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Psychosocial Well-Being and Mental Health of Individuals in Marital and in Family Relationships in Pre- and Post-Genocide Rwanda
by Immaculée MukashemaThis book provides an in-depth examination of psychosocial marital well-being and mental health in traditional communities in Rwanda. It presents rich qualitative research conducted with men, women and elders, highlighting both the issues impacting on marital conflict and domestic violence, and also how potential solutions might be drawn from traditional practices. In doing, so it provides a unique resource for researchers and policymakers seeking to develop evidence-based and culturally-informed mental health and psychosocial support interventions in low and middle income countries. It will appeal in particular to those working the fields of public health, family psychology, social work, cross-cultural psychology and qualitative methodology.
Psychosocial Well-being of Children and Adolescents in Latin America: Evidence-based Interventions (Children’s Well-Being: Indicators and Research #16)
by Jorge Castellá Sarriera Lívia Maria BedinThis book discusses child well-being, with children and adolescents as key informants, from a Latin American perspective. It explores theoretical and empirical issues related to well-being and associated aspects, in order to understand the well-being of this population. Topics analyzed in this volume address for instance environment and community, rights, leisure time, technologies, interpersonal relationships and spirituality and their implications for changes in the well-being in children and adolescents. Especially relevant for scholars and professionals in the social and health sciences, as well as policy makers, seeking to promote child well-being, regardless of the area in which they operate.
Psychosocial and Cultural Perspectives on the War in Ukraine: Imprints and Dreamscapes
by Magdalena Zolkos Bohdan ShumylovychThis innovative and important book explores how war imprints on culture and the psychosocial effects of war on individuals and societies, based on the first few months after the outbreak of war in Ukraine in 2022.The book approaches the conflict in Ukraine through the prism of creative and artistic material alongside scholarly analysis to highlight the multiplicity of subjective experiences. Essays are complemented by material from the ‘war diaries’, which comprise day diaries, dream diaries, artistic and poetic material composed by students and academics in February and March 2022. With chapters focusing on fear, ruptures and resistance, the book examines different aspects of subjective, cultural and embodied experiences of war. It examines elements that dominant perspectives of war often overlook; the quotidian, personal and emotive ways that war is registered individually and collectively in societies and cultures.Highlighting different narratives that illuminate the complex effects of war, this book is highly relevant for postgraduate students, researchers and advanced undergraduate students in the fields of cultural psychology, psychosocial studies, peace and conflict studies and cultural history.Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 7 and Chapter 10 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.To read the online archive of Two Months of War, please visit the Urban Media Archive of the Center for Urban History (Lviv, Ukraine): https://uma.lvivcenter.org/en/collections/178/interviews
Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives of Marital Breakdown
by Margit GaffalThe book provides a comprehensive overview of the psychosocial and legal aspects of divorce with special reference to the situation in Spain, addressing the grounds for divorce and its impact on parents and children. Theoretical approaches are applied that take into account the psychosocial conditions and the Spanish legislation. Subsequenty, an empirical analysis of preferred custody arrangements reveals some of the current problems that are associated with a joint custody regime. Lastly, the suitability of divorce mediation is examined within the framework of the Spanish legislation.
Psychosociale zorg bij chronische ziekten
by J.P.C. JaspersOngeveer de helft van alle mensen lijdt op enig moment aan een chronische ziekte. De impact van verschillende chronische ziekten wordt in dit boek beschreven. Ofschoon sommigen ook positieve gevolgen van hun ziekte ervaren, staan de negatieve gevolgen meestal op de voorgrond. Naast psychosociale basiszorg zal soms meer gespecialiseerde psychosociale hulpverlening geïndiceerd zijn. De psychologische interventies en het effectonderzoek naar deze interventies worden in dit boek beschreven. De volgende chronische ziekten komen aan de orde: MS, hart- en vaatziekten, darmziekten, respiratoire aandoeningen, reumatische aandoeningen, eczeem, diabetes mellites, epilepsie en kanker. Daarnaast zijn er algemene thema's die bij alle chronische ziekten en de psychologische interventies van belang zijn: (psycho-)educatie, zelfmanagement, leefstijlveranderingen, aanpassingsproblematiek, comorbiditeit en individuele verschillen. Ook deze thema's worden door de auteurs uitvoerig behandeld.
Psychosomatic Disorders (The State of Mental Illness and Its Ther)
by Autumn LibalOur bodies are constantly reacting to mental stimulation. When reliving the winning goal you made in the hockey game, your face might flush, heart race, and muscles tense. A child who is being bullied at school might feel sick every morning before leaving home. A passionate kiss in the movies might make your own lips tingle. These are examples of psychosomatic reactions: physical reactions to mental or emotional symptoms. Sometimes a person's psychosomatic reaction to mental stress may be so severe that it causes a debilitating disorder. For example, Kevin sometimes still has trouble believing his leg is truly gone. He has strange sensations that he cannot account for. Some are unpleasant, like the constant itching where he no longer has a place to itch. Others are nice surprises, like when he can feel his cat brushing against where his leg should be. The worst, however, is the pain. For the all other inexplicable feelings that come and go, the pain never leaves Kevin's body or mind. Sometimes in the dark quiet of his bedroom, he has nightmares in which he relives stepping on the land mine. Only in his nightmares, everything happens in slow motion. He can see his leg tearing away from his body. He reaches forward, grabbing for his leg, and the excruciating pain wakes him up. He lies, panting in the darkness, trying to will the pain away, asking himself, "How can something that doesn't even exist hurt so badly?" How can doctors treat the pain and illness in the body that are caused by the mind? In this book, you will learn more about Kevin's story, what psychosomatic disorders are, how these "phantom" disorders can be treated.
Psychosomatic Disorders: Theoretical And Clinical Aspects
by Ghazi AsaadPublished in 1996, Psychosomatic Disorders is a valuable contribution to the field of Psychiatry/Clinical Psychology.
Psychosomatic Imagery: Photographic Reflections on Mental Disorders
by Helen Westgeest Ali ShobeiriThis book explores the potential of specific photographic images for reflecting on experiences of mental disorders. Instead of looking at photographs of (people suffering from) mental disorders, this volume aspires to comprehend the complexities of such conditions through photographic lexicons, metaphors, and practices. For this book, a mental disorder is not to be seen as a dysfunction or impairment, but a state in which the sustaining balance of stable and unstable mind is unsettled, which may induce mental/bodily disturbances. The term “psychosomatic” refers to the interaction of the mind (psyche) with the body (soma); it refers to their co-dependence. By the term “Psychosomatic Imagery” this volume refers to a distinctive trope of photographic images that deal with the body-mind interaction during the states of mental disorders. This novel theoretical framework in photography theory instigates critical discussions about the experiences of mental disorders visualized as disturbed corporeal and mental perceptions of the world. While the introduction of the volume unpacks and assesses the applications of photography in mental disorder studies from theoretical and historical perspectives, the chapters focus on specific cases of Psychosomatic Imagery in contemporary photography. Those cases include, but are not limited to: PTSD, hysteria, paranoia, psychosis, bipolar disorder, and Hikikomori.
Psychosomatic Medicine
by Susan H. Mcdaniel Kurt Fritzsche Michael WirschingPsychosocial problems appear within a medical context worldwide, and are a major burden to health. Psychosomatic Medicine: An International Primer for the Primary Care Setting takes a uniquely global approach in laying the foundations of bio psychosocial basic care (such as recognizing psychosocial and psychosomatic problems, basic counseling and collaboration with mental health specialists) and provides relevant information about the most common mental and psychosomatic problems and disorders. The scope of the book is intercultural--it addresses global cultures, subcultures living in a single country and strengthening the care given by physicians working abroad. This clinically useful book outlines best practices for diagnosing the most common bio psychosocial problems and mastering the most common communication challenges (e. g. doctor-patient conversation, breaking bad news, dealing with difficult patients, family and health systems communication and collaboration). Every chapter integrates basic theoretical background and practical skills and includes trans-culturally sensitive material, important for work with patients from different cultures. Psychosomatic Medicine: An International Primer for the Primary Care Setting serves as an excellent resource for clinicians hoping to gain and develop knowledge and skills in psychosomatic medicine.
Psychosomatic Medicine: An International Guide for the Primary Care Setting
by Kurt Fritzsche Michael Wirsching Susan H. McDanielNow in its fully revised and expanded second edition, this volume is the definitive global resource on psychosocial problems. Containing several new chapters and featuring extensively updated contributions from experts in the field, this title takes a uniquely global approach in laying the foundations of bio psychosocial basic care and provides relevant information about the most common mental and psychosomatic problems and disorders. An extension of the cultural aspects of the individual clinical pictures and new contributions from China, Latin America, Russia, Iran, India, Africa and Myanmar, also about migration and mental health accompany this revision.This book is divided into four sections and begins by explaining the relationship between psychosomatic medicine and primary care. The next part outlines the best practices for diagnosing the most common biopsychosocial problems and mastering the most frequent communication challenges (e.g. biopsychosocial anamnesis, breaking bad news, dealing with difficult patients, family and health systems communication and collaboration). The following section delves into more specific psychosomatic problems such as depressive disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction, the terminally ill patient and eating disorders, among others. The final section focuses on developing psychosomatic medicine in international settings. Every chapter integrates basic theoretical background and practical skills and includes trans-culturally sensitive material, important for work with patients from different nations. Psychosomatic Medicine: An International Primer for the Primary Care Setting, second edition is a must-have reference for doctors from various specialties as well as nursing staff, social workers and clinical health psychologists.
Psychosomatic Medicine: An Introduction to Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry
by James J. Amos Robert G. RobinsonPsychosomatic medicine or consultation-liaison psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that focuses on the mental health issues which accompany, or develop as a result of, other medical disorders. This subdiscipline forms an important part of training in psychiatry. This book provides an ideal first exposure to the inseparable nature of physical and psychological health and illness, and a comprehensive introduction to the broad range of disorders seen on the psychiatric consult service. Organized into a series of bitesized chapters, each focusing on a typical consult question, this handbook provides a practical and portable reference which should set both strategy and tactics for the next generation of consulting psychiatrists. Essential reading for medical students, psychiatry residents and psychosomatic fellows, this manual will provide immediate, in-the-field guidance on the evaluation and management of common consultation requests. <P><P><i>Advisory: This book offers only partial accessibility. We have kept it in the collection because it is useful for some of our members. Benetech is actively working on projects to improve accessibility issues such as these in the future.</i>
Psychosomatic Theory
by Juan Moises de la SernaPreface Emotions are a source of life and pleasure, but when they acquire certain negative nuances and become chronic, they can contribute to the appearance of psychosomatic disorders. These disorders are more frequent than one might imagine, especially because there is a great lack of understanding in the individual's overall health, how to preserve it and how to take care of it. This text is presented as a first approach to the subject of psychosomatic disorders from a theoretical perspective. Objective: The aim of this book is to serve as a first approach to psychosomatic medicine, focusing on the explanatory theories of its origin and its "function". A text to bring the reader closer to one of the most important challenges that medicine has taken on halfway through psychology, the psychosomatic disorders. Target audience: - Health practitioners who want to delve deeper into the effects of emotions on health - People suffering from psychosomatic disorders and to their families, so that they can learn in depth about this new perspective of the disorder - Anyone interested in learning how emotions can affect health and how to approach treatment from a holistic point of view Topic - Psychosomatic Approach and Psychosomatic Disorders This section covers the origin of the explanatory theories on the psychosomatic approach, and what type of disorders are included from this perspective. - The Psychosomatic Personality In this section is analyzed the origin of personality, its formation over time and the health problems of an "inadequate" personality. - Approach to Psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI) Considered as the last great contribution of health science, this approach poses a model for overcoming the limitations of medicine and psychology, which only provide a limited view of psychosomatic disorders.
Psychosomatics Today: A Psychoanalytic Perspective (The International Psychoanalytical Association Psychoanalytic Ideas and Applications Series)
by Marilia Aisenstein Elsa Rappoport de AisembergPsychosomatics have classically been of peripheral importance within our wellknown theoretical models, despite the fact that they do have a history in the field of psychoanalysis. This might be owing to the fact that Freud did not explicitly approach psychosomatics and, in consequence, did not put forward any hypotheses within his theoretical body. However, the Freudian concepts of actual neuroses and mixed neuroses are a basis in order to understand psychosomatic phenomena. The same could be said about the connections established with subsequent Freudian theoretical models, such as: the introduction of narcissism, unresolved mourning processes, early trauma and the action of Thanatos.
Psychosomatics Today: A Psychoanalytic Perspective (The International Psychoanalytical Association Psychoanalytic Ideas and Applications Series)
by Marilia Aisenstein Elsa Rappoport de AisembergThis revised edition of Psychosomatics Today presents a thorough introduction to the different international schools of psychosomatics, written by leading professionals, and includes three new chapters on current practice. As well as exploring key psychosomatic topics, focusing primarily on the Paris School, the Latin American School, the American school of psychosomatic medicine, and the Kleinian approach to the soma, this revised edition adds a chapter about the German School of Psychosomatics, expands upon allergic object relations, and tackles the contemporary topic of overflow in theory and clinical practice. Spanning a variety of theoretical approaches, the book is illustrated by many clinical case studies which provide an engaging, holistic picture of the field, including adolescent and child therapies. Psychosomatics Today will be of great interest to psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists in practice and in training, students of psychiatry and psychology, and paediatricians and medical practitioners seeking a fuller understanding of psychosomatics.
Psychosomatik in der Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie
by Gabriele Moser Miriam Goebel-Stengel Andreas StengelPsychosomatik spielt in der Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie eine immer noch zu wenig beachtete Rolle. Ausgehend vom Begriff des Bauchhirns (Brain-Gut-Axis) werden die psychosomatischen Aspekte sämtlicher Erkrankungen des Magen-Darm-Traktes ausführlich besprochen. In dieser aktualisierten und erweiterten Neuauflage kommen Expertinnen und Experten zu Wort, die die Psychosomatik als wichtigen Bestandteil Ihrer Patientenbetreuung integrieren. Die Bedeutung der Arzt-Patient-Beziehung wird praxisnah in diesem Buch vermittelt und durch Berichte von Betroffenen ergänzt. In weiterer Folge werden psychische Aspekte bei der endoskopischen Untersuchung und anderen diagnostischen Verfahren vorgestellt. Die psychopharmakologische Therapie psychischer Störungen im gastroenterologischen Alltag wird Raum gegeben und Modelle einer integrierten psychosomatischen Versorgung beispielhaft dargestellt. Im Sinne der evidenzbasierten Medizin bietet es den in Ausbildung stehenden Medizinern einen umfassenden Überblick über die aktuellen Entwicklungen der psychosomatischen Forschung des Verdauungstraktes.
Psychosomatik in der Physiotherapie: Ein integratives Bewegungskonzept
by Zagorka PavlesDieses Praxisbuch richtet sich an Fachkräfte in den Bereichen Physiotherapie, Ergotherapie, Sporttherapie und Psychotherapie, die in der Psychosomatik oder mit Menschen mit komplexen körperlichen Beschwerden arbeiten. Es behandelt ausführlich die physischen Reaktionen auf Belastungen und die Interaktion zwischen Symptomstärke in Verbindung mit Psyche und Körper. Praxisbezogene Fragen und die kritische Reflexion der eigenen Tätigkeit sind dabei essenziell. Das integrative Bewegungskonzept, ein klinisch erprobter Ansatz, legt seine Schwerpunkte auf die Intensivierung der Körperwahrnehmung sowie die Differenzierung zwischen Körperschema und Körperbild. Mit beobachtbaren Merkmalen, praktischen Strategien und anschaulichen Übungsbeispielen ist dieses Buch eine wertvolle Unterstützung für klinische und praktische Anwendungen. Aus dem Inhalt: Reaktion des Körpers auf Überlastung, Überforderung und Dauerüberforderung, Schmerzen und Spannungszustände, typische psychosomatische Muster, Körperorientierung und Körperschema, Atemmuster, Körperhaltung, Gang – und Bewegungsrhythmus, Wahrnehmungsfelder: Körpergrenze, Körperhaltung, Atmung.
Psychosoziale Aspekte der Adipositas-Chirurgie
by Stephan Herpertz Stephan Zipfel Martina De ZwaanDas Buch soll einen ersten Überblick über die psychotherapeutische Begleitung von Patienten vor und nach bariatrischen chirurgischen Eingriffen geben. Es richtet sich an die therapeutischen Teams, die mit Adipositaspatienten vor und nach der Operation arbeiten, soll aber auch Chirurgen für das Thema sensibilisieren. Durch die zunehmende Zahl an entsprechenden Operationen steigt die Notwendigkeit, diese Patienten während des gesamten Prozesses zu begleiten.
Psychosoziale Aspekte der Adipositas-Chirurgie
by Stephan Herpertz Stephan Zipfel Martina De ZwaanDas Buch soll einen ersten Überblick über die psychotherapeutische Begleitung von Patienten vor und nach bariatrischen chirurgischen Eingriffen geben. Es richtet sich an die therapeutischen Teams, die mit Adipositaspatienten vor und nach der Operation arbeiten, soll aber auch Chirurgen für das Thema sensibilisieren. Durch die zunehmende Zahl an entsprechenden Operationen steigt die Notwendigkeit, diese Patienten während des gesamten Prozesses zu begleiten.
Psychosoziale Gruppenarbeit mit benachteiligten Kindern: Paarleitung und kreatives Spiel
by Maria Leticia Castrechini-Franieck Niko BittnerDer in diesem Buch vorgestellte Ansatz - " Together We Are Strong" bzw. T-WAS - ist eine Form der präventiven Gruppenarbeit mit benachteiligten Kindern zur Stärkung ihrer Resilienz. Die Methoden beruhen primär auf der Entwicklung von Objektbeziehungen, indem die Kinder in fortlaufenden kreativen Spielen neue Erfahrungen mit sich selbst im Verhältnis zu anderen machen. Dabei werden kreative Spiele, wie sie im pädagogischen Bereich üblich und auf Teamarbeit ausgerichtet sind, mit therapeutischen Elementen aus der Gestalttherapie und der ontologischen Psychoanalyse ergänzt, um die Dimensionen der Ich-Stärkung und der Aggressionsbewältigung zu erarbeiten. Besonders hervorgehoben wird die Rolle des Gruppenleiters als interdisziplinärer Paarleitung, der das Spannungsfeld ihrer persönlichen Unterschiede bewusst nutzt, um die Gruppe in Bewegung zu bringen. T-WAS wurde in drei verschiedenen Flüchtlingsunterkünften auf der Basis von wöchentlichen 90-minütigen Gruppeninterventionen durchgeführt. Mehr als 70 Kinder haben daran teilgenommen und einen stabilen Zustand des emotionalen Wohlbefindens erreicht, während sich ihre sozialen und schulischen Leistungen verbessert haben.
Psychosoziale Therapien bei schweren psychischen Erkrankungen: Patientenleitlinie für Betroffene und Angehörige
by Thomas Becker Uta Gühne Ruth Fricke Gudrun Schliebener Steffi G. Riedel-HellerDiese Patientenleitlinie ist die Patienten- und Angehörigenversion der S3-Leitlinie „Psychosoziale Therapien bei schweren psychischen Erkrankungen“, die in der Reihe S3-Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie & Psychotherapie federführend durch die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) herausgegeben wurde.Die Patientenleitlinie wurde 2018 analog zur zugrundeliegenden Behandlungsleitlinie überarbeitet und um neue Interventionen ergänzt: In der Neuauflage werden erstmals Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung der körperlichen Gesundheit der Betroffenen vorgestellt und neben Selbstmanagementstrategien und computergestützten Ansätzen systematisch Hilfen durch Genesungsbegleiter beschrieben. Die Neuauflage folgt stärker als bisher dem Recovery-Gedanken und ist deshalb für schwer psychisch kranke Menschen auf der Suche nach den passenden Therapien ein willkommener Begleiter.
Psychosoziale Uroonkologie
by Hermann J. Berberich Désirée-Louise DrägerCirca jeder 3. Patient in der Urologie ist ein Tumorpatient. In der Uroonkologie sind es meist ältere, an Prostatakrebs erkrankte Männer, die nicht gelernt haben, über Ihre Gefühle zu sprechen. Aber auch jüngere Männer leiden, besonders unter begleitenden sexuellen Funktionsstörungen.In diesem Praxisbuch werden die Grundlagen der psychosozialen Uroonkologie erläutert wie auch die Diagnostik und Therapie. Es schildert die Besonderheiten der männlichen Patientengruppe, stellt die wichtigsten Tumorentitäten kurz dar und richtet den Blick auch auf psychische Komorbiditäten. Intensiv werden Patientenängste, z. B. Progredienzangst, Sexualität, Tod thematisiert und Sie erhalten zahlreiche Tipps, wie Sie ein Patientengespräch führen und Hilfen anbieten können. Hinweise und Übersichten für den Arbeitsalltag zur Diagnostik und Therapie und Praxistipps zum Umgang mit der meist älteren, männlichen Patientengruppe erleichtern die Gesprächsführung und erweitern das Hilfsangebot für den Patienten. Das Buch basiert auf der Fachexpertise eines renommierten Autorenteams und spiegelt den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft wider. Es erfolgen viele Verweise und Erläuterungen zur S3-Leitlinie „Psychoonkologische Diagnostik, Beratung und Behandlung von erwachsenen Krebspatienten“.Für Urologen, Onkologen, Psychotherapeuten und jeden Arzt, der urologische Tumorpatienten behandelt, und diesen wertvollen Baustein in der Krebstherapie professionell nutzt - für mehr Lebensqualität des Patienten.
Psychosurgical Problems
by Mettler, Fred AFirst published in 1999. This book contains the thirteenth volume in the nineteen-volume series: Abnormal and Clinical Psychology - part of The International Library of Psychology. This study has moved into an examination of the influence of social environmental factors upon the postoperative course of psychosurgical patients. An appendix is included giving the status of the patients included in the first project, two years after their operation. Additional, still later, material on these cases is included in the first chapter, which brings our information up-to-date at the time of going to press.
Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action (Counselling in Action)
by Mrs Diana WhitmoreSAGE celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Counselling in Action in November 2008. To view the video - click here -------------------------------------------------------------- `In a highly readable and enjoyable style, Diana Whitmore achieves her goal of providing not only a basic introduction to the practice of psychosynthesis but a work which enriches and expands its tradition' - Changes The Third Edition of this best-selling book provides a clear and accessible introduction to the principles and techniques of psychosynthesis, and explains how the counsellor or psychotherapist can incorporate these elements into their own work with clients. Based on the need for humans to find a more positive meaning to their lives, Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action guides the reader through the journey to `selfhood'. Taking the reader through the four main stages of the counselling journey, the author explains the wide range of practical methods available to practitioners, and how to tailor these to different client needs. Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action is illustrated throughout with examples from practice, and includes an in-depth case study at the end of the book. It will be invaluable for those seeking an introduction to psychosynthesis, as well as practitioners of other orientations who wish to incorporate this approach into their own therapeutic work.
Psychosynthesis Leadership Coaching: A Psychology of Being for a Time of Crisis
by Aubyn HowardPsychosynthesis Leadership Coaching responds to the call of coaches who want to be able to work with the whole person, with the inner as well as the outer worlds, and not just at rational and behavioural levels but at emotional and spiritual levels as well. Psychosynthesis is unique amongst psychologies in the emphasis it places on self and will at the centre of human psychological functioning. This holistic and integrative psychology provides the foundations for working with leaders in ways that respond to today’s emergent crises. Psychosynthesis coaching is an increasingly popular approach that is finding its way into the mainstream as a response to the needs of coaching to engage at depth with emotional content and in the transpersonal realm of meaning, purpose and values. This book introduces psychosynthesis coaching to a wider audience and provides a comprehensive guide to this approach for both coaches and leaders. This book provides the context, models, methods, skills and techniques for coaches to engage with their clients within the larger context of Self and Will, alongside working on inner and outer agendas and goals of any description. For coaches, leaders and organisational practitioners alike, this approach is also about coaching our inner leader – knowing that this work always starts with ourselves.
Psychosynthesis: A Manual of Principles and Techniques
by Roberto AssagioliA practical working method of psychology that includes many approaches to personal growth, unified around the idea of a self directing the harmonious development of all aspects of personality.