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Medicare Prospective Payment and the Shaping of U.S. Health Care
by Rick Mayes Robert A. BerensonThis is the definitive work on Medicare’s prospective payment system (PPS), which had its origins in the 1972 Social Security Amendments, was first applied to hospitals in 1983, and came to fruition with the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. Here, Rick Mayes and Robert A. Berenson, M.D., explain how Medicare’s innovative payment system triggered shifts in power away from the providers (hospitals and doctors) to the payers (government insurers and employers) and how providers have responded to encroachments on their professional and financial autonomy. They conclude with a discussion of the problems with the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 and offer prescriptions for how policy makers can use Medicare payment policy to drive improvements in the U.S. health care system.Mayes and Berenson draw from interviews with more than sixty-five major policy makers—including former Treasury secretary Robert Rubin, U.S. Representatives Pete Stark and Henry Waxman, former White House chief of staff Leon Panetta, and former administrators of the Health Care Financing Administration Gail Wilensky, Bruce Vladeck, Nancy-Ann DeParle, and Tom Scully—to explore how this payment system worked and its significant effects on the U.S. medical landscape in the past twenty years. They argue that, although managed care was an important agent of change in the 1990s, the private sector has not been the major health care innovator in the United States; rather, Medicare’s transition to PPS both initiated and repeatedly intensified the economic restructuring of the U.S. health care system.
Medicare for All: An Economic Rationale
by Ken LefkowitzHealthcare continues to be one of the defining political issues in the US. Though many progressives argue for an overhaul of the current system based on ethical or humanitarian principles, this important book offers an economic rationale for providing healthcare for all. The purpose of Medicare For All: An Economic Rationale is to demonstrate how current runaway healthcare prices can be addressed by implementing the cost-effectiveness of Medicare for All. Written by a former Corporate Director and healthcare consultant, this book illustrates why the current free market model for healthcare is ultimately failing the country by not containing rising healthcare costs, which has a severe economic impact on all Americans, including those covered by employer medical plans. Major factors in that failure; the lack of transparency, human decision factors, and high administrative costs in the current system are explored. The book demonstrates that implementing Medicare For All, providing comprehensive benefits with no copays, private insurance premiums, deductibles, or other cost-sharing, will not only improve the lives of most Americans, but will be far more cost-effective than the present system. This is an incisive, important contribution to a topic that continues to shape American political discourse and will be of interest to scholars and professionals engaged in this area as well as politicians and the public in general.
Medicinal Chemistry
by Norma K Dunlap Donna M Huryn<p>Medicinal Chemistry begins with the history of the field, starting from the serendipitous use of plant preparations to current practice of design- and target-based screening methods. Written from the perspective of practicing medicinal chemists, the text covers key drug discovery activities such as pharmacokinetics and patenting, as well as the classes and structures of drug targets (receptors, enzymes, nucleic acids, and protein-protein and lipid interactions) with numerous examples of drugs acting at each type. <p>Selected therapeutic areas include drugs to treat cancer, infectious diseases, and central nervous system disorders. Throughout the book, historical and current examples illustrate the progress to market and case studies explore the applications of concepts discussed in the text. Each chapter features a Journal Club, as well as review and application questions to enhance and test comprehension. This textbook is ideal for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students taking a one-semester survey course on medicinal chemistry and/or drug discovery, as well as scientists entering the pharmaceutical industry.</p>
Medicinal Mandates: The Intersection of Chinese Traditional Medical Knowledge and Modern Law
by Nan XiaThis book provides an in-depth analysis of Traditional Medical Knowledge (TMK) in China, focusing on its preservation, responsible use, and integration into modern intellectual property (IP) frameworks. It explores the unique challenges of protecting TMK within China&’s historical, cultural, and societal contexts, while also considering alternative regulatory mechanisms like Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) regimes and TMK databases. Through case studies such as the commercialization of Qinghao, the book examines the role of TMK in pharmaceutical innovation and critiques the applicability of Western IP systems to Chinese TMK. It also discusses the need for culturally sensitive legal reforms, offering practical insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in IP law, traditional medicine, and cultural preservation. This work is enriched with comparative legal analyses and detailed examples, providing a clear understanding of the complexities surrounding TMK in China and its impact on both cultural heritage and innovation.
Medicine and Public Health in Latin America
by Steven Palmer Marcos CuetoDespite several studies on the social, cultural, and political histories of medicine and of public health in different parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, local and national focuses still predominate, and there are few panoramic studies that analyze the overarching tendencies in the development of health in the region. This comprehensive book summarizes the social history of medicine, medical education, and public health in Latin America and places it in dialogue with the international historiographical currents in medicine and health. Ultimately, this text provides a clear, broad, and provocative synthesis of the history of Latin American medical developments while illuminating the recent challenges of global health in the region and other developing countries.
Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice (Bioethics)
by Daniel Callahan Angela A. WasunnaOutstanding Academic Title for 2007, Choice MagazineMuch has been written about medicine and the market in recent years. This book is the first to include an assessment of market influence in both developed and developing countries, and among the very few that have tried to evaluate the actual health and economic impact of market theory and practices in a wide range of national settings.Tracing the path that market practices have taken from Adam Smith in the eighteenth century into twenty-first-century health care, Daniel Callahan and Angela A. Wasunna add a fresh dimension: they compare the different approaches taken in the market debate by health care economists, conservative market advocates, and liberal supporters of single-payer or government-regulated systems. In addition to laying out the market-versus-government struggle around the world—from Canada and the United States to Western Europe, Latin America, and many African and Asian countries—they assess the leading market practices, such as competition, physician incentives, and co-payments, for their economic and health efficacy to determine whether they work as advertised. This timely and necessary book engages new dimensions of a development that has urgent consequences for the delivery of health care worldwide.
Medicine, Power, and the Authoritarian Regime in Hispanic Literature (Routledge Studies in Latin American and Iberian Literature)
by Oscar A. PérezThis book offers a substantial examination of how contemporary authors deal with the complex legacies of authoritarian regimes in various Spanish-speaking countries. It does so by focusing on works that explore an under-studied aspect: the reliance of authoritarian power on medical notions for political purposes. From the Porfirian regime in Mexico to Castro’s Cuba, this book describes how such regimes have sought to seize medical knowledge to support propagandistic ideas and marginalize their opponents in ways that transcend specific pathologies, political ideologies, and geographical and temporal boundaries. Medicine, Power, and the Authoritarian Regime in Hispanic Literature brings together the work of literary scholars, cultural critics, and historians of medicine, arguing that contemporary authors have actively challenged authoritarian narratives of medicine and disease. In doing so, they continue to re-examine the place of these regimes in the collective memory of Latin America and Spain.
Medien politisch denken: Stasis und Polemos
by Stavros ArabatzisDer hier vorgelegte Band möchte ‚Medien‛ von ihrem traditionellen Ort auf das politische Feld hin verlagern. Medien sind nämlich nicht nur als intellektuelles oder ästhetisches Spiel (kommunikatives, sprachliches, schriftliches, technisches, profitrationales, instrumentelles, hermeneutisches oder mathematisch-informatisches), vielmehr auch als politischer Ernstfall zu begreifen. Daher geht diese „Medientheorie‟ der Frage nach, „warum die Menschheit anstatt in einen wahrhaft menschlichen Zustand einzutreten, in eine neue Art von Barbarei versinkt‟ (Adorno/Horkheimer). Diese Frage, so unsere These, ist eine mediale, die aus der anfänglich ‚verkehrten Setzung‛ (kata-strophen) der Medien resultiert und dann ihren historisch-gesellschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Fortschritt bestimmt. Die Hauptthese dieses Buches lautet, dass wir es in den ‚Medien‛ nicht mehr mit einem theoretischen, technisch-ästhetischen oder informatischen Spiel zu tun haben. Vielmehr mit dem politischen Ernstfall, wo es nämlich um Wahrheit oder Falschheit innerhalb der Polis und ihren jeweils geltenden Gesetzen geht. Es sind die zwei unterschiedlichen Bereiche (intellektuelles und ästhetisches Spiel hier und politischer Ernstfall dort), die nicht miteinander verwechselt werden dürfen, weil letzterer existenziell ist und darin um Leben oder Tod geht.Medien heute sind selbst zu den kulturellen, technischen, ökonomischen und politischen ‚Waffen‛ geworden, um darin ihr ‚Wesen‛ und ‚Unwesen‛ zu verbergen. Damit hat auch jene ‚technizistische Medientheorie‛ ihren metaphorischen Charakter verloren – der „Krieg als das Eigentliche der Medien‟ (Kittler) – und ist in den politischen, geopolitischen, finanz- und informationsökonomischen Raum überführt worden. Die medientheoretische These Kittlers (Medien als „Heeresgerät‟: Medien als ein zweckentfremdetes Kriegsgerät stellen eine Art Abfallprodukt dar, das solange in seiner Funktion verkannt wird, solange die primäre militärische Funktion ignoriert bleibt), ist somit, so unsere These in diesem Buch, nicht „technisch‟, sondern politisch (staatlich) und ökonomisch-gesellschaftlich-sozial (vorstaatlich) zu verstehen: Medientheorie als „Stasiologie‟ (Theorie des Bürgerkriegs) und „Polemologie‟ (Theorie des Kriegs). Ein antagonistisch-polemisches Prinzip, das alle Medien im öffentlichen Raum scharf stellt, so dass jenes „agonische‟ Kampfprinzip (C. Mouffe) nur eine Vorstufe dazu bildet und daher noch im Raum des Spiels verbleibt. Wir brauchen daher, so unsere abschließende These, kein technisches, hermeneutisches, ästhetisches, phänomenologisches, anthropologisches oder ontologisches Apriori, das Medien in ihrem Wesen oder Unwesen erklärt, sondern eine Stasiologie und eine polemologie, die das ganze antagonistisch-polemische Feld der Medien im öffentlichen Raum zu erschließen vermögen. Erst dieses Scharfstellen der Medien im öffentlichen Raum erlaubt es nämlich auch über dieses antagonistisch-polemische Prinzip hinauszugelangen.
Medien – Demokratie – Bildung: Normative Vermittlungsprozesse und Diversität in mediatisierten Gesellschaften (Ethik in mediatisierten Welten)
by Matthias Rath Gudrun Marci-Boehncke Malte Delere Hanna HöferDie Beiträge des Bandes thematisieren den Zusammenhang von Medien, Demokratie und Bildung im Dreischritt „Information” als Basis politischer Öffentlichkeit, „Partizipation” als anzustrebende demokratische Praxis sowie „Reflexion” auf die grundlegenden Wertvoraussetzungen gelingender gesellschaftlicher Organisation die digitale Kommunikation. Sie behandeln diesen Dreischritt dabei unter ethischen sowie Bildungsgesichtspunkten und formulieren Folgerungen für Bildungsdiskurse in demokratischen Gesellschaften.
Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft der Zukunft: Chancen, Potenziale, Herausforderungen
by Larissa Krainer Sandra Diehl Franzisca Weder Tobias EberweinIn einer sich schnell verändernden und immer wieder durch globale Krisen provozierten Medien- und Kommunikationslandschaft sind die medien- und kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen herausgefordert, sich mit systemischen, strukturellen und thematischen Transformationsprozessen zu beschäftigen. Insbesondere Medienökonomie, Medienethik und Journalismusforschung bearbeiten aktuelle Probleme und Fragen rund um die technologische Konvergenz der Produktion und die Nutzung von Medien sowie das ökonomische Potenzial und die ethischen Grenzen der Arbeit von Medienunternehmen und des Journalismus. Der Band greift aktuelle Transformationsprozesse auf systemischer und thematischer Ebene auf, widmet sich ethischen Herausforderungen und bezieht epistemologische Veränderungen in der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft mit ein. Er richtet sich damit an Forschende und Studierende in der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft und deren Schwester-Disziplinen wie Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Philosophie oder Nachhaltigkeitsstudien und an Medienpraktiker:innen.
Medienpharmakologie: Eine pharmazeutisch-politische Medientheorie
by Stavros ArabatzisMit diesem Band wird so etwas wie eine medienphilosophische Apotheke und Arztpraxis eröffnet. Medien werden nicht mehr bloß technologisch, ästhetisch oder begrifflich-philosophisch erklärt, vielmehr genealogisch in ihrer pharmazeutischen, epidemiologischen, ärztlichen und gesellschaftlichen Wirkung nachgegangen. Als Mittel sind sie kein begriffliches, ästhetisches oder technisches Instrument, sondern Pharmaka einer ärztlich-politischen Kunst und Wissenschaft, die – seit Platon – Heilmittel aber auch Gift heißen können.
Medienskepsis in Deutschland: Ursachen, Ausprägungen und Konsequenzen
by Bernd Blöbaum Thomas Hanitzsch Laura BaduraMedienskepsis ist in demokratischen Gesellschaften weit verbreitet. In allen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen finden sich Personen mit einer skeptischen Haltung gegenüber Medien. Das Buch zeichnet vorwiegend auf der Basis von qualitativen Interviews ein Profil von Medienskeptikern, beleuchtet ihre Motive, auslösende Faktoren sowie Konsequenzen der Skepsis. Ausgehend von einer wissenschaftlichen Einordnung von Medienskepsis werden ebenfalls Implikationen für die Medienpraxis herausgearbeitet.
Mediensoziologie: Eine systematische Einführung
by Hanno ScholtzWas haben Veränderungen in Gesellschaften und ihren Medien miteinander zu tun? Wo tragen Medien zu gesellschaftlichen Problemen bei und wo können sie diese lösen helfen? Wie wird darüber in der Wissenschaft diskutiert, und wie hängen diese Diskussionen zusammen? Ausgehend von Individuen mit ihren Wahrnehmungen und Handlungsentscheidungen, den von ihnen begründeten Institutionen, und einer knappen Definition von Medien bietet dieser Einführungsband in die Mediensoziologie eine systematische Darstellung, die einen Überblick ermöglicht und Probleme und im Fach geführte Diskussionen einordnen lässt.
Medienökonomie: Eine Einführung mit Leitfragen (Studienbücher zur Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft)
by Gabriele Siegert M. Bjørn von Rimscha Gianna EhrlichAnhand von 13 Leitfragen führt dieses Open-Access-Lehrbuch in die Medienökonomie ein und stellt wesentliche Konzepte und Perspektiven vor. In den Antworten werden die in den Fragen aufgeworfenen Phänomene und Problemstellungen kontextualisiert und die jeweils involvierten Akteure, Theorien und Erklärungen vorgestellt. Die Orientierung an Problemfeldern und Beispielen erleichtert den Zugang zu den zugrunde liegenden theoretischen Konzepten und macht die Medienökonomie als Teilbereich der Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft greifbar.
Medieval Foundations of International Relations (Routledge Research in International Relations Theory)
by William BainThe purpose of this volume is to explore the medieval inheritance of modern international relations. Recent years have seen a flourishing of work on the history of international political thought, but the bulk of this has focused on the early modern and modern periods, leaving continuities with the medieval world largely ignored. The medieval is often used as a synonym for the barbaric and obsolete, yet this picture does not match that found in relevant work in the history of political thought. The book thus offers a chance to correct this misconception of the evolution of Western international thought, highlighting that the history of international thought should be regarded as an important dimension of thinking about the international and one that should not be consigned to history departments. Questions addressed include: what is the medieval influence on modern conception of rights, law, and community? how have medieval ideas shaped modern conceptions of self-determination, consent, and legitimacy? are there ‘medieval’ answers to ‘modern’ questions? is the modern world still working its way through the Middle Ages? to what extent is the ‘modern outlook’ genuinely secular? is there a ‘theology’ of international relations? what are the implications of continuity for predominant historical narrative of the emergence and expansion of international society? Medieval and modern are certainly different; however, this collection of essays proceeds from the conviction that the modern world was not built on a new plot with new building materials. Instead, it was constructed out of the rubble, that is, the raw materials, of the Middle Ages.This will be of great interest to students and scholars of IR, IR theory and political theory. .
Medieval Jewry in Northern France: A Political and Social History (The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science)
by Robert ChazanOriginally published in 1974. Focusing on a set of Jewish communities, Robert Chazan tells how, by the eleventh century, French Jews had created for themselves a role as local merchants and moneylenders in adapting to the political, economic, and social limits imposed on them. French society, striving to become more powerful and civilized, was willing to extend aid and protection to the Jews in return for general stimulation of trade and urban life and for the immediate profit realized from taxation. While the authorities were relatively successful in protecting the Jews from others, there was no power to impose itself between the Jews and their protectors. The political and social well-being of the Jews was, therefore, dependent on the will of the governing authorities who taxed their holdings and regulated their activities. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the position of the Jews was constantly under attack by reform elements in the church concerned with Jewish moneylending and blasphemous materials in Jewish books; these reformers were eventually devoted to a serious missionizing effort within the Jewish community. The Jews' situation was further complicated by deep popular animosity, expressing itself in a damaging set of slanders and occasionally in physical violence. Despite the impressive achievements of the Jews in medieval northern France, by the thirteenth century their community was increasingly constricted; and in 1306, they were expelled from royal France by Philip IV. Overcoming the handicap of a lack of copious source material, Chazan analyzes the Jews' political status, their relations with key elements of Christian society, their demographic development, their economic outlets, their internal organization, and their attitudes toward the Christian environment. As it highlights aspects of French society from an unusual perspective, Medieval Jewry in Northern France should be of special interest to the historian of medieval France as well as to the student of Jewish history. This story is also significant for all who are fascinated by the capacity of human groups to respond and adapt creatively to a hostile and limiting environment.
Medieval Muslim Mirrors for Princes: An Anthology of Arabic, Persian and Turkish Political Advice (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought)
by Louise MarlowThe 'mirror for princes' genre of literature offers advice to a ruler, or ruler-to-be, concerning the exercise of royal power and the wellbeing of the body politic. This anthology presents selections from the 'mirror literature' produced in the Islamic Early Middle Period (roughly the tenth to twelfth centuries CE), newly translated from the original Arabic and Persian, as well as a previously translated Turkish example. In these texts, authors advise on a host of political issues which remain compelling to our contemporary world: political legitimacy and the ruler's responsibilities, the limits of the ruler's power and the limits of the subjects' duty of obedience, the maintenance of social stability, causes of unrest, licit and illicit uses of force, the functions of governmental offices and the status and rights of diverse social groups. Medieval Muslim Mirrors for Princes is a unique introduction to this important body of literature, showing how these texts reflect and respond to the circumstances and conditions of their era, and of ours.
Medieval Papalism (Routledge Library Editions: Political Science #36)
by Walter UllmannThis volume deals with the problem of State and Church in the Middle Ages from a new angle. It not only shows how and why the medieval popes pursued a policy of world domination, but also discloses the ideas by which the papal monarchs were primarily influenced.
Medieval Political Ideas: Volume I (Routledge Revivals)
by Ewart LewisFirst published in 1954, this book explores the political ideas of the Middle Ages. It covers the period from the investiture struggle to the end of the fifteenth century and provides comprehensive readings of otherwise inaccessible source material. Each chapter begins with an introductory essay on the subject at hand that leads to a number of translated passages, numerous enough to display a variety of opinion and long enough to indicate the process of thought as well as its conclusions. This book is the first of a two volume set and will be useful to teachers and advanced students of political theory and medieval history. Topics discussed in this volume include law, property and lordship, political authority and community.
Medieval Political Ideas: Volume II (Routledge Revivals)
by Ewart LewisFirst published in 1954, this book explores the political ideas of the Middle Ages. It covers the period from the investiture struggle to the end of the fifteenth century and provides comprehensive readings of otherwise inaccessible source material. Each chapter begins with an introductory essay on the subject at hand that leads to a number of translated passages, numerous enough to display a variety of opinion and long enough to indicate the process of thought as well as its conclusions. This book is the second of a two volume set and will be useful to teachers and advanced students of political theory and medieval history. Topics discussed in this volume include authority in the Church, the problem of the Empire and the relationship between the Church and the State.
Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook
by Joshua Parens Joseph MacfarlandMedieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, edited by Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi, has been a classroom favorite since its publication in 1963. When it first appeared, it was the only anthology of medieval political philosophy to contain major texts from all three Western monotheistic traditions--Christianity, Judaism, and Islam--and that claim remains true today. This new edition of this classic text of political philosophy--revised and enlarged by Joshua Parens and Joseph C. Macfarland--will make accessible to today's students the insights of these profound medieval thinkers. <p><p> Prior to the modern separation of religion from politics, these medieval thinkers explored a variety of approaches to the relation between religion and politics--approaches that prompted renewed interest in a world divided over how best to relate the two. For the authors gathered in this volume--including Alfarabi, Alghazali, Averroes, Maimonides, Judah Halevi, Thomas Aquinas, Boethius of Dacia, and Dante Alighieri among many others--there was a greater uniformity of general intention than at any other period. All of these authors studied the works of classical political philosophy and considered in a variety of ways the implications of this political thought for their contemporary situation in a monotheistic religious community.
Medieval Political Theory: The Quest for the Body Politic 1100-1400
by Cary J. Nederman Kate Langdon ForhanA textbook anthology of important works of political thought revealing the development of ideas from the 12th to the 15th centuries. Includes new translations of both well-known and ignored writers, and an introductory overview.
Medieval Political Theory: The Quest for the Body Politic, 1100-1400
by Cary J. Nederman Kate L. ForhanA textbook anthology of important works of political thought revealing the development of ideas from the 12th to the 15th centuries. Includes new translations of both well-known and ignored writers, and an introductory overview.