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Modeling Dyadic and Interdependent Data in the Developmental and Behavioral Sciences
by Noel A. CardThis book reviews methods of conceptualizing, measuring, and analyzing interdependent data in developmental and behavioral sciences. Quantitative and developmental experts describe best practices for modeling interdependent data that stem from interactions within families, relationships, and peer groups, for example. Complex models for analyzing longitudinal data, such as growth curves and time series, are also presented. Many contributors are innovators of the techniques and all are able to clearly explain the methodologies and their practical problems including issues of measurement, missing data, power and sample size, and the specific limitations of each method. Featuring a balance between analytic strategies and applications, the book addresses: The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model for analyzing influence between two individuals The Intraclass Correlational Approach for analyzing distinguishable roles (parent-child) or exchangeable (same-sex) dyadic data The Social Relations Model for analyzing group interdependency Social Network Analysis approaches for relationships between individuals This book is intended for graduate students and researchers across the developmental, social, behavioral, and educational sciences. It is an excellent research guide and a valuable resource for advanced methods courses.
Modeling Human Behavior With Integrated Cognitive Architectures: Comparison, Evaluation, and Validation
by Kevin A. Gluck Richard W. PewResulting from the need for greater realism in models of human and organizational behavior in military simulations, there has been increased interest in research on integrative models of human performance, both within the cognitive science community generally, and within the defense and aerospace industries in particular. This book documents accomplishments and lessons learned in a multi-year project to examine the ability of a range of integrated cognitive modeling architectures to explain and predict human behavior in a common task environment that requires multi-tasking and concept learning.This unique project, called the Agent-Based Modeling and Behavior Representation (AMBR) Model Comparison, involved a series of human performance model evaluations in which the processes and performance levels of computational cognitive models were compared to each other and to human operators performing the identical tasks. In addition to quantitative data comparing the performance of the models and real human performance, the book also presents a qualitatively oriented discussion of the practical and scientific considerations that arise in the course of attempting this kind of model development and validation effort.The primary audiences for this book are people in academia, industry, and the military who are interested in explaining and predicting complex human behavior using computational cognitive modeling approaches. The book should be of particular interest to individuals in any sector working in Psychology, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, Industrial Engineering, System Engineering, Human Factors, Ergonomics and Operations Research. Any technically or scientifically oriented professional or student should find the material fully accessible without extensive mathematical background.
Modeling Human Behaviors in Psychology Using Engineering Methods
by Chi-Chun LeeThe main purpose of the work is to showcase the interdisciplinary engineering approaches in modeling and understanding human behaviors during interpersonal interactions those that could be typical, distressed, or atypical. The ability to measure human behaviors quantitatively has been a core component and a major research direction in both fields of engineering and psychology – though often with distinct approaches designed for different targeted applications. Engineering methods often strive to achieve high predictive accuracies using behavioral informatics techniques; these techniques employ a combination of behavior measures derived using automated signal based descriptors, and of statistical frameworks modeled using machine learning techniques. These approaches are often distinct from the observational approaches the gold standard for the past three decades in the study of psychology, even in clinical settings. The observational approaches are largely based on human subjective judgments.
Modeling Intraindividual Variability With Repeated Measures Data: Methods and Applications (Multivariate Applications Series)
by D. S. Moskowitz Scott L. HershbergerThis book examines how individuals behave across time and to what degree that behavior changes, fluctuates, or remains stable. It features the most current methods on modeling repeated measures data as reported by a distinguished group of experts in the field. The goal is to make the latest techniques used to assess intraindividual variability accessible to a wide range of researchers. Each chapter is written in a "user-friendly" style such that even the "novice" data analyst can easily apply the techniques. Each chapter features: a minimum discussion of mathematical detail; an empirical example applying the technique; and a discussion of the software related to that technique. Content highlights include analysis of mixed, multi-level, structural equation, and categorical data models. It is ideal for researchers, professionals, and students working with repeated measures data from the social and behavioral sciences, business, or biological sciences.
Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data: Practical Issues, Applied Approaches, and Specific Examples
by Todd D. Little Kai U. Schnabel J̈rgen BaumertThis book focuses on the practical issues and approaches to handling longitudinal and multilevel data. All data sets and the corresponding command files are available via the Web. The working examples are available in the four major SEM packages--LISREL, EQS, MX, and AMOS--and two Multi-level packages--HLM and MLn. All equations and figural conventions are standardized across each contribution. The material is accessible to practicing researchers and students. Users can compare and contrast various analytic approaches to longitudinal and multiple-group data including SEM, Multi-level, LTA, and standard GLM techniques. Ideal for graduate students and practicing researchers in social and behavioral sciences.
Modeling Ordered Choices: A Primer
by William H. Greene David A. HensherIt is increasingly common for analysts to seek out the opinions of individuals and organizations using attitudinal scales such as degree of satisfaction or importance attached to an issue. Examples include levels of obesity, seriousness of a health condition, attitudes towards service levels, opinions on products, voting intentions, and the degree of clarity of contracts. Ordered choice models provide a relevant methodology for capturing the sources of influence that explain the choice made amongst a set of ordered alternatives. The methods have evolved to a level of sophistication that can allow for heterogeneity in the threshold parameters, in the explanatory variables (through random parameters), and in the decomposition of the residual variance. This book brings together contributions in ordered choice modeling from a number of disciplines, synthesizing developments over the last fifty years, and suggests useful extensions to account for the wide range of sources of influence on choice.
Modeling Sensorineural Hearing Loss
by Walt JesteadtA recent study indicates that 20 million people in the United States have significant sensorineural hearing loss. Approximately 95% of those people have partial losses, with varying degrees of residual hearing. These percentages are similar in other developed countries. What changes in the function of the cochlea or inner ear cause such losses? What does the world sound like to the 19 million people with residual hearing? How should we transform sounds to correct for the hearing loss and maximize restoration of normal hearing? Answers to such questions require detailed models of the way that sounds are processed by the nervous system, both for listeners with normal hearing and for those with sensorineural hearing loss. This book contains chapters describing the work of 25 different research groups. A great deal of research in recent years has been aimed at obtaining a better physiological description of the altered processes that cause sensorineural hearing loss and a better understanding of transformations that occur in the perception of those sounds that are sufficiently intense that they can still be heard. Efforts to understand these changes in function have lead to a better understanding of normal function as well. This research has been based on rigorous mathematical models, computer simulations of mechanical and physiological processes, and signal processing simulations of the altered perceptual experience of listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. This book provides examples of all these approaches to modeling sensorineural hearing loss and a summary of the latest research in the field.
Modeling Visual Aesthetics, Emotion, and Artistic Style
by James Z. Wang Reginald B. Adams Jr.Modeling Visual Aesthetics, Emotion, and Artistic Style offers a comprehensive exploration of the increasingly significant topic of the complex interplay between human perception and digital technology. It embodies the cumulative knowledge and efforts of a wide array of active researchers and practitioners from diverse fields including computer vision, affective computing, robotics, psychology, data mining, machine learning, art history, and movement analysis. This volume seeks to address the profound and challenging research questions related to the computational modeling and analysis of visual aesthetics, emotions, and artistic style, vital components of the human experience that are increasingly relevant in our digitally connected world. The book's vast scope encompasses a broad range of topics. The initial chapters lay a strong foundation with background knowledge on emotion models and machine learning, which then transitions into exploring social visual perception in humans and its technological applications. Readers will uncover the psychological and neurological foundations of social and emotional perception from faces and bodies. Subsequent sections broaden this understanding to include technology's role in detecting discrete and subtle emotional expressions, examining facial neutrality, and including research contexts that involve children as well as adults. Furthermore, the book illuminates the dynamic intersection of art and technology, the language of photography, the relationship between breath-driven robotic performances and human dance, and the application of machine learning in analyzing artistic styles. This book sets itself apart with its unique multidisciplinary approach, encouraging collaboration across related domains. Packed with comprehensive tutorials, theoretical reviews, novel methodologies, empirical investigations, and comparative analyses, the book offers a rich combination of knowledge and methodologies. The book's focus on cutting-edge research not only presents the latest developments in the field but also illuminates potential paths that can lead to significant advancements in computer and robotic applications.
Modeling in the Neurosciences: From Ionic Channels to Neural Networks
by Roman R. PoznanskiWith contributions from more than 40 renowned experts, Modeling in the Neurosciences: From Ionic Channels to Neural Networks is essential for those interested in neuronal modeling and quantitative neiroscience. Focusing on new mathematical and computer models, techniques and methods, this monograph represents a cohesive and comprehensive treatment
Modeling, Simulation and Visual Analysis of Crowds
by Mubarak Shah Saad Ali Ko Nishino Dinesh ManochaOver the last several years there has been a growing interest in developing computational methodologies for modeling and analyzing movements and behaviors of 'crowds' of people. This interest spans several scientific areas that includes Computer Vision, Computer Graphics, and Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics. Despite the fact that these different scientific fields are trying to model the same physical entity (i. e. a crowd of people), research ideas have evolved independently. As a result each discipline has developed techniques and perspectives that are characteristically their own. The goal of this book is to provide the readers a comprehensive map towards the common goal of better analyzing and synthesizing the pedestrian movement in dense, heterogeneous crowds. The book is organized into different parts that consolidate various aspects of research towards this common goal, namely the modeling, simulation, and visual analysis of crowds. Through this book, readers will see the common ideas and vision as well as the different challenges and techniques, that will stimulate novel approaches to fully grasping "crowds. "
Modelling Command and Control: Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (Human Factors in Defence)
by Neville A. Stanton Chris BaberSince its inception, just after the Second World War, Human Factors research has paid special attention to the issues surrounding human control of systems. Command and control environments continue to represent a challenging domain for human factors research. Modelling Command and Control takes a broad view of command and control research, to include C2 (command and control), C3 (command, control and communication), and C4 (command, control, communication and computers) as well as human supervisory control paradigms. The book presents case studies in diverse military applications (for example, land, sea and air) of command and control. The book explores the differences and similarities in the land, sea and air domains; the theoretical and methodological developments, approaches to system and interface design, and the workload and situation awareness issues involved. It places the role of humans as central and distinct from other aspects of the system. Using extensive case study material, Modelling Command and Control demonstrates how the social and technical domains interact, and why each require equal treatment and importance in the future.
Modelling High-level Cognitive Processes
by John Fox Richard P. Cooper With Contributi Peter G. Yule David W. Glasspool Richard P. CooperThis book is a practical guide to building computational models of high-level cognitive processes and systems. High-level processes are those central cognitive processes involved in thinking, reasoning, planning, and so on. These processes appear to share representational and processing requirements, and it is for this reason that they are considered together in this text. The book is divided into three parts. Part I considers foundational and background issues. Part II provides a series of case studies spanning a range of cognitive domains. Part III reflects upon issues raised by the case studies. Teachers of cognitive modeling may use material from Part I to structure lectures and practical sessions, with chapters in Part II forming the basis of in-depth student projects. All models discussed in this book are developed within the COGENT environments. COGENT provides a graphical interface in which models may be sketched as "box and arrow" diagrams and is both a useful teaching tool and a productive research tool. As such, this book is designed to be of use to both students of cognitive modeling and active researchers. For students, the book provides essential background material plus an extensive set of example models, exercises and project material. Researchers of both symbolic and connectionist persuasions will find the book of interest for its approach to cognitive modeling, which emphasizes methodological issues. They will also find that the COGENT environment itself has much to offer.
Modelling Human Behaviour in Landscapes
by Oliver Nakoinz Daniel KnitterThis volume is designed as a 12-lecture textbook, which can serve as a course companion, self teaching guide and handbook for basic concepts. Each lecture comprises 20 pages, in which the methods are introduced, examples shown and the code is given. All examples are computed with open source software, mainly R, and with archaeological data available from the book's website. The book does not describe elaborated high-end models but rather very basic modelling concepts that serve as components in more complex models. The book enables the reader to construct such models by themselves and be sensitive for certain problems. In addition it gives hints for the interpretation of the results. Students are usually quick to apply fancy methods yet fail in the proper interpretation due to a lack of understanding of the underlying principles. This problem is addressed by the proposed book through three concepts: 1. Command line software forces the students to first learn some details before they are able to produce results on their own. 2. The book is focused on principles and methods. When the students understand a few basic principles, they have far better access to a wide range of related methods. 3. Examples of poor analysis highlight common pitfalls. The volume attempts to be an applied, minimalistic and efficient textbook and is based upon several successful courses.
Modelling Human Motion: From Human Perception to Robot Design
by Nicoletta Noceti Alessandra Sciutti Francesco ReaThe new frontiers of robotics research foresee future scenarios where artificial agents will leave the laboratory to progressively take part in the activities of our daily life. This will require robots to have very sophisticated perceptual and action skills in many intelligence-demanding applications, with particular reference to the ability to seamlessly interact with humans. It will be crucial for the next generation of robots to understand their human partners and at the same time to be intuitively understood by them. In this context, a deep understanding of human motion is essential for robotics applications, where the ability to detect, represent and recognize human dynamics and the capability for generating appropriate movements in response sets the scene for higher-level tasks. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this challenging research field, closing the loop between perception and action, and between human-studies and robotics. The book is organized in three main parts. The first part focuses on human motion perception, with contributions analyzing the neural substrates of human action understanding, how perception is influenced by motor control, and how it develops over time and is exploited in social contexts. The second part considers motion perception from the computational perspective, providing perspectives on cutting-edge solutions available from the Computer Vision and Machine Learning research fields, addressing higher-level perceptual tasks. Finally, the third part takes into account the implications for robotics, with chapters on how motor control is achieved in the latest generation of artificial agents and how such technologies have been exploited to favor human-robot interaction. This book considers the complete human-robot cycle, from an examination of how humans perceive motion and act in the world, to models for motion perception and control in artificial agents. In this respect, the book will provide insights into the perception and action loop in humans and machines, joining together aspects that are often addressed in independent investigations. As a consequence, this book positions itself in a field at the intersection of such different disciplines as Robotics, Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Psychology, Computer Vision, and Machine Learning. By bridging these different research domains, the book offers a common reference point for researchers interested in human motion for different applications and from different standpoints, spanning Neuroscience, Human Motor Control, Robotics, Human-Robot Interaction, Computer Vision and Machine Learning.Chapter 'The Importance of the Affective Component of Movement in Action Understanding' of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.
Modelling the Criminal Lifestyle
by Glenn D. WaltersThis book offers Walters's latest evolution of criminal lifestyle theory. It introduces the concept of criminal thought content to illustrate how the potential interplay between what offenders think and their thought processes can greatly aid our understanding of both crime and criminals. In this new study on criminal behaviour, Walters calls for criminological theory to be placed within a broader scientific context, and provides us with several key models which embrace constructs from numerous important theories including: the general theory of crime, social cognitive and social learning theories, general strain theory, psychopathic personality theories of crime, and labelling theory. Another unique aspect of this work is that it places lifestyle theory within a larger scientific framework, namely, nonlinear dynamical systems theory or chaos. Seven principles from chaos theory are used to explain relationships and processes central to lifestyle theory and Walters uses this to draw conclusions on what affects criminal decision-making and desistance from crime. Highly original and innovative in scope, this book will be useful to practitioners and scholars of criminal justice alike, with chapters focussed on decision-making, assessment, and intervention.
Modelling the Stress-Strain Relationship in Work Settings (Routledge Progress in Psychology)
by Meni KoslowskyMeni Koslowsky presents here for the first time a way of modelling stress-strain that will enable researchers to both assess examples from the literature and correctly define and use the model in their own investigations. All stages from construction of the model to data analysis are covered, along with possible pitfalls.This book enables investigators to develop and test models for describing stress phenomena in their own settings. It provides an essential research tool for all those who assess stress and strain in their working lives.
Modelo humanizar de intervencion en duelo
by Marisa Magaña Loarte José Carlos BermejoDesde 1997 el Centro de Humanización de la Salud cuenta con un servicio de atención a personas en duelo llamado Centro de Escucha San Camilo.<P><P> Miles de personas con dificultades para afrontar su pérdida han entregado su experiencia más íntima y dolorosa a los oídos y al corazón de otro ser humano, confiando en el poder terapéutico de la acogida empática, la escucha comprensiva y el respeto al modo de sentir y expresar el dolor por la ausencia del ser amado.<P> El duelo es una verdadera crisis existencial y se describe como el conjunto de reacciones emotivas y conductuales a la pérdida de un ser querido. Dicha crisis puede servirnos para crecer o para debilitarnos y enfermar, dependiendo de cómo la afrontemos.<P> Hay personas que necesitan ayuda para elaborar el duelo y la encuentran en el Centro de Escucha San Camilo de Madrid que, a lo largo de estos años, ha elaborado su propio modelo de intervención recogido en este libro. Hoy existen en España más de 15 Centros que se inspiran en él.<P> MARISA MAGAÑA es psicóloga, máster en counselling y en duelo, directora del Centro de Escucha San Camilo y coordinadora del máster en duelo (Universidad Ramón Llull) en el Centro de Humanización de la Salud.<P> JOSÉ CARLOS BERMEJO, doctor en teología pastoral sanitaria y máster en counselling, en duelo y en bioética, es director del Centro de Humanización de la Salud (religiosos camilos), director del máster en duelo (Universidad Ramón Lull) y profesor también en el Camillianum de Roma y en la Universidad Católica de Portugal.
Models Of Cognitive Development (Psychology Press & Routledge Classic Editions)
by Ken RichardsonIn spite of its obvious importance and popularity, the field of cognitive development remains highly fragmented due to the vast diversity of models of what knowledge and reasoning are, and how they develop. This new Classic Edition of Models of Cognitive Development aims to overcome this barrier through its careful introduction, illustrated examples, and approach to helping students think more critically about the subject. In this significant work, Richardson provides students, researchers, and comparative theoreticians with a cohesive understanding of the area by organizing diverse schools, frameworks, and approaches according to a much smaller set of underlying assumptions or preconceptions, which themselves can be historically interrelated. By understanding these, it’s possible to find pathways around the area more confidently as a whole, to see the “wood” as well as the theoretical trees, and be able to react to individual models more critically and constructively. The Classic Edition of this core text will be essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students of cognitive development.
Models Of Cognitive Development (Psychology Press And Routledge Classic Editions Ser.)
by Ken Richardson Dr Ken RichardsonIn spite of its obvious importance and popularity, the field of cognitive development remains highly fragmented, scientifically. Instead of theoretical convergence towards a generally accepted set of principles, there remains a vast diversity of models of what knowledge and reasoning are, and how they develop. Courses and books tend to deal with this perplexing situation by simply presenting students with either a specific, favoured line, or by offering selections from the theoretical salad. As a result, students have great difficulty in obtaining a cohesive picture of the area. They are frequently bewildered by the diversity of schools, frameworks and approaches, with seemingly little connection between them. More seriously, they are deprived of a critical grasp of the area, and thus forced into a habit of early selectivity, rote memory of specific models in isolation, and regurgitation at exams. This in turn deprives the area of cognitive development of important critical impetus for future improvement. Models of Cognitive Development is an attempt to overcome these problems. It does this by arguing that the vast diversity of theories or models can be organised into groups according to a much smaller set of underlying assumptions or preconceptions, which themselves can be historically interrelated. By understanding these, students may be helped to find their way more confidently around the area as a whole, to see the 'wood' as well as the theoretical forest, and thus find themselves in a position to react to individual models more positively and more critically. Such criticism may, in turn, assist theoretical progress and unity in the future. Models of Cognitive Development covers all the contemporary theoretical and research strands in the area, with numerous examples, in a clear and straightforward manner, and should be useful to all students, researchers, and comparative theoreticians in the area.
Models Of Family Therapy: The Essential Guide
by Shannon M. Greene William A. GriffinModels of Family Therapy provides an overview of established family therapy models. All classification schemes of family therapy models must reduce ideological complexity, ignore overlap, and generalize for the purposes of category inclusion and exclusion. Nonetheless, orientation differences do exist and the authors make these differences clear by placing ideas and methods into categories. To facilitate learning how the dimensions of each model fit with other models, this book enhances comparability by using the same general outline in all chapters. In these outlines, the critical components of each model are broken down into a few core assumptions, terms, techniques, and methods. These critical components are summarized consistent with their description in the original publications. Some of these models include structural, strategic, behavioral, psychoeducational, and experiential therapy.Because of the style of presentation, this book can be useful as a primary text or supplement in a marriage and family therapy course. In addition, graduate students and professionals can benefit from this guidebook in order to prepare for any state or national examination on marriage and family therapy.
Models Of Short-Term Memory
by Susan E. GathercoleThis volume offers a collection of theoretical perspectives in the area of short-term memory. It contains overviews of models of short-term memory, with particular emphasis placed on the detailed description of the functioning of the models. The volume represents both computational approaches and theories expressed in more traditional verbal form. Models represented in the volume also cover both developmental and neuropsychological perspectives on short-term memory.; This book should appeal to active researchers in the area of memory, to graduate students, and to academics who wish to update their knowledge of this fast- developing are of research and theory. Final year undergraduates may also find this book of interest.
Models and Modeling
by Myint Swe Khine Issa M. SalehThe process of developing models, known as modeling, allows scientists to visualize difficult concepts, explain complex phenomena and clarify intricate theories. In recent years, science educators have greatly increased their use of modeling in teaching, especially real-time dynamic modeling, which is central to a scientific investigation. Modeling in science teaching is being used in an array of fields, everything from primary sciences to tertiary chemistry to college physics, and it is sure to play an increasing role in the future of education. Models and Modeling: Cognitive Tools for Scientific Enquiry is a comprehensive introduction to the use of models and modeling in science education. It identifies and describes many different modeling tools and presents recent applications of modeling as a cognitive tool for scientific enquiry.
Models as Make-Believe
by Adam ToonScientists often try to understand the world by building simplified and idealised models of it. Adam Toon develops a new approach to scientific models by comparing them to the dolls and toy trucks of children's imaginative games, and offers a unified framework to solve difficult metaphysical problems and help to make sense of scientific practice.
Models for Intercultural Collaboration and Negotiation
by Michele Gelfand Katia Sycara Allison AbbeThis book is the first to bring together research material from different communities, Computer Science and especially Artificial Intelligence, and Social Sciences, e.g. Anthropology, Social Psychology, Political Science that present ideas and viewpoints, methods and models on inter-cultural collaboration and negotiation. With increasing globalization of business and science, cultural differences of the parties are an important factor that affects the process and outcomes of collaborative and self-interested interactions. The social science literature on culture as well as human collaboration and negotiation is vast. Most of this literature is devoted to work within the same culture. Artificial intelligence researchers, on the other hand, have developed computational models of cooperation, conflict resolution and negotiation, but paying almost no attention to identifying and modeling cultural factors. In recent years, we have witnessed a great increase in interest in understanding inter-cultural interactions. This has led to increased interest of social scientists and computational scientists in theoretical and experimental analysis of inter-cultural exchanges, modeling and support. Currently, these communities are largely unconnected. There is a great need to bring them together to share research work and experiences, discuss ideas and forge interdisciplinary collaborative relations. This book will be of interest to researchers from AI/computer science and social/behavioral sciences fields, such as psychology, sociology, communications, organizational science.
Models for Mental Disorder
by Peter TyrerModels for Mental Disorder, first published in 1987, anticipated the move towards integration of psychiatric services into multidisciplinary teams (doctor, psychologist, nurse, social worker, etc) and the need to bring together the different philosophies of mental illness. Peter Tyrer has identified four different models of mental disorder that are relevant to clinical practice: the disease, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural and social models. Each model is described and reviewed, with reference to case studies and illustrations, to show how it relates to mental health disorders and can be used to interpret and manage these disorders.The book has been widely read and is often used for training purposes so that each professional can understand and appreciate that differences in viewpoint are often a consequence of one or more models being used in a different way rather than a fundamental schism in approach.Since the fourth edition was published in 2005, the disciplines of mental health have moved even closer together with the growth of assertive outreach and more integrated community teams. This, combined with the greater awareness of mental health among users of services, which leads to more penetrating and informed questions at interviews with professionals, has emphasised the need for a wider understanding of these models.Table of contents:Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 The Disease ModelChapter 3 The Psychodynamic ModelChapter 4 The Cognitive-Behavioural ModelChapter 5 The Social ModelChapter 6 Working Models in PracticeAppendix 1 Teaching Exercise: Teaching the ModelsGlossary of Terms