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Private Education in China: Achievement And Challenge (Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education)
by Qiang Liu Jing Tian Haitao Zhou Qian LiThis book takes an in-depth look at the development of the private education sector in modern China. Readers will find valuable data and materials never before presented in such an accessible and transparent way, together with analyses of the major changes and challenges in the course of this development. The book is organized both chronologically and by topic: it employs a past-present-future order that unites the general arrangement; at the same time, each specific subject is approached historically, not only to show the origins of the problem, but also to link it with the historical-comparative context, in which the evaluation of alternative policy choices become highly viable.Further, the book provides a pioneering account of current problems, adopting a fresh perspective to address the most important aspects of Chinese private education reform. The elaboration on topics concerning private school assets, property rights, legal personality, school operators’ entrepreneurship, benefits and investment returns, school autonomy, and the development of teachers and students, is both empirically rich and highly insightful.The book’s content is chiefly derived from years of fieldwork in private schools and from extensive interviews with hundreds of policy makers, school operators, managers, teachers and students. Since these people are self-conscious about themselves as the actors in and witnesses to the development of Chinese private education over the past three decades, the book places great emphasis on neutrality, allowing the private education landscape to unfold in the context of the privatization of the socialist system after 1978. The book offers an essential guide for anyone who wishes to understand the transformation of Chinese education. It is highly recommendable as a detailed introduction to Chinese education, or as a resource for comparative research on private education from an international perspective.
Private Profits versus Public Policy: The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Canadian State
by Joel LexchinThe widespread condemnation of drastic price increases on life-saving drugs highlights our growing dependency on and vulnerability to international pharmaceutical conglomerates. However, aren't the interests of the public supposed to supersede the pursuit of private profit?In his new work, Private Profits versus Public Policy, Joel Lexchin addresses this question as he examines how public policy with respect to the pharmaceutical industry has evolved in Canada over the past half century. Although the Canadian government is supposed to regulate the industry to serve the needs of public health, waves of deregulatory reforms and intellectual property rights legislation have shifted the balance of power in favour of these companies' quest for profit. Joel Lexchin offers a series of recommendations to tip the scale back in the public's favour. This enlightening work is the first book that deals exclusively with the pharmaceutical industry in Canada in over thirty years.
Private Selves in Public Organizations
by Michael A. Diamond Seth AllcornThis book explores organizations as not simply rational, technological structures and networks for organizing people around tasks and services; it defines organizations as relational, experiential, and perceptual systems.
Private Speech: From Social Interaction To Self-regulation
by Laura E. Berk Rafael M. DiazSince the publication of Vygotsky’s Thought and Language in the United States, a number of North American and European investigators have conducted systematic observations of children’s spontaneous private speech, giving substantial support to Vygotsky’s major hypotheses — particularly those regarding the social origins of higher psychological functions. However, there still remain many vital questions about the origins, significance, and functions of private speech: How can social and private speech be validly differentiated? What kinds of social interactions promote the use of private speech? What are the sources of individual differences in the use of private speech? This unique volume addresses these and many other important questions. Characterized by a strong emphasis on original data, it reports on systematic observations of spontaneous private speech in children and adults in both laboratory and naturalistic settings. In addition to its systematic analysis of common methodological problems in the field, the book contains the most comprehensive bibliography of the private speech literature currently available.
Private Thoughts: Exploring the Power of Women’s Sexual Fantasies
by Suzie Boss Wendy MaltzPrivate Thoughts provides more than just these women’s fantasies, however. It combines new research with the advice of a seasoned sex therapist. The result is an exciting contribution to the field of sexuality. Drawing insights from Wendy’s research and advice from her clinical experience as a sex therapist, the book gently guides women to explore their own fantasy style and to recognize the origins of their fantasies. It gives women permission to enjoy their fantasies while also helping them to recognize how some fantasies may be masking emotional pain, which could be detrimental to them and to their relationships.
Privilege, Agency and Affect
by Peter Aggleton Claire MaxwellDrawing on a range of theoretical perspectives and engaging with new empirical evidence from around the world, this collection examines how privilege, agency and affect are linked, and where possibilities for social change might lie.
Pro-Social and Anti-Social Behaviour (Routledge Modular Psychology)
by David ClarkePro-Social and Anti-Social Behaviour describes the nature and causes of pro-social and anti-social behaviour. It is an introductory level text aimed at students new to this area of Social Psychology. Topics covered include social psychological theories of aggression, altruism and bystander behaviour, and media influences on pro- and anti-social behaviour. Each section includes information on research carried out in these areas of study.
Pro-environmental Behaviors
by Kiyo KurisuThis book offers a much-needed practical and conceptual guide for various pro-environmental behaviors. Written by an expert in both the environmental psychology and engineering fields, the book presents an overview of various pro-environmental behaviors (Chapter 1), the psychological background of behaviors (Chapters 2 and 3), how to survey and understand pro-environmental behaviors using questionnaires (Chapter 4) and how to know the actual environmental burdens derived by each behavior using life-cycle assessment (LCA) (Chapter 5), and measures to foster the behaviors and selected case studies for practitioners (Chapter 6). Readers will find Chapters 1, 4, and 5 particularly unique and useful; they provide an overview of many environmental behaviors and also the practical academic tools for analyzing environmental behaviors, such as questionnaire procedures, questions lists ("scales" in psychology), statistical tools, software, LCA methodologies, and databases. The book addresses the needs of academics and practitioners and is well suited as a textbook and reference guide for those studying or working in environmental engineering (systematic research), social psychology (environmental psychology), environmental education, and sustainability science. Policymakers will find the questionnaire list useful, as it can help them to grasp citizens' environmental concerns and actual behaviors. The behavior list and LCA can be used to make manuals or guidelines for citizens to enhance environmental behaviors, and the case studies provide an informative basis for designing programs and workshops for citizens. Although the field of "pro-environmental behaviors" has been intensively dealt with by European researchers, their approaches have largely been limited to psychological viewpoints and program (education) development through small case studies. Further, the target behaviors are often limited to recycling and energy/water savings. In contrast, this book provides the first introduction to pro-environmental behaviors as a whole. As pro-environmental behaviors have become increasingly important not only in developed but also in developing countries, this publication represents a timely resource for the growing number of researchers exploring pro-environment behaviors.
Proactivity at Work: Making Things Happen in Organizations (Organization and Management Series)
by Sharon K. Parker Uta K. BindlAs organizations grow increasingly complex and unpredictable, the topic of proactivity at work has become of great importance for contemporary workplaces. Proactivity drives performance and innovation of teams and organizations and boosts individuals’ well-being and careers. When individuals are proactive, they use their initiative at work to bring about a better future. They scan for opportunities, persist until change is achieved, and take charge to prevent problems’ future reoccurrence. In this book, leading scholars on proactivity from across North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia explore how, why, and when individuals are motivated to initiate change within their organizations or themselves and examine the consequences of various forms of proactivity at work. Individual chapters explore specific concepts of proactivity, such as proactive voice, job crafting, and career proactivity, as well as highlight individual processes and organizational dynamics that underlie successful proactivity at work. By providing insights on key advances and future directions for proactivity theory, research, and practice, Proactivity at Work synthesizes what we already know and identifies what we still need to learn about making things happen at work. This book is relevant to all those involved or interested in Work Psychology and Business, including Human Resource Management scholars.
Probation, Mental Health and Criminal Justice: Towards Equivalence (Routledge Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice and Procedure)
by Charlie Brooker and Coral SirdifieldThis collection of research and evaluation explores issues in mental health and probation across the globe. The volume offers insight into a wide range of interrelated topics that address the mental health and mental health needs of those under probation supervision. The chapters embrace a range of diverse mental health concerns. The underpinning assumption is that offenders should receive mental healthcare that is ‘equivalent’ to that received by the general population where this is appropriate. This overview is informed by perspectives from academics and practitioners based in England and the Republic of Ireland, and also includes the views of people with lived experience of the criminal justice system. Building upon and adding to the existing literature in this field, the book will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers as well as those training to work in, and currently working in, the criminal justice and mental health field, and would also be of interest to those working in related healthcare settings.
Probiotics in Mental Health
by Colin R. Martin Derek LarkinThe concept that the gut and brain are intricately linked is widely accepted not just within the lay community but increasingly within scientific and therapeutic circles as well. Terms such as "heartache" and "gut wrenching" are more than mere metaphor, they represent key fundamental aspects of human experience which all individuals will invariably endure from time to time. The relationship between the gut and brain is complex but fundamental to health and wellbeing. Increasing and compelling evidence supports the existence of a relationship between the health and status of the gut and the manifestation of significant psychopathology. Uniquely within the field of mental health and psychiatry, the role of gut flora and probiotics in both the understanding and treatment of mental illness represents an emerging science whether the potential for therapeutic intervention, through the use of probiotics, offers an opportunity to determine efficacy within a coherent evidence-based model of both action and pathology or, moreover, offers interventions that are comparatively benign compared to the side-effect profile associated with most drugs used to treat mental illness. <P><P>Probiotics in Mental Health examines the role of probiotics in a range of clinical presentations associated with significant psychopathology and facilitates a reconsideration of how mental illness may be conceptualised within a coherent gut-brain model of health and wellbeing. Under the rubric of enhancing wellbeing rather than dwelling on illness and disease, this exciting new volume not only comprises the latest evidence in the field but also advocates an approach characterised by the understanding of mental disorder within an evidence-based model and the pursuit of mental health and wellbeing through the most benign of interventions.
Problem Based Psychiatry: Volume 3, Treatment
by Ben Green Steph ChambersThis revised text presents student doctors, mental health nurses, social workers, occupational therapists, mental health advocates and mental health therapists with a problem-based approach to psychiatry. It contains numerous case studies, allowing a problem-based approach to core information and reflecting the processes that underlie clinical decision making. This second edition is upgraded, expanded and updated, including details of the best modern web based resources. Its problem-based approach to teaching is at the forefront of the delivery of modern medical school curricula, and includes additional new case scenarios and current opinion on mental disorders and their treatment using both drug therapy and psychotherapy. It fully reflects the latest practice and recent changes in mental health provision.
Problem Behavior Theory and Adolescent Health
by Richard JessorThis second volume of Richard Jessor's influential works applies his groundbreaking theory to illuminating the psychosocial determinants of adolescent health. Focusing on a range of both health-compromising and health-enhancing behaviors, including problem drinking, marijuana use, risky driving, and early sexual experience as well as regular exercise and healthy diet, these writings advance understanding of the role of health behavior in adolescence and adolescent development. Chapters illustrate the relevance of the theory and of its interdisciplinary approach for research on behavioral health in adolescence and for the design of prevention/intervention programs to promote healthy development. In addition, the book's comparative studies of U. S. and Chinese youth reveal the generality of the theory across societal and national differences. Topics featured in this book include: Alcohol use and problem drinking in adolescent health and development. Psychosocial research on marijuana use. Understanding early initiation of sexual intercourse in adolescence. Smoking behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Developmental change in risky driving. Healthy eating and regular exercise in adolescent health and development Problem Behavior Theory and Adolescent Health is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, and related professionals as well as graduate students in developmental and health psychology, sociology, criminology, criminal justice, public health, and related disciplines.
Problem Behavior Theory and the Social Context
by Richard JessorThis third and final volume of Richard Jessor's collected works explores the central role of the social context in the formulation and application of Problem Behavior Theory. It discusses the effect of the social environment, especially the social context of disadvantage and limited opportunity, on adolescent behavior, health, and development. The book examines the application of the theory in social contexts as diverse as the inner cities of the United States; the slums of Nairobi, Kenya; and the urban settings of Beijing, China. It also provides insight into how adolescents and young adults manage to "succeed", despite disadvantage, limited opportunity, and even dangers in their everyday life settings. It illuminates how these youth manage to stay on track in school, avoid unintended pregnancy and dropout, keep clear of the criminal justice system, and remain uninvolved in heavy drug use. In addition, the book discusses the conceptual and methodological issues entailed in engaging the social context, including the role of subjectivity and meaning in an objective behavioral science; the contribution of the perceived environment in determining behavi∨ the continuity that characterizes adolescent growth and development; the necessity for a social-psychological level of analysis that avoids reductionism; the importance of a framework that engages the larger social environment; and the advantage of adhering to systematic theory for the explanatory generality it yields. Topics featured in this volume include: Home-leaving and its occurrence among youth in impoverished circumstances. The continuity of adolescent developmental change. The impact of neighborhood disadvantage on successful adolescent development. Successful adolescence in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya. Explaining both behavior and development in the language of social psychology. Problem Behavior Theory and the Social Context is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, and related professionals as well as graduate students in sociology, social and developmental psychology, criminology/criminal justice, public health, and allied disciplines.
Problem Drinking: A Person-Centred Dialogue (Living Therapies Series)
by Richard Bryant-JefferiesThis book provides a new realism in understanding the world of alcohol counselling. It uses dialogue to enable the reader to appreciate the nature of counselling a person with an alcohol problem through the application of person-centred counselling theory. It provides deep insights into what goes on in counselling sessions and how this links into the counsellor's own supervision. It is essential reading for all counselling trainers, supervisors and trainees, provides useful approaches and frameworks for other caring professions, and includes many valuable insights for clients themselves.
Problem Drinking: Rethinking Your Relationship with Alcohol
by Tim CantopherARE YOU REALLY IN CONTROL OF YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH ALCOHOL?ARE YOU FINDING YOUR NEED TO DRINK GETTING STRONGER?DO YOU DEPEND ON ALCOHOL TO MANAGE DAILY LIFE? In his role as a consultant psychiatrist, Dr Tim Cantopher has worked with countless people to help them overcome dependency, and this book distils his decades of experience into a series of practical, achievable, straightforward steps to reduce your own intake, or give up altogether. Problem Drinking explains why you are drinking too much, what alcohol does to you physiologically, the influence of environment and personality, and the long-term consequences of alcohol addiction. It offers supportive strategies to help you cut down or do without, including advice on relaxation and sleep, problem-solving approaches, time management skills, and insight into drug treatments, the disease concept and the role of Alcoholics Anonymous.Read this book, take it one day at a time, and don't look back.
Problem Drinking: Rethinking Your Relationship with Alcohol
by Tim CantopherARE YOU REALLY IN CONTROL OF YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH ALCOHOL?ARE YOU FINDING YOUR NEED TO DRINK GETTING STRONGER?DO YOU DEPEND ON ALCOHOL TO MANAGE DAILY LIFE? In his role as a consultant psychiatrist, Dr Tim Cantopher has worked with countless people to help them overcome dependency, and this book distils his decades of experience into a series of practical, achievable, straightforward steps to reduce your own intake, or give up altogether. Problem Drinking explains why you are drinking too much, what alcohol does to you physiologically, the influence of environment and personality, and the long-term consequences of alcohol addiction. It offers supportive strategies to help you cut down or do without, including advice on relaxation and sleep, problem-solving approaches, time management skills, and insight into drug treatments, the disease concept and the role of Alcoholics Anonymous.Read this book, take it one day at a time, and don't look back.
Problem Gambling
by Fernand Gobet Marvin SchillerProblem gambling is a perennial issue frequently reported in the media. This book is a comprehensive and up-to-date resource on problem gambling research. It describes the state of the art of the subject and presents the latest developments such as computer modelling of gambling behaviour and risk profiles of gambling products.
Problem Gambling in Europe
by Mark Griffiths Gerhard Meyer Tobias HayerProblem Gambling in Europe Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions Edited by Gerhard Meyer, University of Bremen, Germany Tobias Hayer, University of Bremen, Germany Mark Griffiths, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom As a leisure activity, gambling dates back to ancient times. More recently, the surge in avenues for gambling--casinos, sports betting, lotteries, and remote media (e.g.,Internet, mobile phone, interactive television) among them--finds growing numbers of people losing control over their gambling behaviour, usually at great personal and financial expense. Problem Gambling in Europe is the first book to offer a robust international knowledge base compiled by an interdisciplinary panel of researchers in gambling behaviour. Reports from 21 countries throughout Western, Eastern, Northern, and Southern Europe reveal wide variations in types of wagering activities, participation by populations, social and criminal consequences related to pathological gambling, the extent to which governments acknowledge the problem, and efforts to control it (often with the involvement of the gaming industries). For each country, noted experts discuss: Current legislation regulating gambling. Forms of gambling and their addictive potential. Participation rates and demographics. Prevalence of pathological gambling. National policies to address problem gambling. Prevention strategies and treatment methods. Problem Gambling in Europe brings insight and clarity to a widespread and complex phenomenon, and will be of considerable interest to all parties working to reduce their negative effects: social science researchers in addictions, gambling behaviour, and public health; clinical, social, and health psychologists and psychiatrists; treatment practitioners; the gaming industry; regulators; and policy makers.
Problem Posing: Reflections and Applications
by Stephen I. Brown Marion I. WalterAs a result of the editors' collaborative teaching at Harvard in the late 1960s, they produced a ground-breaking work -- The Art Of Problem Posing -- which related problem posing strategies to the already popular activity of problem solving. It took the concept of problem posing and created strategies for engaging in that activity as a central theme in mathematics education. Based in part upon that work and also upon a number of articles by its authors, other members of the mathematics education community began to apply and expand upon their ideas. This collection of thirty readings is a testimony to the power of the ideas that originally appeared. In addition to reproducing relevant materials, the editors of this book of readings have included a considerable amount of interpretive text which places the articles in the context of problem solving. While the preponderance of essays focus upon mathematics and mathematics education, some of them point to the relevance of problem posing to other fields such as biology or psychology. In the interpretive text that accompanies each chapter, they indicate how ideas expressed for one audience may be revisited or transformed in order to ready them for a variety of audiences.
Problem Solving Courts: Social Science and Legal Perspectives
by Richard L. Wiener Eve M. BrankIn order to make the criminal court system more effective there has been a growing trend to have courts participate in what is essentially a rehabilitation strategy. Such courts are often referred to as "problem-solving" because they are working on root causes of criminal behavior as part of the dispensation of justice. This major shift in the role of the courts means that the court works closely with prosecutors, public defenders, probation officers, social workers, and other justice system partners to develop a strategy that pressures offenders to complete a treatment program which will ultimately, hopefully prevent recidivism. Research has shown that this kind of strategy has a two-fold benefit. It has been successful in helping offenders turn their lives around which leads to improved public safety and the ultimate saving of public funds. This book is the first to focus exclusively on problem solving courts, and as such it presents an overview of the rationale and scientific evidence for such courts as well as individual sections on the key areas in which these courts are active. Thus there is specific attention paid to domestic violence, juvenile criminality, mental health, and more. Throughout, research findings are incorporated into general discussions of these courts operate and ideally what they are trying to accomplish. There is also discussion of how such courts should evolve in the future and the directions that further research should take.
Problem Solving and Intelligence (Psychology Revivals)
by Helga A. RoweOriginally published in 1985, Problem Solving and Intelligence was the result of the author’s efforts to understand the nature of human intelligence and the differences in the cognitive functioning of individuals which we observe again and again.The book contains two types of material. First it presents an overview of major contributions to the conceptualization and investigation of problem solving and intelligence, which was derived from the extensive, largely non-cumulative literature at the time. Second it reports a comprehensive, empirical study of the manifestation of intelligence in problem solving. The subject matter was at the interface of three traditional areas of psychological inquiry: namely, the study of cognitive processes, individual differences, and the characteristics of the stimulus. What was innovative is that intellectual performance is investigated in relation to the simultaneous operation of variables from these dimensions. The book was intended, primarily, as a contribution to the understanding and investigation of the nature of intelligent behavior, as well as an introduction to intelligence and problem solving. Today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.
Problem Solving in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy
by Katharina ManassisThis highly accessible book presents clear steps for helping children and adolescents to develop and test out new solutions to specific social, emotional, or behavioral challenges. The author demonstrates how therapists of any orientation can implement problem solving as a stand-alone intervention or in combination with other therapeutic techniques. Extensive clinical examples illustrate what the approach looks like in action with kids of different ages; how it increases their confidence, independence, and resilience; and ways to involve parents. Strategies for overcoming frequently encountered obstacles to problem solving are highlighted throughout.
Problem Solving in Mathematics Instruction and Teacher Professional Development (Research in Mathematics Education)
by Peter Liljedahl Patricio Felmer Boris KoichuRecent research in problem solving has shifted its focus to actual classroom implementation and what is really going on during problem solving when it is used regularly in classroom. This book seeks to stay on top of that trend by approaching diverse aspects of current problem solving research, covering three broad themes. Firstly, it explores the role of teachers in problem-solving classrooms and their professional development, moving onto—secondly—the role of students when solving problems, with particular consideration of factors like group work, discussion, role of students in discussions and the effect of students’ engagement on their self-perception and their view of mathematics. Finally, the book considers the question of problem solving in mathematics instruction as it overlaps with problem design, problem-solving situations, and actual classroom implementation. The volume brings together diverse contributors from a variety of countries and with wide and varied experiences, combining the voices of leading and developing researchers. The book will be of interest to any reader keeping on the frontiers of research in problem solving, more specifically researchers and graduate students in mathematics education, researchers in problem solving, as well as teachers and practitioners.
Problem Solving: Cognitive Mechanisms and Formal Models
by Zygmunt PizloIntelligent mental representations of physical, cognitive and social environments allow humans to navigate enormous search spaces, whose sizes vastly exceed the number of neurons in the human brain. This allows us to solve a wide range of problems, such as the Traveling Salesperson Problem, insight problems, as well as mathematics and physics problems. As an area of research, problem solving has steadily grown over time. Researchers in Artificial Intelligence have been formulating theories of problem solving for the last 70 years. Psychologists, on the other hand, have focused their efforts on documenting the observed behavior of subjects solving problems. This book represents the first effort to merge the behavioral results of human subjects with formal models of the causative cognitive mechanisms. The first coursebook to deal exclusively with the topic, it provides a main text for elective courses and a supplementary text for courses such as cognitive psychology and neuroscience.