted in this rich and crucial era. The principal audience for Teaching Philosophy are historians of science, philosophy, art, visual culture, and print culture. The chapters are written in a tone accessible to upper-level undergraduates and graduate students. It also reaches non-specialist readers interested in subjects including the “scientific revolution,” the organization of information, and Renaissance and Baroque visual art.
Teaching Plato in Palestine
by Carlos Fraenkel Michael WalzerTeaching Plato in Palestine is part intellectual travelogue, part plea for integrating philosophy into our personal and public life. Philosophical toolkit in tow, Carlos Fraenkel invites readers on a tour around the world as he meets students at Palestinian and Indonesian universities, lapsed Hasidic Jews in New York, teenagers from poor neighborhoods in Brazil, and the descendants of Iroquois warriors in Canada. They turn to Plato and Aristotle, al-Ghazālī and Maimonides, Spinoza and Nietzsche for help to tackle big questions: Does God exist? Is piety worth it? Can violence be justified? What is social justice and how can we get there? Who should rule? And how shall we deal with the legacy of colonialism? Fraenkel shows how useful the tools of philosophy can be--particularly in places fraught with conflict--to clarify such questions and explore answers to them. In the course of the discussions, different viewpoints often clash. That's a good thing, Fraenkel argues, as long as we turn our disagreements on moral, religious, and philosophical issues into what he calls a "culture of debate." Conceived as a joint search for the truth, a culture of debate gives us a chance to examine the beliefs and values we were brought up with and often take for granted. It won't lead to easy answers, Fraenkel admits, but debate, if philosophically nuanced, is more attractive than either forcing our views on others or becoming mired in multicultural complacency--and behaving as if differences didn't matter at all.
Teaching Plato in Palestine: Philosophy in a Divided World
by Michael Walzer Carlos FraenkelTeaching Plato in Palestine is part intellectual travelogue, part plea for integrating philosophy into our personal and public life. Philosophical toolkit in tow, Carlos Fraenkel invites readers on a tour around the world as he meets students at Palestinian and Indonesian universities, lapsed Hasidic Jews in New York, teenagers from poor neighborhoods in Brazil, and the descendants of Iroquois warriors in Canada. They turn to Plato and Aristotle, al-Ghaz?l? and Maimonides, Spinoza and Nietzsche for help to tackle big questions: Does God exist? Is piety worth it? Can violence be justified? What is social justice and how can we get there? Who should rule? And how shall we deal with the legacy of colonialism? Fraenkel shows how useful the tools of philosophy can be--particularly in places fraught with conflict--to clarify such questions and explore answers to them. In the course of the discussions, different viewpoints often clash. That's a good thing, Fraenkel argues, as long as we turn our disagreements on moral, religious, and philosophical issues into what he calls a "culture of debate." Conceived as a joint search for the truth, a culture of debate gives us a chance to examine the beliefs and values we were brought up with and often take for granted. It won't lead to easy answers, Fraenkel admits, but debate, if philosophically nuanced, is more attractive than either forcing our views on others or becoming mired in multicultural complacency--and behaving as if differences didn't matter at all.
Teaching Politics in Secondary Education: Engaging with Contentious Issues
by Wayne JournellWinner of the 2018 Exemplary Research in Social Studies Award presented by the National Council for the Social StudiesMany social studies teachers report feeling apprehensive about discussing potentially volatile topics in the classroom, because they fear that administrators and parents might accuse them of attempting to indoctrinate their students. Wayne Journell tackles the controversial nature of teaching politics, addressing commonly raised concerns such as how to frame divisive political issues, whether teachers should disclose their personal political beliefs to students, and how to handle political topics that become intertwined with socially sensitive topics such as race, gender, and religion. Journell discusses how classrooms can become spaces for tolerant political discourse in an increasingly politically polarized American society. In order to explore this, Journell analyzes data that include studies of high school civics/government teachers during the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections and how they integrated television programs, technology, and social media into their teaching. The book also includes a three-year study of preservice middle and secondary social studies teachers' political knowledge and a content analysis of CNN Student News.
Teaching Religious Literacy to Combat Religious Bullying: Insights from North American Secondary Schools (Routledge Research in Religion and Education)
by W. Y. ChanThis text explores the phenomenon of religious bullying as it manifests in two North American contexts and theorizes religious literacy as a viable school-based intervention to promote understanding of religious and non-religious difference. Using substantive, qualitative data from schools and communities in California and Quebec, Teaching Religious Literacy to Combat Religious Bullying examines the impact of mandatory religious literacy courses delivered in secondary schools and identifies curricula, teacher attitudes, training, and administrative support as key determinants of course impact. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s social-ecological framework, the text then illustrates how the environmental factors both in and outside of the school considerably influence teacher and student attitudes to religious and non-religious traditions. Practical recommendations are made to combat overarching societal trends and religious discrimination within the classroom, and context is cited as key to an effective discussion on religious literacy more broadly. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in religious literacy, religious education, the sociology of education, and those looking at the field of bullying and truancy more widely. Those interested in intersectionality, marginalized communities, secularism, and educational policy will also benefit from the volume.
Teaching, Research and Academic Careers: An Analysis of the Interrelations and Impacts
by Daniele Checchi Tullio Jappelli Antonio UricchioThis open access book evaluates research quality, quality of teaching and the relationship between the two through sound statistical methods, and in a comparative perspective with other European countries. In so doing, it covers an increasingly important topic for universities that affects university funding. It discusses whether university evaluation should be limited to a single factor or consider multiple dimensions of research, since academic careers, teaching and awarding degrees are intertwined. The chapters included in the book evaluate teaching and research, also taking the gender dimension into account, in order to understand where and when gender discrimination occurs in assessment. Divided into five sections, the book analyses the administrative data on the determinants of career completion of university students; increasing precariousness of academic careers, especially of young researchers; methods designed to assess research productivity when co-authorship and team production are becoming the standard practice; and interrelations between students’ achievements and teachers’ careers driven by research assessment. It brings together contributions from a large group of economists, statisticians and social scientists working under a project sponsored by ANVUR, the Italian agency for the evaluation of teaching and research of academic institutions. From an international perspective, the findings in this book are particularly interesting because despite low tuition costs, tertiary education in Italy has relatively low enrolment rates and even lower completion rates compared to those in other European and American countries.This book is of interest to researchers of the sociology of education, education policy, public administration, economics and statistics of education, and to administrators and policy makers working in the area of higher education.
Teaching Resistance: Radicals, Revolutionaries, and Cultural Subversives in the Classroom
by John MinkTeaching Resistance is a collection of the voices of activist educators from around the world who engage inside and outside the classroom from pre-kindergarten to university and emphasize teaching radical practice from the field. Written in accessible language, this book is for anyone who wants to explore new ways to subvert educational systems and institutions, transform educational spaces, and empower students and teachers to fight for genuine change. Topics include community self-defense, Black Lives Matter and critical race theory, intersections between punk/DIY subculture and teaching, ESL, anarchist education, Palestinian resistance, trauma, working-class education, prison teaching, the resurgence of (and resistance to) the Far Right, special education, antifascist pedagogies, and more. Edited by social studies teacher, author, and punk musician John Mink, the book features expanded entries from the monthly column in the politically insurgent punk magazine Maximum Rocknroll, plus new works and interviews with subversive educators. Contributing teachers include Michelle Cruz Gonzales, Dwayne Dixon, Martín Sorrondeguy, Alice Bag, Miriam Klein Stahl, Ron Scapp, Kadijah Means, Mimi Nguyen, Murad Tamini, Yvette Felarca, Jessica Mills, and others.
Teaching Science in Out-of-School Settings
by Junqing ZhaiThis book explores pedagogical approaches used by informal science educators and botanic garden educators in particular, when teaching science to visiting students (7-12 years old). More specifically, it draws on the sociocultural perspective of learning, and highlights the importance of discourse in learning processes. It examines the interactions between four botanic garden educators (BGEs) and their students, focusing on how the students' contributions to the talk are followed up on by the BGEs. Moreover, it includes an investigation into which kinds of teaching behaviours on the part of BGEs can best support learning.
Teaching Science with Context: Historical, Philosophical, and Sociological Approaches (Science: Philosophy, History and Education)
by Maria Elice Prestes Cibelle Celestino SilvaThis book offers a comprehensive overview of research at interface between History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science (HPSS) and Science Teaching in Ibero-America. It contributes to research on contextualization of science for students, teachers and researchers, and explains how to use different episodes of history of science or different themes of philosophy of science in regular science classes through diverse pedagogical approaches.The chapters in this book discuss a wide range of topics under different methodological, epistemological and didactic approaches, reflecting the richness of research developed in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries, Latin America, Spain and Portugal. The book contains chapters about historical events, topics of philosophy and sociology of science, nature of science, applications of HPSS in the classroom, instructional materials for students and teacher training courses and curriculum.
Teaching Social Foundations of Education: Contexts, Theories, and Issues (Sociocultural, Political, and Historical Studies in Education)
by Dan W. ButinThis book, the first comprehensive, critical examination of the theory and pedagogy of the field of social foundations of education and its relevance and role within teacher education:*Articulates central questions in the field--such as "What is social foundations?"; "Is there a social foundations canon?"; "Is it possible to teach for social justice?"; "What is student resistance?";*Explores the limits and possibilities of teaching social foundations of education;*Provides strong arguments for the continued relevance of the discipline for teacher education;*Features a variety of clearly presented, theoretically grounded models for teaching social foundations within teacher education programs--including aesthetic education, critical theory, and eco-justice perspectives, the use of community-based oral histories, and experiential learning activities;*Provides concrete examples, actual syllabi, and a host of additional resources to help faculty teach, publish, and do research; and*Proposes new directions for research and dialogue within the field.This volume is an ideal entrance into the field for graduate students, junior faculty, and professors from other areas of education who are teaching in the social foundations field for the first time.
Teaching, Tenure, and Collegiality: Confucian Relationality in an Age of Measurable Outcomes (SUNY series in Asian Studies Development)
by Mary K. ChangTeaching, Tenure, and Collegiality espouses the concept of relationality—the idea that people’s activities necessarily emerge through contextual engagement with others—as an alternative to the "publish or perish" ethos in higher education. Building on research by comparative philosophers, Mary K. Chang constructs a concept of Confucian relationality and engages it to question universities’ increasing reliance on market-oriented metrics to determine their strategic directions and gauge faculty productivity. Using a process-oriented approach that features change, the embodied connectedness of people, and the extensive impact of personal cultivation, Chang situates higher educational institutions as continually constructed by people's actions in ways that cannot be wholly described or quantified—and need not be. Values are powerful in educational contexts because they direct how administrators, faculty, and students focus limited energy. Teaching, Tenure, and Collegiality reevaluates what universities normatively value and offers a holistically expansive view that positions faculty as experts and learners whose activity is inseparable from the contexts constructed by the relationships from which they emerge.
Teaching That Changes Lives: 12 Mindset Tools for Igniting the Love of Learning
by Marilee G. AdamsBuilding on the success of her classic, bestselling book, Change Your Questions, Change Your Life, Marilee Adams shows how, by adopting a new mindset, teachers can rekindle their love of teaching and ignite their students with a love of learning.Teaching That Changes Lives is a transformational and practical guide that will enable teachers to make an authentic difference with their students and avoid succumbing to the myriad pressures and challenges of their jobs. Using the storytelling format that proved so successful in her previous book, Adams tells how Emma, a sixth-grade teacher on the verge of quitting her job, learns to cultivate what Adams calls the “Learner Mindset”— having the discipline, curiosity, and courage to consistently ask growth-oriented, open-minded questions of oneself and others—and to avoid the close-minded and critical “Judger Mindset.” Emma transforms her classroom, her relationships with her colleagues, and, most importantly, her students' eagerness for learning and achievement. Teaching is more than imparting facts and skills—it's preparing students for the test of life. Featuring an innovative, easy-to-follow workbook and access to a Learner Mindset online mini-course, this inspiring book will ensure that teachers and students alike become creative, resilient problem solvers, bridge builders, and lifelong learners.
Teaching the Humanities in a Fractious World: A Reply to Sceptics
by Gavin KitchingThis book confronts an ever more popular suspicion – that a university education in the humanities and social sciences is an ‘elitist’ indoctrination into ‘leftist’ or ‘liberal’ views. Having taught them for nearly 40 years, Gavin Kitching shows that, on the contrary, studying these subjects leads one to question all political and social views (left-wing, right-wing, ‘elite’, ‘popular’, religious, secular) and to be sceptical of all the beliefs about human identity (whether racial, gender, national, or class) to which they give rise.The book is divided into 34 brief sections which can be read as stand-alone discussions of some topic or as sequential steps in an argument. This modular structure makes it an excellent teaching text for students. It is written in an accessible, even colloquial, style which gives it the broadest possible appeal, and its arguments are illustrated by a host of ‘everyday’ linguistic, sociological and psychological examples. These not only enliven the book but demonstrate that philosophical ideas are most persuasive when used to illuminate non-philosophical matters. Accordingly, Teaching the Humanities… explores such issues as the climate crisis; individualism and postmodernism; nationalism; globalisation and its relationship to economic inequality and political polarisation; all of which are currently the subject of fierce debate inside and outside the university.