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Resource Extraction and Contentious States: Mining And The Politics Of Scale In The Pacific Islands
by Matthew G. AllenThis Pivot offers a comprehensive cross-country study of the effects of large-scale resource extraction in Asia Pacific, considering how large-scale extractive industries engender contentious social, political and economic questions. Addressing the strong association in Melanesia between extractive resource industries and a spectrum of violence ranging from interpersonal to collective forms, it questions whether islands are particularly potent spaces for the contentious politics that attend enclave economies. The book brings island studies literature into a closer conversation with political and economic geography, demonstrating that islands provide rich spaces for the investigation of the socio-spatial relations at the heart of human geography’s theoretical cannon. The book also has a real-world policy edge, as the sustained and growing dominance of extractive industries, in concert with the highly contentious politics that they engender, places them at the centre of efforts to understand state formation, political reordering and the on-going negotiation of political settlements of various types throughout post-colonial Melanesia. It considers how extractive resource industries can shape processes of state formation, shedding new light on Melanesia’s resource curse.
Resource Governance and Developmental States in the Global South
by Jewellord Nem Singh F. BourgouinThe political economy landscape has shifted as multinational corporations increase their investment efforts, changing the geographies of extraction. The contributors make the argument for the need of new theoretical perspectives anchored in critical political economy to address structural dynamics in the global industry.
Resource Guide for Creating Successful Communities
by Luther Propst Stephen F. Harper Michael Mantell The Conservation FoundationDeveloped to assist users of Creating Successful Communities, the Resource Guide for Creating Successful Communities includes a detailed outline of the many tax benefits of private land conservation; examples of ordinances covering all land types, articles of incorporation, bylaws, and easements; and a glossary of growth management tools.
Resource Management Performance: A Sectoral Analysis in the Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region)
by Nabaz T. Khayyat Goran M. MuhamadThis book investigates the intricacies of resource management performance across various sectors within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. With 13 in-depth studies, it examines the region's evolution from an agricultural society to an emerging market since the collapse of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003. Oil and gas revenue, comprising over 85 percent of fiscal revenues, has attracted multinational companies and international humanitarian organizations, although external factors such as the ISIS conflict and global economic downturns have hindered their performance. Additionally, conflicts with Baghdad and the fallout of the ISIS war have led to double embargoes and economic crises, exacerbated by the region's provision for 2 million refugees and internally displaced persons. International entities like the IOM and UNDP have played vital roles in supporting the region's development amid these challenges. Despite these obstacles, the Kurdistan Region demonstrates significant economic potential. By scrutinizing resource management in sectors such as education and electricity, this book offers valuable insights and policy recommendations for researchers, decision-makers, and organizations invested in the region's growth and stability.
Resource Mobilization in Gulen-Inspired Hizmet
by Sanaa El-BannaThis scholarly book presents a case study of some of the London-based work of a social movement known as Hizmet, or the Gulen Movement. This transnational faith-inspired movement represents a rising trend of philanthropic social activism around the world and increasingly now in the Muslim world. This book grew out of the author's deep interest in Muslims' interaction with modern society, their social activism, and their response and contributions to global transformation. The author provides a unique insight into the Hizmet Movement, how it draws on Islamic resources, how it should be classified, and how it differs from other social movements.
Resource Nationalism and Energy Policy: Venezuela in Context (Center on Global Energy Policy Series)
by David R. MaresIt is widely thought that state ownership of natural resources, oil and natural gas in particular, causes countries to fall under the sway of the “resource curse.” In such cases, governments allegedly display “resource nationalism,” which destabilizes the economy, society, and politics. In this book, David R. Mares dispels these beliefs and develops a powerful new account of the relationship between state resource ownership and energy policy.Mares examines variations in energy policy across a wide range of countries, underscoring the fact that in most of the world outside the United States, subsoil natural resources are owned by the state. He considers the history of Latin American oil and gas policies and provides an in-depth analysis of Venezuela from 1989 to 2016—before, during, and after the presidency of Hugo Chávez. Mares demonstrates that the key factors that influence energy policy are the inclusiveness of the political system, the level of competitiveness within policy making, and the characteristics of individual leaders. Domestic politics, not state ownership, determines the effectiveness and efficiency of energy policies: the “resource curse” is avoidable. Drawing on these findings, Mares reconceptualizes resource nationalism, arguing that government intervention into resource extraction is legitimate as long as the benefits are shared through the provision of public goods. Featuring a sophisticated grasp of both Latin American politics and energy policy, this book sheds new light on why some governments are responsible stewards of natural resources while others appropriate national wealth for partisan or private benefit.
Resource Nationalism in Indonesia: Booms, Big Business, and the State
by Eve WarburtonIn Resource Nationalism in Indonesia, Eve Warburton traces nationalist policy trajectories in Indonesia back to the preferences of big local business interests. Commodity booms often prompt more nationalist policy styles in resource-rich countries. Usually, this nationalist push weakens once a boom is over. But in Indonesia, a major global exporter of coal, palm oil, nickel, and other minerals, the intensity of nationalist policy interventions increased after the early twenty-first-century commodity boom came to an end. Equally puzzling, the state applied nationalist policies unevenly across the land and resource sectors. Resource Nationalism in Indonesia explains these trends by examining the economic and political benefits that accrue to domestic business actors when commodity prices soar. Warburton shows how the centrality of patronage to Indonesia's democratic political economy, and the growing importance of mining and palm oil as drivers of export earnings, enhanced both the instrumental and structural power of major domestic companies, giving them new influence over the direction of nationalist change.
Resource Radicals: From Petro-Nationalism to Post-Extractivism in Ecuador (Radical Américas)
by Thea RiofrancosIn 2007, the left came to power in Ecuador. In the years that followed, the “twenty-first-century socialist” government and a coalition of grassroots activists came to blows over the extraction of natural resources. Each side declared the other a perversion of leftism and the principles of socioeconomic equality, popular empowerment, and anti-imperialism. In Resource Radicals, Thea Riofrancos unpacks the conflict between these two leftisms: on the one hand, the administration's resource nationalism and focus on economic development; and on the other, the anti-extractivism of grassroots activists who condemned the government's disregard for nature and indigenous communities. In this archival and ethnographic study, Riofrancos expands the study of resource politics by decentering state resource policy and locating it in a field of political struggle populated by actors with conflicting visions of resource extraction. She demonstrates how Ecuador's commodity-dependent economy and history of indigenous uprisings offer a unique opportunity to understand development, democracy, and the ecological foundations of global capitalism.
Resource Scarcity in Austere Environments: An Ethical Examination of Triage and Medical Rules of Eligibility (Military and Humanitarian Health Ethics)
by Daniel Messelken Sheena M. EaganThis book focuses on resource allocation in military and humanitarian medicine during times of scarcity and austerity. It is in these times that health systems bend, break, and even collapse and where resource allocation becomes a paramount concern and directly impacts clinical decision-making. Such times are challenging and this book covers this very important, yet, scarcely researched topic within the field of bioethics. This work brings together experts and practitioners in the fields of military health care, philosophy, ethics, and other disciplines to provide analysis on a variety of related topics ranging from case studies and first-hand experiences to policy and philosophical analysis. It is of great interest to to academics, practitioners, policy makers and students who are looking for analyses and guidance regarding the fair provision of medical care and the use of medical rules of eligibility under adverse conditions.
Resource Security and Governance: Globalisation and China’s Natural Resources Companies (Routledge Studies in Corporate Governance)
by Xinting Jia Roman TomasicChina’s phenomenal economic growth in the past 30 years has witnessed the rise of its global natural resources companies. At the same time, the emerging of a middle class in China and their desire to improve living standards including better dwelling conditions, better health and nutrition, has driven strong demand in mineral resources, energy and quality food. The so called ‘socialist market economy’ in China has seen this growing demand being met partially by companies with ‘national significance’. In the resources sector, these companies are represented by companies listed in stock exchanges in China as well as globally such as in New York and London; at the same time, most of these companies are also controlled by the Chinese government. China’s resources companies have expanded overseas in search of new acquisition targets whilst seeking to extend their global reach with a focus on resource rich countries. The expansion of these companies internationally, and the unique ownership structure of these companies, has posed challenges for regulators, trading partners of these companies, investors and other interested parties seeking to understand how these companies are governed and the implications of government ownership for resource security globally. Resource Security and Governance: The Globalisation of China’s Natural Resources Companies contains case studies of the global expansion efforts of Chinese global natural resources companies; it reviews the governance structures of these companies and analyses how these have affected the inter-relationship between these companies and their trading partners, governments, regulators in targeted countries and investors globally. In addition, this book examines how the unique structure of these companies may affect resource security globally and touches on other related matters such as climate change, and air and water security in China.
Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict
by Michael T. KlareThis sobering look at the future of warfare predicts that conflicts will now be fought over diminishing supplies of our most precious natural resources.From the barren oilfields of Central Asia to the lush Nile delta, from the busy shipping lanes of the South China Sea to the uranium mines and diamond fields of sub-Saharan Africa, Resource Wars looks at the growing impact of resource scarcity on the military policies of nations. International security expert Michael T. Klare argues that in the early decades of the new millennium wars will be fought not over ideology but over resources, as states battle to control dwindling supplies of precious natural commodities. The political divisions of the Cold War, Klare asserts, are giving way to an immense global scramble for essential materials, such as oil, timber, minerals, and water. And as armies throughout the world define resource security as their primary mission, widespread instability is bound to follow, especially in those places where resource competition overlaps with long-standing disputes over territorial rights.A much-needed assessment of a changed world, Resource Wars is a compelling look at the future of warfare in an era of heightened environmental stress and accelerated economic competition.
Resource Windfalls and Emerging Market Sovereign Bond Spreads: The Role of Political Institutions
by Rabah Arezki Markus BrücknerA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Resourceful Civil Society: Navigating the Changing Landscapes of Civil Society Organizations (Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research)
by Katarzyna Jezierska Zhanna Kravchenko Lisa KingsThis open access book examines how civil society organizations in Poland, Russia, and Sweden (re)act to transformations of opportunities and limitations in access to various forms of resources. The volume’s contributions discuss the constraints associated with different types of resources as well as organizations’ capacities to generate resources—or compensate for their lack—as they negotiate and contest barriers. The resourcefulness of civil society is revealed to be rooted in a variety of capabilities: converting resources, eliciting organizational change, and metamorphosing in response to organizational and environmental development.
Resources and Applied Methods in International Relations
by Guillaume DevinThis book constitutes an up-to-date methodology reference work for International Relations (IR) scholars and students. The study of IR calls for the use of multiple and various tools to try and describe international phenomena, analyze and understand them, compare them, interpret them, and try to offer theoretical approaches. In a nutshell, doing research in IR requires both tools and methods--from the use of archives to the translation of results through mapping, from conducting interviews to analyzing quantitative data, from constituting a corpus to the always touchy interpretation of images and discourses. This volume assembles twenty young researchers and professors in the field of IR and political science to discuss numerous rich and thoroughly explained case studies. Merging traditional political science approaches with methods borrowed from sociology and history, it offers a clear and instructive synthesis of the main resources and applied methods to study International Relations.
Resources for Reform: Oil and Neoliberalism in Argentina
by Elana SheverWhile most people live far from the sites of oil production, oil politics involves us all. Resources for Reformexplores how people's lives intersect with the increasingly globalized and concentrated oil industry through a close look at Argentina's experiment with privatizing its national oil company in the name of neoliberal reform. Examining Argentina's conversion from a state-controlled to a private oil market, Elana Shever reveals interconnections between large-scale transformations in society and small-scale shifts in everyday practice, intimate relationships, and identity. This engaging ethnography offers a window into the experiences of middle-class oil workers and their families, impoverished residents of shanty settlements bordering refineries, and affluent employees of transnational corporations as they struggle with rapid changes in the global economy, their country, and their lives. It reverberates far beyond the Argentine oil fields and offers a fresh approach to the critical study of neoliberalism, kinship, citizenship, and corporations.
Resources, Efficiency and Globalization
by Pavlos Dimitratos Marian V. JonesInternational business for the modern firm has to compromise the need to use limited resources and achieve efficiency in the global marketplace. This book examines these issues from the viewpoint of the internationalized SME, the big multinational and the local subsidiary drawing on research conducted in different countries.
Resources, Financial Risk and the Dynamics of Growth: Systems and Global Society
by Roberto Pasqualino Aled Wynne JonesThis book presents a new System Dynamics model (the ERRE model), a novel stock and flow consistent global impact assessment model designed by the authors to address the financial risks emerging from the interaction between economic growth and environmental limits under the presence of shocks. Building on the World3-03 Limits to Growth model, the ERRE links the financial system with the energy, agriculture and climate systems through the real economy, by means of feedback loops, time lags and non-linear rationally bounded decision making. Prices and their interaction with growth, inflation and interest rates are assumed to be the main driver of economic failure while reaching planetary limits. The model allows for the stress-testing of fat tail extreme risk scenarios, such as climate shocks, energy transition, monetary policies and carbon taxes. Risks are addressed via scenario analyses, compared to real available data, and assessed in terms of the economic theory that lies behind. The book outlines the case for a government led system change within this decade, where the market alone cannot lead to sustainable prosperity. This book will be of great interest to scholars of climate change, behavioural, ecological and evolutionary economics, green finance, and sustainable development.
Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict (Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science)
by Magnus Öberg Kaare StrømThis book explores how governance structures - domestic political institutions, international peacekeeping efforts, armed interventions by other states - and natural resources affect the onset, dynamics and the termination of civil wars. Written by leading researchers in the field of conflict research, it provides new insights into, and offers fresh perspectives on the role of governance structures and resources in civil conflict, suggesting that many of the same set of factors play important roles in the onset and dynamics of civil conflict as well as in the termination of such conflicts and in post-conflict stability. Presenting a variety of theoretical approaches and case studies on India, Sudan, the Basque country and Costa Rica, Governance, Resources and Civil Conflict will be of interest to students and scholars of politics, international relations and conflict studies.
Resources, Services and Risks
by Kristin Meyer Mathew Kurian Reza Ardakanian Linda Gonçalves VeigaThis book discusses the role of observatories in supportingevidence-based decision-making. The book focuses on issues of data accessibility,monitoring frameworks and governance processes with regard to environmentalresources - water, soil and waste. This publication highlights challenges related to policy-implementationmeasures and examines current monitoring approaches, and illustrates how theUNU-FLORES Nexus Observatory seeks to overcome concerns related to data,monitoring and governance of water, soil and waste resources. In particular,given that extreme weather events such as droughts and floods are predicted tobecome more frequent in the future, it discusses the need for improved hazardrisk monitoring. It proposes risk indices for drought and floods, which measureexposure and vulnerability to the phenomena through a multitude ofbio-physical, socio-economic and institutional indicators. Furthermore, thepotential for using openly accessible data made available through observatoriesin decision-making aimed at improving food security is also discussed. It acknowledgesgovernments as key players in environmental resource management, and recognizesthat decentralization reforms, as well as the emergence of information andcommunication technologies, have significantly changed the role of governmentsin promoting sustainable development. The book is particularlyrelevant for decision-makers, donor agencies, practitioners and students withan interest in environmental management who are also keen followers ofdiscussions on the post-2015 monitoring agenda.
Respect and Loathing in American Democracy: Polarization, Moralization, and the Undermining of Equality (Chicago Studies in American Politics)
by Elizabeth Theiss-Morse Jeff Spinner-HalevA deep examination of why respect is in short supply in politics today and why it matters. Respect is in trouble in the United States. Many Americans believe respecting others is a necessary virtue, yet many struggle to respect opposing partisans. Surprisingly, it is liberal citizens, who hold respect as central to their view of democratic equality, who often have difficulty granting respect to others. Drawing on evidence from national surveys, focus groups, survey experiments, and the views of political theorists, Jeff Spinner-Halev and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse explain why this is and why respect is vital to—and yet so lacking in—contemporary US politics. Respect and Loathing in American Democracy argues that liberals and conservatives are less divided than many believe, but alienate one another because they moralize different issues. Liberals moralize social justice, conservatives champion national solidarity, and this worldview divide keeps them at odds. Respect is both far-reaching and vital, yet it is much harder to grant than many recognize, partly because of the unseen tension between respect, social justice, and national solidarity. Respect and Loathing in American Democracy proposes a path forward that, while challenging, is far from impossible for citizens to traverse.
Respect and Power: The Foundations of Critical Ethics and Politics (Routledge Studies in Contemporary Philosophy)
by Roberto MordacciThis book presents a historically informed, theoretically systematic, and critically articulated theory of respect that challenges many of the presuppositions of the current debate in ethics and politics. It develops a theory of respect as the rule of power relations, which draws connections between Kant’s critical philosophy and Critical Theory.The concept of respect is the foundation of normative theory. Any human practice is subject to a judgment in terms of respect, and a comprehensive theory is needed to critically assess our individual and social practices. This book elaborates an uncommon understanding of respect through a historical reconstruction of the practices of respect and a theoretical analysis of the limits of current theories of respect. Power is the fundamental force at work in social relations, and respect is the recognition of power with a critical stance that defines how power is to be used and regulated. A close confrontation with Hannah Arendt’s and Michel Foucault’s conceptions of power offers the opportunity to clarify in which sense respect is the rule of power relations. This also helps to overcome the anthropocentric bias inherent in many theories of respect. It is important to recognize that living beings and nature possess power, and that we must acknowledge this and understand the limitations of our power over them.Respect and Power will appeal to researchers and graduate students working in moral and political philosophy, political theory, critical theory, and the social sciences.
Respectability and Violence: Military Values, Masculine Honor, and Italy’s Road to Mass Death (George L. Mosse Series in the History of European Culture, Sexuality, and Ideas)
by Lorenzo BenadusiIn the aftermath of national unification in the 1860s, the Italian army was tasked with molding generations of men from warring regions and different social strata into obedient citizens of a centralized state. Integrating large numbers of the educated middle classes into the young kingdom’s armed forces proved decisive in establishing the army as the “main school” and backbone for mass nationalization. Lorenzo Benadusi examines the intersection of Italian military and civil society over the last century as they coalesced in the figure of the gentleman-officer—an idealized image of an altruistic, charming, and competent ruling class that could influence the choices, values, and behavior of the “new Italians.” Respectability and Violence traces the relationship between civic virtues and military values from the post-Risorgimento period through the end of World War I, when the trauma of trench warfare made it necessary to again redefine ideas of chivalry and manliness and to accept violence as a necessary tool in defense of society and state. The language of conflict and attitudes about war forged in these decades—characterized by patriotism, heroism, and sacrifice—shaped the cultured bourgeoise into loyalists who ushered in Italy’s transition to a powerful Fascist political system. This unique study of the officer is crucial for understanding the military, social, and political history of Italy.
Responding To Financial Crisis: Lessons from Asia Then, The United States and Europe Now
by Adam S Posen Changyong RheeThe Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 was devastating for the region, but policymakers at least believed that they gained a great deal of knowledge on how to prevent, mitigate, and resolve crises in the future. Fifteen years later, the Asian developing countries escaped the worst effects of the global crisis of 2008-10, in part because they had learned the right lessons from their own experience. In this important study, the Asian Development Bank and Peterson Institute for International Economics join forces to illuminate the contrast between Asia's performance during the more recent crisis with its performance during its own crisis and the gap between what the US and EU leaders recommended to Asia then and what they have practiced on themselves since then. The overriding lessons emerging from the essays in this volume are that countries need to prepare for crises as if they cannot be prevented, make room for stabilization policies and deploy them rapidly when crises hit, and address the need for self-insurance globally if they can, or regionally if they must.
Responding to Banking Crises: Lessons from Cross-Country Evidence
by Enrica Detragiache Giang HoA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Responding to China's Rise
by Vinod K. Aggarwal Sara A. NewlandIn this edited volume, a set of issue and country experts tackle questions regarding China's current rise to power within the current international economic and political order. The current international system is governed by a "Western" conception of order and based on the primacy of post-World War II rules, drawn from liberal models of capitalism and democracy practiced in the US and in Western Europe. In this context, the most important and most uncertain questions facing the West over the next decade concern how the EU and the US will respond to China's rapid growth. Will the transatlantic relationship hold and become stronger, faced with this new economic and geopolitical challenge? Or will the US and the EU--an increasingly prominent global player--compete for economic and political advantage? After a brief introduction laying out the circumstances of China's economic and political rise and the challenges that this poses to the existing international order, the book proceeds in three sections. The first section provides competing theoretical perspectives on China's rise in a historical context. The second section provides a distinctly Chinese perspective on China's current rise. The third section looks at responses from the United States and the European Union, focusing on both economic and security issues as well as the implications of China's rise for US-EU relations. This book is relevant to both scholars and policymakers concerned with Chinese domestic politics and foreign policy, US foreign policy, EU foreign policy, China-US relations, China-EU relations, international security, international political economy and emerging markets.