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Russia Enters the Twentieth Century: 1894-1917 (Routledge Revivals)
by George Katkov Erwin Oberländer Nikolaus Poppe Georg Von RauchFirst published in 1971 (in its English translation), Russia Enters the Twentieth Century provides a broad and detailed survey of Russia during the two decades leading up to the revolution. An international team of scholars examines each significant aspect of Russian life to create a comprehensive portrait of Russia under Nicholas II (1894–1917), free from the myths imposed by historians who, on both sides, have tended to interpret it through the lens of the revolution that followed, rather than studying it objectively as a distinct period. This work serves as an important historical reference for students and researchers of Russian history.
Russia In The New Century: Stability Or Disorder?
by Victoria BonnellWhat has happened to Russia since the collapse of communism in 1991 and where is the country going in the new century? Russia has escaped widespread social disorder or political collapse, but few observers would argue that the situation has stabilized. Seventeen distinguished scholars from the United States, Russia, and Europe analyze the institutions, social forces, and ideas that are transforming Russia and are, in turn, being transformed in Russia today. The first multidisciplinary assessment of the Yeltsin era, Russia in the New Century: Stability or Disorder? focuses on superpresidentialism, the Constitutional Court, the military, the virtual economy, the network society, organized crime, the new entrepreneurs, workers, survival networks, Russian political parties and nationalism, and the crisis in Dagestan. Thirteen essays and the editors' introduction offer new perspectives on Russia's prospects for stability and disorder in the twenty-first century.
Russia Leaves the War: Russia Leaves The War (classic Reprint) (Princeton Classics #127)
by George Frost KennanWinner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman PrizeFrom acclaimed diplomat and historian George Kennan, a landmark history of the crucial months in 1917–1918 that forged the pattern of Soviet-American relationsWhen the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917, American diplomats in St. Petersburg and Moscow were thrown into a bewildering situation. Should the new regime be recognized? What was its true nature? And was there any way to keep Russia fighting against Germany in the Great War? In vivid detail, George Kennan’s classic history tells the gripping story of the Americans’ furious, and ultimately failed, efforts to strike a deal to keep the Soviets in the war—and how these events set the pattern of future relations between the two emerging superpowers. In a new foreword, Kennan biographer Frank Costigliola puts the book in the context of its Cold War publication and Kennan’s life.
Russia Rebounds
by David Owen David O. RobinsonThis book analyses Russia's dramatic economic recovery since the country's financial crisis in 1998, with the focus on macroeconomic issues and fiscal and banking sector reforms. It considers the various factors underlying this recovery and highlights key policy challenges that will need to be addressed in order to ensure that the post-crisis recovery is sustained. Chapters look at macroeconomic policymaking; structural reforms and the growth outlook; tax and public expenditure reforms; the banking crisis and recovery; debt problems and the road from default to sustainability.
Russia Reconsidered: Putin, Power, and Pragmatism
by Matthew CrosstonA collection of essays that shed light on Russia&’s beliefs and political motivations, as well as its views on and relationship with America. Dr. Matthew Crosston gives readers a close look at the many facets of the strained foreign relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation. While acknowledging the pragmatism, self-interest, and unethical aspects of Russia&’s foreign policy, Crosston argues that this ever-tense situation is best viewed through an amoral, apolitical, and unbiased lens—a controversial approach in a country whose citizens have viewed Russia, the Former Soviet Union, as a black-and-white, clear-cut villain for decades. But with extensive research from the last few years, Crosston offers Americans a fresh perspective, and breaks up the current political and media narratives with a voice of hope and reason.Praise for Russia Reconsidered&“A powerful argument against the oversimplified, black-and-white, one-sided interpretations of the current crisis between Russia and the West. The collection of essays offers a remarkable diversity of views, narratives, and perceptions—a valuable source for those trying to get beyond the usual stereotypes and conventional wisdom.&” —Andrey Kortunov, director general of the Russian International Affairs Council&“A catalog of excellent insights offered by various journalists and analysts on the current US-Russia relationship. Both sides are examined over various subjects from Syria to climate change to computer espionage. Opposing viewpoints are offered but challenged as well. A timely, much needed treatise.&” —Manhattan Book Review
Russia Reverts to Muscovy: What if We Simply Drop "Russia" from the Discourse? (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series)
by Stefan HedlundRussia Reverts to Muscovy explores the implications of removing the notion of “Russia” from political and scholarly discourse.The book posits the following questions: Should the state ruled from Moscow be termed “Russia”? Might not “Muscovy” be more appropriate? It reflects on how academia has conceptualized developments among the Eastern Slavs over the centuries from the early days of Muscovy up until the present-day Russian Federation with the result that by consistently viewing events through a Moscow lens the West has been instrumental in supporting Muscovite claims to hegemony and thus in allowing Moscow to play an outsized role not only in the region but also in global geopolitics. This book highlights the more recent developments of the Muscovite state, and the increasingly hollow nature of the claims of the Russian Federation to represent all of Russia.Exploring how the Eastern Slav world could be conceptualized differently and how this world might develop in reality, this book will be of interest to researchers in International Relations, Ethnic Studies, Political Science, and Central Asian, Russian and Soviet Politics.
Russia Today and Conspiracy Theories: People, Power and Politics on RT (Conspiracy Theories)
by Ilya Yablokov Precious N Chatterje-DoodyThe Russian international media outlet Russia Today (RT) has been widely accused in the Western world of producing government propaganda and conspiracy theories. This book explores for the first time the role that conspiracy theories actually play in the network’s broadcasts. More than this, it provides the first ever study of how the Russian government engages with conspiracy theories in the international arena, with a particular focus on the use of conspiracy theories as an instrument of public diplomacy. RT was established in 2005 to represent Russia to the world, and to present a Russian perspective on global events. Whilst some of RT’s more overtly conspiratorial output has been taken off the air, the network remains a source of significant concern for governments and intelligence agencies in Europe and North America. Now, more than ever, policymakers, journalists, academics, and intelligence services alike seek to understand the role RT plays in the Russian government’s foreign policy agenda. The authors use RT as a case study to investigate how global communication technologies influence the development and dissemination of conspiracy theories, which are also an important component of the post-Soviet Russian intellectual landscape and Kremlin-sponsored political discourse. This book will appeal to students and scholars of Politics and International Relations, Russian Studies, and Conspiracy Theories.
Russia Under Khrushchev
by Alexander WerthNikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958-1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev’s party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.Originally published in 1961, “concerns what I call the Khrushchev phase, rather than the Khrushchev epoch. An “epoch” suggests something complete, with clearly-defined limits and contours, and sharply-marked characteristics. A “phase,” especially one still in progress, is something much more fluid. During these years, dominated by Khrushchev, the most changeable, most empirical and sometimes most unpredictable of Soviet leaders, Russia continues to be in a state of flux and transition.” (Author’s Note)The book is a political and cultural analysis of Khrushchev’s Russia and its relations with the West, and particularly with the United States.“From inside the Iron Curtain…a very human portrayal.”—The Times, London
Russia Upside Down: An Exit Strategy for the Second Cold War
by Joseph WeisbergA former CIA officer and the creator of the hit TV series The Americans makes the case that America's policy towards Russia is failing--and we'll never fix it until we rethink our relationship. Coming of age in America in the 1970s and 80s, Joe Weisberg was a Cold Warrior. After briefly studying Russian in Leningrad, he joined the CIA in 1990--just in time to watch the Soviet Union collapse. But less than a decade after the first Cold War ended, a new one broke out. Russia changed in many of the ways that America hoped it might--more capitalist, more religious, more open to Western ideas. But US sanctions have crippled Russia's economy; and Russia's interventions have exacerbated political problems in America. The old paradigm--America, the free capitalist good guys, fighting Russia, the repressive communist bad guys--simply doesn't apply anymore. But we've continued to act as if it does. In this bold and controversial book, Joe Weisberg interrogates these assumptions, asking hard questions about American policy and attempting to understand what Russia truly wants. Russia Upside Down makes the case against the new Cold War. It suggests that we are fighting an enemy with whom we have few if any serious conflicts of interest. It argues that we are fighting with ineffective and dangerous tools. And most of all, it aims to demonstrate that our approach is not working. With our own political system in peril and continually buffeted by Russian attacks, we need a new framework, urgently. Russia Upside Down shows the stakes and begins to lay out that new plan, at a time when it is badly needed.
Russia Without Putin: Money, Power and the Myths of the New Cold War
by Tony WoodHow the West's obsession with Vladimir Putin prevents it from understanding RussiaIt is impossible to think of Russia today without thinking of Vladimir Putin. More than any other major national leader, he personifies his country in the eyes of the outside world, and dominates Western media coverage of it to an extraordinary extent. In Russia itself, he is likewise the centre of attention for detractors and supporters alike. But as Tony Wood argues, this overwhelming focus on the president and his personality means that we understand Russia less than we ever did before. Too much attention is paid to the man, and not enough to the country outside the Kremlin's walls. In this timely and provocative analysis, Wood looks beyond Putin to explore the profound changes Russia has undergone since 1991. In the process, he challenges many of the common assumptions made about contemporary Russia. Though commonly viewed as an ominous return to Soviet authoritarianism, Putin's rule should instead be seen as a direct continuation of Yeltsin's in the 1990s. And though many of Russia's problems today are blamed on legacies of the Soviet past, Wood argues that the core features of Putinism--a predatory, authoritarian elite presiding over a vastly unequal society--are integral to the system set in place after the fall of Communism.What kind of country has emerged from Russia's post-Soviet transformations, and where might it go in future? Russia Without Putin culminates in an arresting analysis of the country's foreign policy--identifying the real power dynamics behind its escalating clashes with the West--and with reflections on the paths Russia might take in the 21st century.
Russia after the Cold War
by Cameron Ross Mike BowkerIn Russia after the Cold War the editors provide an accessible and comprehensive survey of the state of Russia at the end of the twentieth century, as it seeks to come to terms with its new status in the world community, the pressures and tensions arising from economic and social change and with the problems of ensuring a democratic future. Written by a specially commissioned team of internationally respected experts on contemporary Russia, Russia after the Cold War is ideally suited as a main text for introductory courses on modern Russia within a politics, Area Studies or combined social science degree.Contributors: Alexei Avtonomov, Edwin Bacon, John Berryman, Christoph Bluth, Michael Cox, Nadia Davidova, Mark Galeotti, James Hughes, Roger E. Kanet, Julie A. Lund, Nick Manning, Andrew Patmore, Anthony Phillips, Richard Sakwa, Peter Shearman, Mark Webber, Stephen Webber, Stephen White, Matthew Wyman.
Russia against the Rest: The Post-Cold War Crisis of World Order
by Richard SakwaIn this book Richard Sakwa provides a new analysis of the end of the Cold War and the subsequent failure to create a comprehensive and inclusive peace order in Europe. The end of the Cold War did not create a sustainable peace system. Instead, for a quarter of a century a 'cold peace' reflected the tension between cooperative and competitive behaviour. None of the fundamental problems of European security were resolved, and tensions accumulated. In 2014 the crisis exploded in the form of conflict in Ukraine, provoking what some call a 'new Cold War'. Russia against the Rest challenges the view that this is a replay of the old conflict, explaining how the tensions between Russia and the Atlantic community reflect a global realignment of the international system. Sakwa provides a balanced and carefully researched analysis of the trajectory of European and global politics since the late 1980s.
Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation
by Alvin Z. Rubinstein Oles M. Smolansky George GinsburgsCompiled against the background of the enormous sociopolitical change in China between 1970 and 1990, this work provides a detailed lexicography of political and social life in China. It includes 1600 entries, each averaging half a page in length.
Russia and America: The Asymmetric Rivalry
by Andrei P. TsygankovIn recent times, US-Russia relations have deteriorated to what both sides acknowledge is an “all time low.” Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election and Putin’s continued support for the Assad regime in Syria have placed enormous strain on this historically tense and complex relationship. In one of the first analyses of the evolving Trump-Putin relationship, leading scholar of Russian foreign policy Andrei P. Tsygankov challenges the dominant view that US-Russia relations have entered a new Cold War phase. Russia’s US strategy, he argues, can only be understood in the context of a changing international order. While America strives to preserve its global dominance, Russia—the weaker power—exploits its asymmetric capabilities and relations with non-Western allies to defend and promote its interests, and to avoid yielding to US pressures. Focusing on key areas of conflict and mutual convergence—from European security to China and the Middle East, as well as cyber, nuclear, and energy issues—Tsygankov paints a nuanced and unsentimental picture of two countries whose ties are likely to remain marked by suspicion and conflict for years to come.
Russia and EU in the New World Disorder: Revisiting Sovereignty and Balance of Power in the study of Russian Foreign Policy (Post-Soviet Politics)
by Aziz ElmuradovThis book makes an original contribution to Russia-EU literature by analyzing constructions and trans-formations of the Russian ‘Self’ in relation to the European "Other". It provides an orientation towards understanding Russian foreign policy discourse under Putin and offers a thorough analysis of the actions of key policy actors to ground the Russian discourse ideationally, historically, psychologically, and politico-sociologically. Providing a rich analysis of how Russian foreign policy toward the EU evolved from cooperation to competition and ultimately conflict, the author argues that to understand these changes and continuities we must explore concepts of sovereignty and balance of power central to the drafting of Russian foreign policy. Primarily situated in the fields of International Relations and Russian foreign policy, this book will also be of interest to scholars in the fields of Foreign Policy Analysis, Post-Soviet Studies, Eurasian Studies, Historical International Relations, Critical Security Studies, Political Sociology, and Political Psychology.
Russia and Europe: Building Bridges, Digging Trenches (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series)
by Kjell Engelbrekt and Bertil NygrenRussian-European political relations have always been problematic and one of the main reasons for this is the different perspectives on even the very basic notions and concepts of political life. With a worldwide recession, the problems as well as the opportunities in Russian-European relations are magnified. While most works on Russian-European, Russian-American and Russian-West relations focus on current policies and explain them from a standard set of explanatory variables, this book penetrates deeper into the structural and ideational differences that tend to bring about misperceptions, miscalculations, misinterpretations and misdeeds in this two-directional relationship. It applies a very broad conceptual framework to analyse differences that are as relevant for Europe and the EU as it is to Russia’s immediate neighbours and, while doing so, identifies the key factors that will dominate Russia-EU ties in the next decade.
Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe
by Angela E. StentThe relationship between Russia and Germany has been pivotal in some of the most fateful events of the twentieth century: the two World Wars, the Cold War, and the emergence of a new Europe from the ashes of communism. This is the first book to examine the recent evolution of that tense and often violent relationship from both the Russian and German perspectives. Angela Stent combines interviews with key international figures--including Mikhail Gorbachev--with insights gleaned from newly declassified archives in East Germany and her own profound understanding of Russian-German relations. She presents a remarkable review of the events and trends of the past three decades: the onset of d tente, the unification of Germany, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the rise of an uncertain new European order. Stent reveals the chaos and ambivalence behind the Soviet negotiating strategy that led--against Gorbachev's wishes--to that old Soviet nightmare, a united Germany in NATO. She shows how German strength and Russian weakness have governed the delicate dance of power between recently unified Germany and newly democratized Russia. Finally, she lays out several scenarios for the future of Russian-German relations--some optimistic and others darkened by the threat of a new authoritarianism. Russia and Germany Reborn is crucial reading for anyone interested in a relationship that changed the course of the twentieth century and that will have a powerful impact on the next.
Russia and Germany: Century of Conflict
by Walter LaqueurDespite changes in the international constellation since Russia and Germany initially appeared in 1965, the relationship between these two nations remains the most important single issue in European politics and East-West affairs. This study of what Russians and Germans have thought of each other and the fateful consequences of their interacting ideas is of lasting significance.The fact that Russia and Germany have embodied extreme manifestations of the totalitarian plague in the twentieth century. After briefly exploring the historical origins of Russophobia in Germany and of anti-Germanism in Russia, Laqueur reviews in detail the confrontation of Nazism and Bolshevism that culminated in World War II. He deals with the Russian origins of National Socialism and the ideology of the Russian far right from the days of the "Black Hundred" to its recent revival.This edition includes a major new introduction by the author, reviewing developments in the relationship between Russia and Germany in the last 25 years, and speculating about its future. Long out of print, Russia and Germany will be again welcomed by political scientists, students of international relations, and all those with an interest in recent history and current events.
Russia and Islam: State, Society and Radicalism (BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies)
by Roland DannreutherSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the Russian state and Russia's Muslim communities have struggled to find a new modus vivendi in a rapidly changing domestic and international socio-political context. At the same time as Islamic religious belief and practice have flourished, the state has become increasingly concerned about the security implications of this religious revival, reflecting and responding to a more general international concern over radicalised political Islam. This book examines contemporary developments in Russian politics, how they impact on Russia's Muslim communities, how these communities are helping to shape the Russian state, and what insights this provides to the nature and identity of the Russian state both in its inward and outward projection. The book provides an up-to-date and broad-ranging analysis of the opportunities and challenges confronting contemporary Muslim communities in Russia that is not confined in scope to Chechnya or the North Caucasus, and which goes beyond simplistic characterisations of Muslims as a 'threat'. Instead, it engages with the role of political Islam in Russia in a nuanced way, sensitive to regional and confessional differences, highlighting Islam's impact on domestic and foreign policy and investigating sources of both radicalisation and de-radicalisation.
Russia and Its Islamic World: From the Mongol Conquest to The Syrian Military Intervention
by Robert ServiceRussia has long played an influential part in its world of Islam, and not all the dimensions are as widely understood as they ought to be. In Russia and Its Islamic World, Robert Service examines Russia's interactions with Islam at home and around the globe and pinpoints the tsarist and Soviet legacy, current complications, and future possibilities. The author details how the Russian encounter with Islam was close and problematic long before the twenty-first century and how Russia has recently chosen to interfere in Muslim states of the Middle East, building alliances and making enemies. Service reveals how some features of the present-day relationship continue past policies; others are starkly and perilously different, making the current moment in global affairs dangerous for both Russians and the rest of us. He describes how the Kremlin dominates Muslims in the Russian Federation, exerts a deep influence on the Muslim-inhabited states on Russia's southern frontiers, and has lunged militarily and politically into the Middle East. Foreign Muslims, he shows, do not value the leadership in Moscow except as a means to an end; Putin's pose as a friend of the Islamic world is no more than a pose—and a hypocritical one at that.
Russia and Latin America: From Nation-State to Society of States
by Marvin L. Astrada Félix E. MartínToday, extensive interconnected global processes provide non-state actors with a degree of agency that a 'System of States' paradigm cannot account for alone. Using Russia-Latin America relations as a case study and applying a Complex Adaptive Systems perspective, this work explores alternative international mechanisms of order and organization.
Russia and NATO since 1991: From Cold War Through Cold Peace to Partnership? (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics)
by Martin SmithThis is the first comprehensive analysis of the development of relations between Russia and NATO since 1991. Since the re-emergence of Russia as an independent state in December 1991, debates and controversies surrounding its evolving relations with NATO have been a prominent feature of the European security scene. This is the first detailed and comprehensive book-length analysis of Russia-NATO relations, covering the years 1991-2005. This new volume investigates the nature and substance of the ‘partnership’ relations that have developed between Russia and NATO since the end of the Cold War. It looks at the impact that the Kosovo crisis, September 11th, the Iraq War and the creation of the NATO-Russia Council have on this complex relationship. The author concludes that Russia and NATO have, so far, developed a pragmatic partnership, but one that may potentially develop into a more significant strategic partnership. This book will appeal to students and scholars of international relations, European politics and European security.
Russia and North-East Asia (Adelphi series)
by Chikahito HaradaRussia has recently strengthened its diplomatic relations with its North-East Asian neighbours - China, Japan, and North and South Korea. But without much more reform at home, Russia will be neither attractive as a partner nor live up to its full potential. Chikahito Harada assesses the reasons for Russia's policy towards North East Asia and offers key policy recommendations.
Russia and Ukraine: Entangled Histories, Diverging States
by Maria Popova Oxana ShevelIn February 2022, Russian missiles rained on Ukrainian cities, and tanks rolled towards Kyiv to end Ukrainian independent statehood. President Zelensky declined a Western evacuation offer and Ukrainians rallied to defend their country. What are the roots of this war, which has upended the international legal order and brought back the spectre of nuclear escalation? How did these supposedly “brotherly peoples” become each other’s worst nightmare? In Russia and Ukraine: Entangled Histories, Diverging States, Maria Popova and Oxana Shevel explain how since 1991 Russia and Ukraine diverged politically, ending up on a collision course. Russia slid back into authoritarianism and imperialism, while Ukraine consolidated a competitive political system and pro-European identity. As Ukraine built a democratic nation-state, Russia refused to accept it and came to see it as an “anti-Russia” project. After political and economic pressure proved ineffective, and even counterproductive, Putin went to war to force Ukraine back into the fold of the “Russian world.” Ukraine resisted, determined to pursue European integration as a sovereign state. These irreconcilable goals, rather than geopolitical wrangling between Russia and the West over NATO expansion, are – the authors argue – essential to understanding Russia’s war on Ukraine.
Russia and its Near Neighbours
by Maria Raquel Freire Roger E. KanetRussia has recently re-emerged as the dominant political, economic and military actor in former Soviet nations. Kanet and Freire bring together a stellar cast of contributors to consider Russia's recent return as a major regional and international actor and its likely future policy toward its neighbours.