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Legacies of Injustice: The African Slave Trade, Colonialism, and Today’s Human Rights
by Steve Carlton-FordThis book examines the impact of the African slave trade and colonialism on political, civil, economic, social, and environmental human rights. Using multiple combined data sets, the book demonstrates that many contemporary human rights issues stem from the impact of the African slave trade and subsequent colonialism as well as the disruption of economic and political development in colonies.Unlike other books concerning human rights, this book views contemporary human rights issues from both historical and sociological vantage points. This important book will be of interest to students studying in courses covering human rights, Africa and Africana studies and history, comparative ethnic studies, historical sociology, and global studies of the African slave trade.
Legacies of Losing in American Politics (Chicago Studies in American Politics)
by Jeffrey K. Tulis Nicole MellowAmerican politics is typically a story about winners. The fading away of defeated politicians and political movements is a feature of American politics that ensures political stability and a peaceful transition of power. But American history has also been built on defeated candidates, failed presidents, and social movements that at pivotal moments did not dissipate as expected but instead persisted and eventually achieved success for the loser’s ideas and preferred policies. With Legacies of Losing in American Politics, Jeffrey K. Tulis and Nicole Mellow rethink three pivotal moments in American political history: the founding, when anti-Federalists failed to stop the ratification of the Constitution; the aftermath of the Civil War, when President Andrew Johnson’s plan for restoring the South to the Union was defeated; and the 1964 presidential campaign, when Barry Goldwater’s challenge to the New Deal order was soundly defeated by Lyndon B. Johnson. In each of these cases, the very mechanisms that caused the initial failures facilitated their eventual success. After the dust of the immediate political defeat settled, these seemingly discredited ideas and programs disrupted political convention by prevailing, often subverting, and occasionally enhancing constitutional fidelity. Tulis and Mellow present a nuanced story of winning and losing and offer a new understanding of American political development as the interweaving of opposing ideas.
Legacies of Race: Identities, Attitudes, and Politics in Brazil
by Stanley R. BaileyMost of our understanding of Brazilian racial attitudes, according to Bailey (sociology, U. of California at Irvine), come either from studies of elite attitudes or from localized ethnographies, leaving us with little understanding of the racial attitudes of the Brazilian masses. He fills the gap in the literature by analyzing the "racial common sense" captured in three major surveys of racial attitudes: the 1995 DataFolha national sample survey of racial attitudes, the 2000 CEAP/DataUff survey of racial attitudes in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the 2002 PESB national social survey. He also provides comparative context concerning the changing nature of racial attitudes in the United States. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Legacies of Repression in Egypt and Tunisia: Authoritarianism, Political Mobilization, and Founding Elections
by Alanna C. Torres-Van AntwerpWhen an authoritarian regime collapses, what determines whether an opposition group will form a political party, be successful in mobilizing voters, and survive or dissolve as a group in subsequent years? Based on unique field research, Alanna C. Torres-Van Antwerp examines the origins of the dramatic political arc of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood - from winning a plurality of parliamentary seats and the presidency in the first free elections in eighty years to being ousted from office eighteen months later through a popular coup - and finds common causal factors that structured the fates of other formerly repressed opposition groups in five comparative cases. She demonstrates how the processes of party formation, electoral mobilization, and party dissolution after the ousting of an authoritarian regime were shaped by the way that regime structured the resources, incentives, and constraints available to opposition groups in the previous era.
Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II
by Margaret D. Stetz Bonnie B. OhThe stories of the former comfort women have galvanized both Asian and non-Asian intellectuals working in a variety of fields. Scholars of Asian history and politics, feminists, human rights activists, documentary filmmakers, visual artists, and novelists have begun to address the subject of the comfort system; to take up the cause of the surviving comfort women's sturggles; to call attention to sexual violence against women, especially during wartime; to consider the links among militarism, racism, imperialism, and sexism; and to include this history into 20th-century political history. This volume contains a cross-section of responses to the issues raised by the former comfort women and their new visibility on the international stage. Its focus is on how theorists, historians, researchers, activists, and artists have been preserving, interpreting, and disseminating the legacies of the comfort women and also drawing lessons from these. The essays consider the impact and influence of the comfort women's stories on a wide variety of fields and describe how those stories are now being heard or read and used in Asian and in the West.
Legacies of the War on Poverty
by Martha J. Bailey Sheldon DanzingerMany believe that the War on Poverty, launched by President Johnson in 1964, ended in failure. In 2010, the official poverty rate was 15 percent, almost as high as when the War on Poverty was declared. Historical and contemporary accounts often portray the War on Poverty as a costly experiment that created doubts about the ability of public policies to address complex social problems. Legacies of the War on Poverty, drawing from fifty years of empirical evidence, documents that this popular view is too negative. The volume offers a balanced assessment of the War on Poverty that highlights some remarkable policy successes and promises to shift the national conversation on poverty in America. Featuring contributions from leading poverty researchers, Legacies of the War on Poverty demonstrates that poverty and racial discrimination would likely have been much greater today if the War on Poverty had not been launched. Chloe Gibbs, Jens Ludwig, and Douglas Miller dispel the notion that the Head Start education program does not work. While its impact on children's test scores fade, the program contributes to participants' long-term educational achievement and, importantly, their earnings growth later in life. Elizabeth Cascio and Sarah Reber show that Title I legislation reduced the school funding gap between poorer and richer states and prompted Southern school districts to desegregate, increasing educational opportunity for African Americans. The volume also examines the significant consequences of income support, housing, and health care programs. Jane Waldfogel shows that without the era's expansion of food stamps and other nutrition programs, the child poverty rate in 2010 would have been three percentage points higher. Kathleen McGarry examines the policies that contributed to a great success of the War on Poverty: the rapid decline in elderly poverty, which fell from 35 percent in 1959 to below 10 percent in 2010. Barbara Wolfe concludes that Medicaid and Community Health Centers contributed to large reductions in infant mortality and increased life expectancy. Katherine Swartz finds that Medicare and Medicaid increased access to health care among the elderly and reduced the risk that they could not afford care or that obtaining it would bankrupt them and their families. Legacies of the War on Poverty demonstrates that well-designed government programs can reduce poverty, racial discrimination, and material hardships. This insightful volume refutes pessimism about the effects of social policies and provides new lessons about what more can be done to improve the lives of the poor.
Legacy Of A Divided Nation: India's Muslims From Independence To Ayodhya
by Mushirul HasanThis book is regarded as a personal manifesto, a statement through the history of partition and its aftermath, of the values which India's Muslims should cherish and of the national priorities they should promote. It provides the reference-point for understanding India's Partition and its legacy.
Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
by Tim WeinerWith shocking revelations that made headlines in papers across the country, Pulitzer-Prize-winner Tim Weiner gets at the truth behind the CIA and uncovers here why nearly every CIA Director has left the agency in worse shape than when he found it; and how these profound failures jeopardize our national security.
Legacy of Secrecy: The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination (Playaway Adult Nonfiction Ser.)
by Thom Hartmann Lamar WaldronJohn F. Kennedy's assassination launched a frantic search to find his killers. It also launched a flurry of covert actions by Lyndon Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy, and other top officials to hide the fact that in November 1963 the United States was on the brink of invading Cuba, as part of a JFK-authorized coup. The coup plan's exposure could have led to a nuclear confrontation with Russia, but the cover-up prevented a full investigation into Kennedy's assassination, a legacy of secrecy that would impact American politics and foreign policy for the next 45 years. It also allowed two men who confessed their roles in JFK's murder to be involved in the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, in 1968. Exclusive interviews and newly declassified files from the National Archives document in chilling detail how three mob bosses were able to prevent the truth from coming to light - until now.
Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire
by Caroline ElkinsFrom a Pulitzer Prize–winning historian: a searing study of the British Empire that probes the country's pervasive use of violence throughout the twentieth century and traces how these practices were exported, modified, and institutionalized in colonies around the globeSprawling across a quarter of the world's land mass and claiming nearly seven hundred million people, Britain's twentieth-century empire was the largest empire in human history. For many Britons, it epitomized their nation's cultural superiority. But what legacy did the island nation deliver to the world? Covering more than two hundred years of history, Caroline Elkins reveals an evolutionary and racialized doctrine that espoused an unrelenting deployment of violence to secure and preserve the nation's imperial interests. She outlines how ideological foundations of violence were rooted in the Victorian era calls for punishing recalcitrant "natives," and how over time, its forms became increasingly systematized. And she makes clear that when Britain could no longer maintain control over the violence it provoked and enacted, it retreated from empire, destroying and hiding incriminating evidence of its policies and practices.Drawing on more than a decade of research on four continents, Legacy of Violence implicates all sides of Britain's political divide in the creation, execution, and cover-up of imperial violence. By demonstrating how and why violence was the most salient factor underwriting Britain's empire and the nation's imperial identity at home, Elkins upends long-held myths and sheds new light on empire's role in shaping the world today.
Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats, and the New Politics of Islam
by Anthony ShadidNow available in paperback, Legacy of the Prophetis a sweeping, first-person account of the transformation in the style and message of Islamic politics at the beginning of the twenty-first century. As terrorism floods our headlines, this book offers a rare but much-needed counterpoint: it shows that Islamic activists have increasingly renounced violence in order to form political parties, engage in grass-roots work, and enter into civil society to bring about peaceful reform in their authoritarian societies. Drawing on his years of reporting in more than a dozen countries of the Muslim world, Anthony Shadid charts the way in which the adolescence of yesterday’s Islamic militants is yielding to the maturity of today’s activists. Through personal interviews and extensive travel, he chronicles that new generation, which is finding a more realistic and potentially more successful future through democratic politics. Complete with a new introduction, Legacy of the Prophetpromises to redefine the debate over the future of political Islam.
Legacy: Paying The Price For The Clinton Years
by Richard LowryRichard Lowry explores the real importance of the Clinton years--the Clinton administration appeasing and ignoring the ever-growing threats to American security from hostile regimes and parties, rogue states, and global terrorist networks. Lowry offers the first sweeping-and stunning assessment of what the Clinton era really meant and means for America.
Legacy: The True Inglorious History of President Obama
by Petteice IreneA man with aspirations of being a world leader, Barack Obama, a man with many secrets of his own, set out to destroy the strongest power by bankrupting the nation, diminishing its military, and apologizing to all other countries for its arrogance. A man that has his own army and concentration camps ready at his whim for you. A man that could and should have brought unity between black and white America but his cause was to further his own agenda to take guns away from America and destroy its Second Amendment. Barack Obama, the man that said he was a Christian when everything he did pointed to the fact that he is a Muslim. Barack Hussein Obama, the man who will go down in the annals of history known as a Muslim, a Luminati, a member of the New Black Panthers, a member of the gay community, and as the worst President the United States of America has ever elected.
Legado de cenizas: La historia de la CIA
by Tim WeinerLa primera historia completa de la CIA. Durante los últimos sesenta años, la CIA ha conseguido mantener una excelente reputación a pesar de su terrible trayectoria, escondiendo sus errores en archivos de alto secreto. Ahora, Tim Weiner, ganador del Pulitzer por sus trabajos periodísticos sobre los servicios secretos estadounidenses, nos ofrece la historia definitiva de la CIA. A partir de más de cincuenta mil documentos y cientos de entrevistas, Legado de cenizas reconstruye la apasionante historia de la agencia secreta más famosa y temida del mundo, desde su creación tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta el colapso del 11 de septiembre. Una obra fundamental para entender la segunda mitad del siglo xx. ** Ganador del National Book Award de no ficción. ** Mejor libro de historia de 2007 para Los Angeles Times. ** Finalista del National Book Critics Circle Award de no ficción Reseñas:«Sin este Legado de cenizas no se puede entender el siglo XX; seguramente, tampoco el siglo XXI.»El País «El relato trepidante y documentado de una realidad que supera a cualquier ficción.»ABC «Realmente extraordinario, el mejor libro que se ha escrito nunca sobre espionaje.»The Wall Street Journal «Magistral, un trabajo brillante.»Los Angeles Times «Apasionante, no deja cabos sueltos.»The New York Times «Un triunfo tanto del periodismo como de la historia.»Washington Post
Legal Aspects of Public Procurement (Cornerstones of Public Procurement)
by Michael Flynn Kirk W. Buffington Richard PenningtonLegal Aspects of Public Procurement, Third Edition provides a glimpse into the relationships between the legal, ethical, and professional standards of public procurement, outlining not only the interconnections of federal, state, and local law but also best practice under comprehensive judicial standards. The book addresses the ever-changing legal structures that work in conjunction and define the public procurement profession, providing recommended guidance for how practitioners can engage in the function while staying ethically aligned. Instead of trying to address every issue at the heart of public procurement, however, the book seeks to establish the history and spirit of the law, outlining how practitioners can engage proactively and willingly to not only perform their function, but to also become advocates for procurement law modernization. This third edition features new chapters on competitive sealed proposals and contract administration, as well as a thoroughly revised and updated chapter on procurement of information technology to better relate to an increasingly digital world. Promoting a start-to-finish guidance of the procurement process, Legal Aspects of Public Procurement explores the relationships between solicitation, proposals, contract administration, and the cutting-edge aspects of technology procurements, providing a theoretical and case-study driven foundation for novice and veteran practitioners alike.
Legal Canons
by J. M. Balkin & Sanford LevinsonEvery discipline has its canon: the set of standard texts, approaches, examples, and stories by which it is recognized and which its members repeatedly invoke and employ. Although the last twenty-five years have seen the influence of interdisciplinary approaches to legal studies expand, there has been little recent consideration of what is and what ought to be canonical in the study of law today. Legal Canons brings together fifteen essays which seek to map out the legal canon and the way in which law is taught today. In order to understand how the twin ideas of canons and canonicity operate in law, each essay focuses on a particular aspect, from contracts and constitutional law to questions of race and gender. The ascendance of law and economics, feminism, critical race theory, and gay legal studies, as well as the increasing influence of both rational-actor methodology and postmodernism, are all scrutinized by the leading scholars in the field. A timely and comprehensive volume, Legal Canons articulates the need for, and means to, opening the debate on canonicity in legal studies. Table of Contents
Legal Capacity & Gender: Realising the Human Right to Legal Personhood and Agency of Women, Disabled Women, and Gender Minorities
by Anna Arstein-KerslakeThis book is one of the first to explore legal capacity denial in relation to women, disabled women, and gender minorities. It discusses in depth the meaning of the right to legal capacity and its two core elements – legal personhood and legal agency. Using critical feminist, disability, and queer theory, it offers insights into the construction of legal personhood and its role as a predictor of power and privilege. The book also identifies patterns of oppression through legal capacity denial in various jurisdictions and discusses cases in which modern law continues to enforce these denials. Legal capacity is essential for an individual’s participation in society. It is required for voting, marrying, inheriting, contracting, consenting and other areas that are critical components of social structures and can be predictors of power and privilege. Historically, women have been denied legal capacity in many ways. For example, they have been denied legal capacity to vote, inherit, and contract – and some of these practices continue today. The legal capacity of disabled women is frequently denied through laws that deny decision-making on the basis of disability, such as guardianship, mental health laws and capacity to consent laws. In turn, the legal capacity of gender minorities is also denied in numerous ways – for example, in situations where government-issued identification, such as a passport, is required for the exercise of legal capacity but requires gender-binary identification. In these situations, it may be impossible or very dangerous for some gender minorities to acquire or use such identification – resulting in an inability to exercise their legal capacity. In these ways and many others, the intersection of disability and gender can result in multiple forms of marginalisation through legal capacity denial.The right to legal capacity has been protected in international human rights law since the 1960s. It is derived from the right to equal recognition before the law, which can be found in the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). It was reiterated in more detail in the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and finally enumerated extensively in the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Article 12 of the CRPD explicitly guarantees the right to legal capacity and establishes a state obligation to provide support for the exercise of legal capacity. This book argues that the right to legal capacity is a non-derogable civil and political right. It presents both a legal argument to support this, as well as a normative analysis of the importance of the right to legal capacity in maintaining equality in socio-legal systems. In addition, the book presents solutions: it identifies practices to learn from in various jurisdictions around the world – including both civil law and common law jurisdictions. It also uses case studies to illustrate the ways in which existing laws, policies and practices could be reformed. As such, the book offers both a novel contribution to the field of legal capacity law and a tool for creating change and helping to realise the right to legal capacity for all.
Legal Challenges at the End of the Fossil Fuel Era: Shaping a Just and Clean Energy Transition (Global Issues)
by Daniel Iglesias Márquez Clara Esteve-Jordà Beatriz Felipe PérezThis edited collection proposes a wide range of approaches to address the legal issues pertaining to the end of the fossil fuel era. While the fossil fuel era is coming to an end both because of the inherent limits of its resources and because of the need to prevent to further pump out CO2 in an already saturated atmosphere, the legal dispositions to ensure an ordered and rational shift toward cleaner energy still need to be developed. Not only in relation to CO2 emissions themselves but also in relation to the manifold issues related to environmental justice in an era of global climate change and global warming. This book is unique in that it provides a theoretical framework but also works to address cutting edge issues through a series of case studies.
Legal Challenges to the Far-Right: Lessons from England and Wales (Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right)
by Natalie AlkiviadouThe work considers the international and European obligations of the UK in the realm of challenging the far-right and assesses the extent to which it adheres to them. It looks at the role of criminal law in tackling hate speech and hate crime and assesses how English law deals with political parties which may deviate from agreed norms and principles such as non-discrimination. The legal analysis is placed within a contextual framework of far-right parties in the United Kingdom and also incorporates a definitional framework in terms of how the law defines themes relevant to challenging the far-right, such as racial discrimination, terrorism and extremism. The book presents a valuable guide for students, academics and policy-makers in the areas of International Human Rights Law, Criminal Law, Comparative Constitutional Law, National Security Law, Comparative Politics and Terrorism Studies.
Legal Change in Post-Communist States: Progress, Reversions, Explanations (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society #208)
by Kaja GadowskaReformers had high hopes that the end of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union would lead to significant improvements in legal institutions and the role of law in public administration. However, the cumulative experience of twenty-five years of legal change since communism has been mixed, marked by achievements and failures, advances and moves backward. This book—written by a team of socio-legal scholars—probes the nuances of this process and starts the process to explain them. It covers developments across the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and it deals with both legal institutions (courts and police) and accountability to law in public aministration, including anticorruption activities. In explaining their findings, the authors probe the impact of such factors as the type of political regime (democratic to authoritarian), international influences (such as the European Union), and culture (legal and political). The volume’s contributors are: Mihaela Serban, Kim Lane Scheppele, Kriszta Kovacs, Alexei Trochev, Peter Solomon, Olga Semukhina, Maria Popova, Vincent Post. Marina Zaloznaya, William Reisinger, Vicki Hesli Claypool, Kaja Gadowska, and Elena Bogdanova.
Legal Code of Religious Minority Rights: Sources in International and European Law (ICLARS Series on Law and Religion)
by Daniele FerrariThis volume presents a systematic collection of the various international legal sources that define the rights of religious minorities.In a time of increasing tensions around religious minorities, this volume presents a systematic collection of international and European documents on the protection and promotion of religious minorities’ rights. The code includes documents from the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the European Union. An index system connects the various sources and norms, and emphasizes the strengths and the weaknesses in the legal frameworks of international and European institutions. While allowing for further research on the historical and conceptual development in the area, the code provides the reader with a new, easily accessible tool facilitating experts and actors who wish to improve the knowledge and protection of religious minorities. This book will be an invaluable resource for students, academics and researchers interested in law and religion, international law, public law and human rights law, the code is also a powerful tool for minorities themselves, and for advocates of their rights.
Legal Consciousness and the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies: Emergent Hybrid Legality in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
by Holly DunnThis book considers how legal reforms and awareness raising associated with building the rule of law have engaged the popular legal consciousness, producing contradictions that have in turn shaped the nature of the resultant legality. How are popular legal-justice beliefs and practices transformed when legal reforms encounter local contexts and cultures? For over a decade, scholars have engaged with the argument that legal reform through rule of law building is the answer to the various ills of countries transitioning from war to peace or authoritarianism to democracy. Yet, scholars have also repeatedly critiqued rule of law building projects: The rule of law, in theory and in practice, is a product of Western liberal thought and development and provides limited space for local culture, norms, and practices. This tension has been playing out in multiple locations, and in the Democratic Republic of Congo for about two decades. This book examines how rule of law reforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo shape local understandings and practices of law and justice. Instead of focusing on their so-called successes and failures, it explores popular legal consciousness – how people think about, perceive, and engage with the law – to draw broader conclusions about the practical, everyday outcomes of attempts to build the rule of law. This book will appeal to comparativists, Africanists, and socio-legal scholars who study post-conflict reconstruction, rule of law building, legal consciousness, access to justice and legal pluralism, as well as those with practical interests in these areas.
Legal Culture, Legality and the Determination of the Grounds of Judicial Review of Administrative Action in England and Australia
by Voraphol MalsukhumThis book presents a navigating framework of legal culture and legality to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the English and Australian determination of the grounds of judicial review. This book facilitates tangible process of how and why jurisdictional error, jurisdictional fact, proportionality and substantive legitimate expectations are debatable in English law, while they are either completely rejected or firmly entrenched in Australian law. This book argues that these differences are not just random. Legality is not just a fig-leaf, but is profoundly rooted in legal systems’ legal culture; hence, it dictates the way in which courts empower, justify, constrain or limit the scope of judicial review. This book presents evidence that courts differ in legal systems and apply diverse ways to determine the scope of judicial review based on their deep understanding of legality, which is embedded in the legal culture of their legal system. This book uses comparative methodology and develops this framework between English and Australian law. Although obvious and important, this book presents a kind of examination that has never been undertaken in this depth and detail before.
Legal Culture, Sociopolitical Origins and Professional Careers of Judges in Mexico
by Azul A. Aguiar AguilarThis book explores the careers, professional trajectories and legal cultures of judges in the federal judiciary in Mexico. So far, there has been limited research on internal factors contributing to the understanding of judicial power dynamics in Mexico and other Latin American countries at large; this Work fills an important gap in the literature through its empirical investigation of internal legal cultures and judicial norms, offering new data, measurement strategies,and insights into the interactions between law, politics, norms, legal culture(s), as well as judicial behavior. Utilising an original survey, the chapters analyse judicial conceptualizations of role norms, legal cultures, proclivities for judicial activism, and judicial behavior. In so doing, this book contributes to understanding of underlying key internal factors of judicial activism or restraint, in turn moving forward the debate that seeks to explain judicial behavior reliant on internal and ideational perspectives. Complementing limited but existing studies of judicial politics in Mexico through its analysis of judges beyond those that sit at the Supreme Court, this book will be of particular interest to Latin-American judicial politics scholars due to its focus on the judicial power from internal perspectives as well as sub-national judges, filling a void in the literature vis-à-vis the study of courts in Latin America. This Work was originally written in Spanish, and the translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.
Legal Developments During 30 Years of Lithuanian Independence: Overview of Legal Accomplishments and Challenges in Lithuania
by Gintaras Švedas Donatas MurauskasThis volume provides an overview of selected major areas of legal and institutional development in Lithuania since the Restoration of Independence in 1990. The respective chapters discuss changes in fields varying from the constitutional framework to criminal law and procedure. The content highlights four major aspects of the fundamental changes that have affected the entire legal system: the Post-Soviet country’s complex historical heritage; socio-political and other conditions in the process of adopting new (rule of law) standards; international legal influences on the national legal order over the past 30 years; and finally, the search for entirely new national legal models.Over a period of 30 years since gaining its independence from the Soviet Union, Lithuania has undergone unique social changes. The state restarted its independent journey burdened by the complicated heritage of the Soviet legal system. Some major reforms have taken place swiftly, while others have required years of thorough analysis of societal needs and the search for optimal examples in other states. The legal system is now substantially different, with some elements being entirely new, and others adapted to present needs.