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National Security, Personal Privacy and the Law: Surveying Electronic Surveillance and Data Acquisition (Routledge Research in Terrorism and the Law)
by Sybil SharpeThere have been significant changes in public attitudes towards surveillance in the last few years as a consequence of the Snowden disclosures and the Cambridge Analytica scandal. This book re-evaluates competing arguments between national security and personal privacy. The increased assimilation between the investigatory powers of the intelligence services and the police and revelations of unauthorised surveillance have resulted in increased demands for transparency in information gathering and for greater control of personal data. Recent legal reforms have attempted to limit the risks to freedom of association and expression associated with electronic surveillance. This book looks at the background to recent reforms and explains how courts and the legislature are attempting to effect a balance between security and personal liberty within a social contract. It asks what drives public concern when other aspects seem to be less contentious. In view of our apparent willingness to post on social media and engage in online commerce, it considers if we are truly consenting to a loss of privacy and how this reconciles with concerns about state surveillance.
National Security, Statecentricity, and Governance in East Asia
by Brendan HoweThis book assesses the extent to which an emphasis on national security and prioritization of state interests has dominated governance policy-making in Northeast and Southeast Asia, at the expense of human security, human development, and human rights. The findings are that in many cases, there are embedded structural obstacles to achieving human-centered governance objectives in the region. These relate to the role of the military, historical authoritarian legacies, and new authoritarian trends. Contributors examine not only the most obvious instances of military domination of governance in the region (North Korea with its "Military First" philosophy, Thailand since the 2014 coup, and Myanmar with its long history of military rule), but also less well known examples of the influence of conflict legacies upon governance in Cambodia, Timor-Leste, and Laos, as well as the emergence of new reservoirs of power and resources for the forces of authoritarianism.
National Security, Surveillance and Terror: Canada And Australia In Comparative Perspective (Crime Prevention and Security Management)
by Kevin Walby Randy K. Lippert Ian Warren Darren PalmerThis volume investigates and raises conceptual questions about the relationships between governments, police and security agencies, and citizens in two major western jurisdictions: Canada & Australia. Many debates that concern these topics are dominated by US and UK perspectives, and this volume acknowledges that. However, it also provides an analysis of national security and surveillance practices that are legitimated through rhetorical reference to terror policing, a continuous state or readiness. Contributors are leading scholars studying national security, surveillance and related issues of risk, border security, terror, and sovereignty. National Security, Surveillance and Terror is a significant new addition to this field of study because it provides a view of national security practices that challenges unquestioned dichotomies in this field. It highlights the complexity of national security and the practices it entails, including surveillance. Furthermore, this book questions approaches to national security, surveillance, and terror in relation to demands for accountability, transparency, privacy, and legitimacy. A well-researched and engaging volume, this book will be of interest to scholars of global criminology, policing, and justice studies.
National Security: Defense Policy For A New International Order
by Donald M. SnowThis text analyzes the history, evolution, and processes of national security policies. It examines national security from two fundamental fault lines--the end of the Cold War and the evolution of contemporary terrorism, dating from the 9/11 terrorist attacks and tracing their path up to the Islamic State (ISIS) and beyond. The book considers how the resulting era of globalization and geopolitics guides policy. Placing these trends in conceptual and historical context and following them through military, semi-military, and non-military concerns, National Security treats its subject as a nuanced and subtle phenomenon that encompasses everything from the global to the individual with the nation at its core. New to the Sixth Edition Fully updated with expanded coverage of ISIS, the "new cool war" with Russia, cybersecurity challenges, natural resource wars and development, negotiations with Iran, border threats, and much more. Includes a completely new chapter on "lethal landscapes" such as developing world international conflicts in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East; the "siren song" of the Islamic State; and the dilemmas of guns, butter, and boots on the ground. Shifts the focus from globalization to a more widely-ranging look at security, from the individual level to the regional to the global.
National Self-Determination and Justice in Multinational States
by Anna MoltchanovaSubstate nationalism, especially in the past fifteen years, has noticeably affected the political and territorial stability of many countries, both democratic and democratizing. Norms exist to limit the behavior of collective agents in relation to individuals; the set of universally accepted human rights provides a basic framework. There is a lacuna in international law, however, in the regulation of the behavior of groups toward other groups, with the exception of relations among states. The book offers a normative approach to moderate minority nationalism that treats minorities and majorities in multinational states justly and argues for the differentiation of group rights based on how group agents are constituted. It argues that group agency requires a shared set of beliefs concerning membership and the social ontology it offers ensures that group rights can be aligned with individual rights. It formulates a set of principles that, if adopted, would aid conflict resolution in multinational states. The book pays special attention to national self-determination in transitional societies. The book is intended for everyone in political philosophy and political science interested in global justice and international law and legal practitioners interested in normative issues and group rights
National Socialist Cultural Diplomacy: Culture, Politics, and Comradeship at the German-Nordic Writers’ House, 1934–1939 (Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right)
by Frederik Forrai ØrskovNational Socialist Cultural Diplomacy provides the first comprehensive account of the German-Nordic Writers’ House. From 1934 to 1939, young Scandinavian and Finnish writers spent summers at a seaside villa in Travemünde, mingling with representatives of the “new German literature,” to enjoy beach days, excursions in the Third Reich, and evening discussions on literature, politics, and comradeship. The book treats the Writers’ House as a case study of National Socialist cultural diplomacy, offering fresh insights on the ways in which semi-official cultural mediators addressed, navigated, and were constrained by a dilemma central to all cultural diplomacy, but more urgently so in the case of totalitarian regimes like the Third Reich: that in order to be perceived as legitimate, culture cannot be too obviously circumscribed by politics, while cultural autonomy comes with a lack of control that does not sit well with totalitarian regimes.Between the prevalent ideal in the Nordic cultural sphere that culture stands apart from politics, on the one hand, and the political aims of official German diplomacy, on the other, the institution showcases the constraints faced by aspiring cultural diplomats in the Third Reich and the strategies with which the Writers’ House’s organizers addressed them. With the Writers’ House as a prism, National Socialist Cultural Diplomacy also offers a case study of the fault lines that emerged in the Nordic literary sphere with the post-1933 ideologization of the German literary field, its institutions, and its lucrative book market. At stake was the role and identity of the literary intellectual, the proper relationship between culture, economics, and politics, and—for some of the visiting writers—whether to place consciousness over comradeship. This book will be of interest to researchers of Nazism, social and cultural history, and the history of the extreme right.
National Sovereignty in the European Union: View from the Czech Perspective (SpringerBriefs in Law)
by Ondrej HamuľákThis volume assesses the implications of membership in the European Union for countries’ understanding of the concept of sovereignty, based on the perspective of the Czech Republic. The starting point of this work is acceptance of the Czech Republic’s membership in the European Union as a basic fact. The goal of the analysis presented here is to offer a theoretical approach to reconciling state sovereignty with the participation of the Czech Republic in the European integration project. To do so, the book pursues an in-depth analysis of the reactions of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic to the challenges associated with membership in the EU. Above all, it addresses the following two basic research questions:1. Is membership of the state in the European Union associated with a loss of sovereignty, a sharing of sovereignty, or does it have no real consequences for the scope or understanding of the concept of state sovereignty, such that the phenomenon remains a classical, static and defining element of the state?2. How does the Czech Constitutional Court deal with the specific characteristics of European Union law and what is its stance on the nature of the relationship between supranational and national law?
National Space Legislation: A Comparative and Evaluative Analysis (Studies in Space Policy #15)
by Annette Froehlich Vincent SeffingaThis book provides a unique in-depth comparative and evaluative analysis based upon primary sources. Therefore, it does not only provide a more complete understanding of the subject compared to other publications but, because it provides a full perspective, can also serve as a basis for further research. The interest in national space legislation, and the importance thereof to regulating space activities conducted by private entities, gives a clear incentive to conduct a comparative analysis of the national space legislation of various states. The purpose of this report is to provide such a comparative analysis that will detail the similarities and differences between the national space laws of selected states with a focus on European comprehensive national space legislation. The states discussed are: Sweden, the United Kingdom, Australia, China, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Indonesia, Denmark, New Zealand and Luxembourg. This report is intended to assist the efforts of states that are seeking to enact or revise national space legislation not only by presenting the approaches taken by other states, but also by presenting, as far as possible, the rationale behind their approaches. The readership of this book consists of academics and professionals in space law and can further assist policymakers wishing to revise or enact national space legislation.
National Spatial Planning in China: Theoretical Approach and Applied Practice (Urban Sustainability)
by Kai WangThis open access book conducts systematic and comprehensive research on urban spatial development problems in China from territorial perspectives, based on the scientific theory on human settlements environment. By integrating the theories of globalization, spatial planning, state intervention, and beyond, the author systematically sorts out both domestic and foreign urban spatial planning theories at national levels. Moreover, population, industries, natural resources, ecological environments, and management mechanisms involved during the urbanization and urban development process were analyzed in order to propose the theory and methods of national spatial planning. This book is recommended for researchers and practitioners in the fields of human settlement environment, urban, and regional planning; graduate students as well as teachers of urban planning, geography, architecture, regional science, and other related majors in universities, and public officials.
National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness: January 2021
by Joseph R. Biden, Jr.The ultimate guide for anyone wondering how President Joe Biden will respond to the COVID-19 pandemic—all his plans, goals, and executive orders in response to the coronavirus crisis. Shortly after being inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States, Joe Biden and his administration released this 200 page guide detailing his plans to respond to the coronavirus pandemic. The National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness breaks down seven crucial goals of President Joe Biden's administration with regards to the coronavirus pandemic: 1. Restore trust with the American people. 2. Mount a safe, effective, and comprehensive vaccination campaign. 3. Mitigate spread through expanding masking, testing, data, treatments, health care workforce, and clear public health standards. 4. Immediately expand emergency relief and exercise the Defense Production Act. 5. Safely reopen schools, businesses, and travel while protecting workers. 6. Protect those most at risk and advance equity, including across racial, ethnic and rural/urban lines. 7. Restore U.S. leadership globally and build better preparedness for future threats. Each of these goals are explained and detailed in the book, with evidence about the current circumstances and how we got here, as well as plans and concrete steps to achieve each goal. Also included is the full text of the many Executive Orders that will be issued by President Biden to achieve each of these goals. The National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness is required reading for anyone interested in or concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on American society.
National Subcommissions of ICMI and their Role in the Reform of Mathematics Education (International Studies in the History of Mathematics and its Teaching)
by Alexander KarpICMI (or IMUK) was founded in 1908 and initiated the establishment of national subcommissions to launch national activities in response to the IMUK agenda and to promote the reform proposals within each member country.While ICMI’s activities were thoroughly studied, the activities of the national subcommissions are studied only very marginally. In the meantime, their work has been of major importance – both because of their role in exploring and documenting the development of mathematics education at the beginning of the 20th century, and because of the changes and new ideas which they brought to their countries. Importantly, even if some results of their activities were analyzed within their countries in the corresponding languages, almost nothing is known internationally. This book is planned to deepen our knowledge on at least some of the national subcommissions. The book will interest both researchers and others interested in mathematics education and its development.
National Suicide
by Martin L. GrossThe New York Times bestselling author of The Government Racket is back with a scathing indictment of government waste. The government of the United States is a juggernaut of mismanagement, malfeasance and incompetence. Despite the strong foundation laid down by the founding fathers, it is headed to extinction. From the Alternative Minimum Tax to Zip Codes, New York Times bestselling author Martin L. Gross outlines the programs that have exploded financially, the laws that had completely unintended consequences, and the scams perpetrated by legislators intent upon remaining in office no matter what the cost to the nation?and its citizens.
National Sunday Law
by A. Jan MarcussenNational Sunday Law explains exactly who the beast is, what the image of the beast is, and what the mark of the beast is. <P><P>A fascinating book and a must for anyone in search of the truth. National Sunday Law is a small paperback book with less than 100 pages and medium size print, a very quick read. <P><P>National Sunday Law was first published in 1983 and is now in its 110th printing with 36.8 million in print.
National Systems of Child Protection: Understanding the International Variability and Context for Developing Policy and Practice (Child Maltreatment #8)
by Richard D. Krugman Lisa Merkel-Holguin John D. FlukeThis volume provides a wide spectrum description analysis of the contemporary and well established child protection systems in a range of countries, such as Australia, Canada, Netherlands and Spain. It presents a brief orientation about the public and private systems involved in protecting children in each country. Further the book identifies current key policy and implementation drivers that orient the systems of child protection, such as children’s rights, family preservation, use of evidence and public health orientation. Finally it presents a critical analysis of the strengths and limitations of the systems, as well as, strategies for prospects for improving outcomes for children and their families.
National Taxation for Property Management and Valuation
by A Macleary A. MaclearyA clear and up-to-date guide to the UK tax system for surveyors and valuers which demonstrates land valuation for taxation purposes.
National Testing in Schools: An Australian assessment (Local/Global Issues in Education)
by Bob Lingard Sam Sellar Greg ThompsonOver the last two decades, large-scale national, or provincial, standardised testing has become prominent in the schools of many countries around the globe. National Testing in Schools: An Australian Assessment draws on research to consider the nature of national testing and its multiple effects, including: media responses and constructions such as league tables of performance pressures within school systems and on schools effects on the work and identities of principals and teachers and impacts on the experience of schooling for many young people, including those least advantaged. Using Australia as the case site for global concerns regarding national testing, this book will be an invaluable companion for education researchers, teacher educators, teacher education students and teachers globally.
National Uniform Legislation
by Guzyal HillThis book aims to develop a conceptual framework upon which to draw for analysis of new and existing national reforms in Australia. Due to growth in the volume and complexity of national uniform legislation, law reform agencies, the Commonwealth, state and territory governments and policy institutions have more, rather than less, to do. This book explores how they are required to respond to debates among actors from divergent geographical, commercial and ideological backgrounds, who sometimes demonstrate irreconcilable differences in values and perspectives.From a policy implication perspective, this book summarises a vast quantity of original and complex data so that it can be applied in the field—among policymakers, reformers, legislative drafters, students and the wider audience of legal practitioners working with harmonised legislation in federations. This book acknowledges that uniform legislation is not a panacea for all legal challenges currently faced by federations. However, this book takes a step towards demystifying the many confusing factors that have obscured the underlying general principles. A working theory of ‘federal harmonisation’ enables ‘the art of the impossible’ to become a practical reality. This book condenses data on legislation in models. The models enable transparent, evidence-based decisions in the process of a federation’s harmonisation to progress regulatory best practices and achieve more reliable, sustainable results.
National Versus Human Security: Australian and Canadian Military Interventions
by Gregory MacCallionBy examining two military interventions that have defined the post-Cold War period, Somalia (1992-1995) and Afghanistan (2001-2014), this book argues that for Australia and Canada, the concept of human security works better in practice than it does in theory. When human security was first advanced in 1994, debates raged. It was argued that the concept needed an agreed and articulated definition before it could have policy relevance or applicability. The book provides unprecedented access to the key actors and decision makers, including Prime Ministers, military commanders, and senior diplomats. It argues that the core concept of human security has altered states' understanding of traditional national security during the implementation of military interventions. The experience of Australia and Canada over this period demonstrates that the concept of human security is becoming more relevant to states, and their policy makers and military planners, as they conduct military interventions.
National Will to Fight: Why Some States Keep Fighting and Others Don’t
by Paul Frank Madden Lander McNerney Connable Zimmerman Posard Castillo Blum Fernandes Seol ParasilitiIn this report, RAND researchers explore the factors, contexts, and mechanisms that shape a national government’s decision to continue or end military and other operations during a conflict (i.e., national will to fight). To help U.S. leaders better understand and influence will to fight, the researchers propose an exploratory model of 15 variables that can be tailored and applied to a wide set of conflict scenarios.
National Women's Party Fight for Suffrage (Movements and Resistance)
by Emily SohnOn the morning of January 10, 1917, thirteen determined women stood at the gates of the White House and held banners reading “HOW LONG MUST WOMEN WAIT FOR LIBERTY?” They were there to force President Woodrow Wilson to take notice of their demand for the right to vote. It was the first day of weeks of picketing, which would stop only when the women were arrested and jailed. Despite criticism from the public and mistreatment by public officials, the suffragists were determined to gain the right to vote. Their resilience and dedication fueled a movement that brought progress to the lives of women.
National and European Foreign Policies: Towards Europeanization (Routledge Advances in European Politics)
by Christopher Hill Reuben WongNational and European Foreign Policy explores the processes of interaction between the national and the European levels in foreign policy making in European Union states. The volume also assesses the mutual influence which the Member States exert on each other, independent of the EU institutions, thus tracing the extent to which Member State foreign policies are being Europeanized into more convergent, coordinated policies. With chapters examining France, Germany, Italy, UK, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Finland, Poland and Slovenia, the overarching questions the volume addresses centre on the nature of the relationship between the foreign policies of the Member States and ‘European’ foreign policy. Engaging with ‘Europeanization’ with theoretical rigour, the contributors to this volume examine the EU’s impact on the foreign policies of Member States old and new, the impact of the Member States on the EU’s external relations, and the influence of the Member States on each other’s foreign policies. Providing interesting detail on changes in foreign policy thinking and national policies using the concept of Europeanization, National and European Foreign Policy will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics and policy formation, foreign policy and International Relations.
National and Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Do Leaders Matter?
by A.S. BhallaThis book traces the evolution of Covid across different geographic regions, showing how the varying responses of leaders, citizens and other key stakeholders in efforts to tackle the Covid crisis determined outcomes. It finds that leadership, in particular, played a critical role, while initial conditions, such as health-care spending and infrastructure are important factors contributing to a country’s preparedness in coping with a pandemic.
National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
by Timea SpitkaThis open access book examines security and protection within Israel and Palestine, analyzing national and international security strategies that apply to the protection of civilians. The author examines the principles, practices and the perception of protection. Focusing on protection strategies and practices in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this book reveals some of the myths and enigmas of national and international protection of civilians. The book moves beyond the current lack of protection strategies to discuss more effective human security focused on prioritizing protection of civilians, use of alternative tools such as community policing and inclusive protection.
National and International Conflicts, 1945-1995: New Empirical and Theoretical Approaches (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics #11)
by Christoph Rohloff Frank R. PfetschThe information flow about crises and conflicts is highly selective, the media only focus on a few major conflicts at a time. Many conflicts are neglected, others soon forgotten after the fighting ends. This book fills the gaps and offers a systematic overview of all crises and conflicts in and among states since 1945 and traces the global trends of conflict development.Based on the broad empirical basis of the Conflict Simulation Model KOSIMO, Pfetsch and Rohloff use an integrated approach to cover many forms and types of political conflicts, both peaceful and violent.
National and Transnational Elite Influences on Education: A Comparative Perspective on Shaping and Justifying Reforms (Educational Governance Research #27)
by Romuald Normand Lejf Moos Luís Miguel CarvalhoThis collection focuses on transformations in the governance of education, paying attention to the trans-nationalisation of educational policies and the emergence of new actors in education. It focuses on the knowledge and instruments of government that shape education systems at different scales of governance. The book is a contribution to this field of research, focusing on the new roles and responsibilities of elites inside and outside the education state. It offers in-depth case studies based on an international comparison, examining the dynamics at work in the production and circulation of knowledge, the interplay of interests and power, and the ability of elites to define and lead public action programmes. The research and reflections presented in this book will help students, researchers, practitioners and policy-makers to better understand the transformations in decision-making at a time of globalisation and nationalism in education.