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Mullahs, Guards, and Bonyads
by Alireza Nader Jerrold D. Green David E. Thaler Shahram Chubin Charlotte LynchThe U.S. ability to "read" the Iranian regime and formulate appropriate policies has been weakened by lack of access to the country and by the opacity of decisionmaking in Tehran. To improve understanding of Iran's political system, the authors describe Iranian strategic culture; investigate Iran's informal networks, formal government institutions, and personalities; assess the impact of elite behavior on Iranian policy; and summarize key trends.
Muller vs. Oregon: A Brief History with Documents
by Nancy WolochIn 1908 the Supreme Court unanimously upheld an Oregon law that set a ten-hour limit on the workdays of women in factories and laundries. Using lawyers' briefs, arguments over single-sex protective laws, and other major court decisions, Nancy Woloch examines a moment in which constitutional history, women's history, and progressive politics converged.
Multi-Actor Human Rights Protection at the International Criminal Court
by Emma IrvingConversations about the involvement of States in the workings of the International Criminal Court often focus on the role of State cooperation in enabling the ICC to carry out criminal trials. However, there is a dimension to this cooperation that is underexplored. Whenever the ICC relies on the assistance of States, or States otherwise become involved in its functioning, the human rights of accused and witnesses involved in proceedings may be adversely affected. The simultaneous involvement of the ICC, ICC States Parties, and the ICC host State - whilst essential and unavoidable - can insert ambiguity and uncertainty into the protection of individuals, leaving the door open for human rights violations. This book explores this phenomenon of multi-actor human rights protection at the ICC. By setting out the relevant obligations of the different actors, the book highlights potential problems in human rights protection and proposes ways to mitigate them.
Multi-America: Essays On Cultural Wars And Cultural Peace
by Ishmael ReedIs there such a thing as an American culture? Should we conform to a monocultural ideal in this country? No, says Ishmael Reed, a long-time critic of the mainstream media which, he insists, marginalizes non-Anglo, non-Yankee cultures. In this refreshing anthology Reed and other African-American, Native-American, Asian-American, Italian-American, Latin-American, and Irish-American writers come together to provide perspectives frequently omitted from the discussion of race in the United States. Speaking out on a broad variety of issues-including assimilation, racial conflicts between minorities, the gay rights movement, victimization and stereotyping -- these essays take us far beyond the issues of black vs. white and often veer toward the controversial. Amiri Baraka, Bharati Mukerhjee, Ana Castillo, Haki Madhubuti, Frank Chin, Gerald Horne, Barbara Smith, Miguel Algarin are just a few of the notable writers, teachers, students, and professionals included here. Stimulating, unpredictable, and provocative, Multi-America introduces the authentic voices of Rainbow America in all their diverse, angry, proud, celebratory glory.
Multi-Ethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns
by Leonardo R. ArriolaWhy are politicians able to form electoral coalitions that bridge ethnic divisions in some countries and not others? This book answers this question by presenting a theory of pecuniary coalition building in multi-ethnic countries governed through patronage. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, the book explains how the relative autonomy of business from state-controlled capital affects political bargaining among opposition politicians in particular. While incumbents form coalitions by using state resources to secure cross-ethnic endorsements, opposition politicians must rely on the private resources of business to do the same. This book combines cross-national analyses of African countries with in-depth case studies of Cameroon and Kenya to show that incumbents actively manipulate financial controls to prevent business from supporting their opposition. It demonstrates that opposition politicians are more likely to coalesce across ethnic cleavages once incumbents have lost their ability to blackmail the business sector through financial reprisals.
Multi-Ethnic France: Immigration, Politics, Culture and Society
by Alec G. HargreavesThis second edition of Multi-Ethnic France spans politics and economics, social structures and cultural practices and has been updated to cover events which have occurred on the national and international stage since the first edition was published. These include: recent developments in the Banlieues, including the riots of 2005 the growing visibility of sub-Saharan Africans in France's evolving ethnic mix the reverberations in France of international developments such as 9/11, the second Intifada and the Iraq Wars the renewed controversy over the wearing of the Islamic headscarf the development of anti-discrimination policy and the debate over 'positive discrimination'. Immigration is one of the most significant and persistent issues in contemporary France. It has become central to political debate with the rise, on one side, of Jean-Marie Le Pen's extreme right-wing party and, on the other, of Islamist terrorism. In Multi-Ethnic France, Alec G. Hargreaves unmasks the prejudices and misconceptions faced by minorities of Muslim heritage and lays bare the social and political neglect behind the riots of 2005. This second edition is fully updated, and includes a glossary and chronology, as well as a revised bibliography.
Multi-Layered Diplomacy in a Global State: The International Relations of California (Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations)
by Alison R. HolmesThis book explores the growing importance of subnational diplomacy by examining the state of California. As the fifth largest economy in the world, California’s tribes, counties, cities and the state itself are changing the shape of diplomatic theory and practice and defining what it means to be a ‘global’ state. As both a theoretical text and a practical guide, this book offers a current snapshot of California, then connects this narrative to the fundamental international relations concepts of diplomacy and sovereignty and the working assumptions of professionals in the field. Through interviews with those representing all of the entities of the state - as well as the diplomats sent to the United States to represent the interests of their home countries - Holmes creates what she calls the ‘vertical axis of diplomacy’, providing context and depth to a (re)emerging form of diplomacy, increasingly relevant in this pandemic moment.
Multi-Level Governance and Northern Ireland
by Derek Birrell Cathy Gormley-HeenanThis book examines the governance arrangements in Northern Ireland through a multi-level lens, particularly in the period since the new institutions established through the 1998 Agreement became more firmly embedded.
Multi-Level Governance and Northern Ireland
by Derek Birrell Cathy Gormley-HeenanThis book examines the governance arrangements in Northern Ireland through a multi-level lens, particularly in the period since the new institutions established through the 1998 Agreement became more firmly embedded.
Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe
by Klaus DetterbeckMulti-Level Party Politics in Western Europe is a study of territorial dynamics within party systems and party organizations in Western European multi-layered systems. It argues that processes of state restructuring and party crisis have forced parties to adapt their competitive strategies and internal structures. With the logic of territorial party competition becoming more complex, parties in Europe have developed quite different responses to deal with the challenges of multi-level politics. This book challenges the 'national bias' of party research which has traditionally focused on the statewide level by assuming broadly uniform patterns. Speaking to students of party politics and territorial studies, it contributes to a new territorial approach which acknowledges the importance of multi-layered institutional framing for party politics. Its also includes a thorough comparative analysis of vertical linkages and sub-state autonomy in Austrian, Belgian, British, German and Spanish parties.
Multi-Level Reconciliation and Peacebuilding: Stakeholder Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution)
by Kevin P. Clements and SungYong LeeThis edited volume examines the group dynamics of social reconciliation in conflict-affected societies by adopting ideas developed in social psychology and the ‘everyday peace’ discourse in peace and conflict studies. The book revisits the intra- and inter-group dynamics of social reconciliation in conflict-affected societies, which have been largely marginalised in mainstream peacebuilding debates. By applying social psychological perspectives and the discourse of everyday peace, the chapters explore the everyday experience of community actors engaged in social and political reconciliation. The first part of the volume introduces conceptual and theoretical studies that focus on the pros and cons of state-level reconciliation and their outcomes, while presenting theoretical insights into dialogical processes upon which reconciliation studies can develop further. The second part presents a series of empirical case studies from around the world, which examine the process of social reconciliation at community levels through the lens of social psychology and discourse analysis. This book will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, conflict resolution, social psychology, discourse analysis and International Relations in general.
Multi-Polar Capitalism: The End of the Dollar Standard
by Robert GuttmannHistory teaches us important lessons, provided we can discern its patterns. Multi-Polar Capitalism applies this insight to the crucial, yet often underappreciated issue of international monetary relations. When international monetary systems get first put into place successfully, such as the “classic” gold standard in 1879, Bretton Woods in 1945, or the dollar standard in 1982, they structure relations between the system’s centre and the rest of the world so that others can catch up to the leader. But this growth-promoting constellation, a vector for accelerating globalization, runs its course eventually amidst mounting overproduction conditions in key sectors and spreading financial instability. Such periods of global crisis, from the Great Depression of the 1930s to stagflation in the 1970s and creeping deflation during much of the 2010s, force restructuring and policy reforms until conditions are ripe for a renewed phase of sustained expansion.We are facing such a turning point now. As we are moving from a US-dominated world economy towards a multi-polar configuration, we will also see the longstanding dollar standard give way to a multi-currency system. Three currency blocs rooted in the dollar, euro, and yuan will be dominated respectively by the United States, the European Union, and China, each a power centre representing a distinct variant of capitalism. Their complex mix of competition and cooperation necessitates new “rules of the game” promoting the shared pursuit of global public goods, in particular the impending zero-carbon transition, lest we allow fragmentation and conflict shape this next chapter of our history.Multi-Polar Capitalism adds to a century of research and debate on long waves, those roughly half-century cycles first identified by the great Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev in the early 1920s, by highlighting the role of the international monetary system in this distinct boom-and-bust pattern.
Multi-Secularism: A New Agenda
by Paul KurtzThe contemporary world is witness to an intense controversy about secularism. This controversy has intensified due to the presence of fundamentalism, which challenges secular society and the secularization of philosophical ideas and ethical values.Secularists maintain that the state should not impose a religious creed upon citizens and should respect freedom of conscience, the right to believe or disbelieve in the prevailing orthodoxy. This right is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution and the Rights of Man enunciated in the French Revolution. Yet many powerful religious institutions do not accept this principle.Paul Kurtz argues that secularism needs to be allied to the emergence of democratic institutions that respect individual freedom and the pluralistic society. He argues that a defense of secularism entails a defense of the civic virtues of democracy, which include the toleration of dissent and alternative lifestyles and the willingness to negotiate differences. Consequently, secularism will take different forms in different societies; the term multi-secularism best describes that. Many people believe that it is impossible to maintain a moral order without the support of religion. Kurtz vigorously denies that, and this volume attempts to explicate the values and principles of secular morality, which he sees as the cornerstone of the open democratic society.Kurtz was involved in the campaign for secularism throughout his career as a philosopher. This book reflects his participation in this battle and extends his thinking to new areas.
Multi-Stakeholder Contribution in Asian Environmental Communication (Routledge Studies in Environmental Communication and Media)
by Huang Miao Mohamad Saifudin Mohamad Saleh Shaidatul Akma Adi KasumaMulti-Stakeholder Contribution in Asian Environmental Communication focuses on how diverse actors can come together to promote sustainable environmental practices.Bringing together 25 environmental communication scholars and practitioners across 15 innovative chapters, this book explores the dynamic roles of stakeholders – ranging from governmental bodies and non-profit organisations to local communities and industry players – involved in advancing environmental communication across the Asian continent. Drawing on a rich tapestry of case studies and interdisciplinary perspectives, the book sheds light on the interplay of religious, cultural, political, and economic factors that shape environmental communication strategies and public perception in Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Iran, Japan, and Pakistan. It probes into contemporary issues such as Islamic environmental communication, gender roles, social media, political communication, the role of games and gaming companies, as well as the portrayal of ecological messages in film. Overall, this book aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice and will make a significant contribution to the growing literature on multi-stakeholder contribution in environmental communication, particularly in the Asian context.This volume will be of great interest to practitioners, policymakers, and researchers working in the field of environmental communication.
Multi-dimensional Collaborative Governance of Urban Sharing Platforms (Public Economy and Urban Governance in China)
by Jiachen LiThis book gives a brief review of current development models and governance of urban sharing platforms, and looks into the economic efficiency of a novel market transaction model of sharing economy, which has been accelerated by high-density urban population and the Internet technology. With an aim to solve current problems featuring excessive competition, waste of resources, security risks, and unfair competition, this book delves into the two governance models in accommodation sharing platforms and bike and car sharing platforms and puts forward a multi-dimensional collaborative governance model that involves the participation of enterprises, the government, and the community. Under such a model, the platforms may utilize their own key technologies to implement supervision and solicit feedback; the government may resort to tax regulation and reallocating shared space to mitigate the negative externality effect and promote fair competition; and the community, as the basic unit of a city, may play its part through on-site participation and real-time feedback.
Multi-owned Housing: Law, Power and Practice
by Ann DupuisThis internationally edited collection addresses the issues raised by multi-owned residential developments, now established as a major type of housing throughout the world in the form of apartment blocks, row housing, gated developments, and master planned communities. The chapters draw on the empirical research of leading academics in the fields of planning, sociology, law and urban, property, tourism and environmental studies, and consider the practical problems of owning and managing this type of housing. The roles and relationships of power between developers, managing agents and residents are examined, as well as challenges such as environmental sustainability and state regulation of multi-owned residential developments. The book provides the first comparative study of such issues, offering lessons from experiences in the UK, the US, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Hong Kong, Singapore and China.
Multi-stakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability: Beyond Deadlock and Conflict
by Minu HemmatiGovernments, business, international bodies and local groups are turning to multi-stakeholder processes to find practical ways forward. This book explains how MSPs can be organized to deliver their potential for successful resolution of complex issues and for sustainable development. It includes detailed examples and provides practical checklists, explaining how to get beyond adversarial politics and achieve positive results.
Multicampus University Systems: Africa and the Kenyan Experience (Routledge Research in International and Comparative Education)
by Ishmael I. MuneneIn the face of increasing social demand and cutbacks in state budgetary support, universities in African countries are now turning towards a multicampus system strategy. As African governments have adopted neoliberal education policies that place premium on entrepreneurialism, profit making, privatization, and markets as drivers of university development, a reshaping of the academic work and organizational framework have taken place. However, little is known about the impact of this paradigm shift on access, quality and governance in higher education. This book fills the void in research and academic knowledge about the impact of the emerging university configurations in Africa. It analyzes the paradox surrounding the performance of multicampus university systems as avenues of broadening university access but whose structural success may be qualitatively contested. This book offers a refreshing examination of the African multicampus university system from both an African and global perspective. It makes use of empirical data from Kenya collected during extensive fieldwork along with substantive library and documentary resources on the rest of the continents to fortify arguments and demonstrate important conclusions. This allows for a comparative analysis of policies and strategies used in the establishment of campuses, both within and beyond national boundaries in the continent, and will be a welcome contribution to the existing repertoire on African universities.
Multicriteria Location Analysis (International Series in Operations Research & Management Science #338)
by Vladimir Marianov H. A. Eiselt Joyendu BhaduryThis book applies Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools and techniques to problems in location analysis. It begins with a generic model for MCDM and subsequently develops specific versions of the technique for particular location problems. Throughout the book, MCDM is understood to encompass all tools and techniques that choose or rank existing or feasible solutions, including discrete multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problems, which typically include an attribute table that specifies the consequences of each decision with regard to the given criteria, as well as multi-objective linear problems (MOLPs), which incorporate all objectives in a single optimization problem. The book is organized as follows: the first four chapters introduce readers to the basic tools and techniques used in single-objective optimization, multicriteria decision making, location analysis, and other tools, such as statistical regression and geographical information systems. This is followed by ten chapters on model applications, each of which introduces readers to a specific location problem and applies one technique to solve it. The book is then wrapped up in a closing chapter that looks at the location process from a practitioner’s point of view. This book is intended as a textbook for upper-undergraduate and master-level courses on location analysis. It will also benefit decision-makers who actually need to locate facilities.
Multicultiphobia
by Phil RyanOfficial multiculturalism, established as Canadian government policy in 1971, has drawn criticism from many scholars and journalists who view it as a potential threat to a strong, unified Canadian society. In this timely and original book, Phil Ryan examines the emergence and influence of these criticisms, which continue to provoke an anxiety he calls "multicultiphobia." Although Ryan argues that multicultiphobic discourse is often marred by important errors of fact and interpretation, a systematic inspection of news coverage and parliamentary debates reveals the persistent influence of these critiques and their underlying concerns.Rather than simply dismissing multicultiphobia, Ryan acknowledges that critics of multiculturalism have identified issues about which Canadians need to talk. Does multiculturalism discourage adaptation and encourage 'cultural walls' between Canadians? Does it promote an 'anything goes' relativism? Finally, what do we - both as supporters and critics of multiculturalism - wish to make of Canada's ethnic diversity? Multicultiphobia perceptively tackles all of these questions by means of a sophisticated analysis that encourages a deeper understanding of the issues at the heart of multiculturalism.
Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia
by Nam-Kook KimGlobalization and increased migration have brought both new opportunities and new tensions to traditional East Asian societies. Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia draws together a wide range of distinguished local scholars to discuss multiculturalism and the changing nature of social identity in East Asia. Regional specialists review specific events and situations in China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to provide a focus on life as it is lived at the local level whilst also tracing macro discourses on the national issues affected by multiculturalism and identity. The contributors look at the uneven multicultural development across these different countries and how to bridge the gap between locality and universality. They examine how ethnic majorities and minorities can achieve individual rights, exert civic responsibility, and explain how to construct a deliberative framework to make sustainable democracy possible. This book considers the emergence of a new cross-national network designed to address multicultural challenges and imagines an East Asian community with shared values of individual dignity and multicultural diversity. With strong empirical support it puts forward a regulative ideal by which a new paradigm for multicultural coexistence and regional cooperation can be realized.
Multicultural Challenges and Sustainable Democracy in Europe and East Asia
by Nam-Kook KimThis collection examines the current stage of multicultural challenges and their influence on democracy in 12 countries of Europe and East Asia. Contributors draw out the differences between European and East Asian approaches to universalizing locality and localizing global norms regarding human rights and democratic individuality.
Multicultural China
by Morris Rossabi Rongxing Guo Eui-Gak Hwang Uradyn E. Bulag Michael A. Crang Thomas Heberer James A. Millward Gerard A. Postiglione Chih-Yu Shih Nicholas Tapp Luc Changlei GuoWith its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection of annual data on China's 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture, sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the data are as of 2011 - the latest year when our research was conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series comparisons and analyses.
Multicultural Citizenship: Legacy and Critique
by Jean-François Caron François BoucherMulticultural Citizenship: Legacy and Critique allows the philosopher an opportunity to consider the evolution and transformation of Will Kymlicka’s theories from Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights.Canonical in the field of multiculturalism, Will Kymlicka’s work developed an original way of recognizing and accommodating ethnic groups and national minorities through liberal democratic principles. This new volume brings together expert scholars to evaluate the impact of Kymlicka’s book on their own views and the field’s general progression over the past three decades and brings Kymlicka to face new questions challenging multiculturalism and re-evaluate the main ideas of his original theory by reflecting on its development. Through engagement with the contributors’ chapters, Kymlicka ends this edited collection with proposals for new ways of understanding multiculturalism at a time of rising anti-immigration populism and natalist movements.This book offers a modern outlook on multiculturalism with contributions from a diverse group of authors as well as Will Kymlicka himself and will be of great interest to scholars and students of migration, nationalism, minority rights, sociology, law, and politics.
Multicultural Dynamics and the Ends of History: Exploring Kant, Hegel, and Marx (Philosophica)
by Real FillionMulticultural Dynamics and the Ends of History provides a strikingly original reading of key texts in the philosophy of history by Kant, Hegel, and Marx, as well as strong arguments for why these texts are still relevant to understanding history today. Réal Fillion offers a critical exposition of the theses of these three authors on the dynamics and the ends of history, in order to provide an answer to the question: "Where are we headed?" Grounding his answer in the twin observations that the world is becoming increasingly multicultural and increasingly unified, Fillion reasserts the task of the speculative philosophy of history as it had been understood by German philosophy: the articulation and understanding the historical process as a developmental whole. Fillion's interpretation engages many recent strands of social and political thought in order to provide a new understanding of current events, and possible futures, grounded in the understanding of the dynamics of the past and the present provided by Kant, Hegel, and Marx. The result is a rich and timely answer to the question of where our world is headed today.