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Statistics with Posterior Probability and a PHC Curve
by Hideki ToyodaThis textbook reconstructs the statistics curriculum from the perspective of posterior probability. In recent years, there have been several reports that the results of studies using significant tests cannot be reproduced. It is a problem called a “reproducibility crisis”. For example, suppose we could reject the null hypothesis that “the average number of days to recovery in patients who took a new drug was the same as that in the control group”. However, rejecting the null hypothesis is only a necessary condition for the new drug to be effective. Even if the necessary conditions are met, it does not necessarily mean that the new drug is effective. In fact, there are many cases where the effect is not reproduced. Sufficient conditions should be presented, such as “the average number of days until recovery in patients who take new drugs is sufficiently short compared to the control group, evaluated from a medical point of view”, without paying attention to necessary conditions. This book reconstructs statistics from the perspective of PHC, i.e., probability that a research hypothesis is correct. For example, the PHC curve shows the posterior probability that the statement “The average number of days until recovery for patients taking a new drug is at least θ days shorter than that of the control group” is correct as a function of θ. Using the PHC curve makes it possible to discuss the sufficient conditions rather than the necessary conditions for being an efficient treatment. The value of statistical research should be evaluated with concrete indicators such as “90% probability of being at least 3 days shorter”, not abstract metrics like the p-value.
Statistik: Eine kurze Einführung für Studierende der Psychologie und Sozialwissenschaften (Was ist eigentlich …?)
by Felix Naumann Markus BühnerDieses kleine Lehrbuch aus der Reihe „Was ist eigentlich …?“ gibt eine kurze Einführung in die grundlegenden Methoden der quantitativen Statistik in sozialwissenschaftlichen Fächern. Sie will Studierenden der Psychologie, Sozialwissenschaften oder verwandter Fächer zu Beginn des Studiums bei einer Orientierung in dieser Teildisziplin verhelfen. Sie bietet aber auch für Fachfremde, die an psychologischen Methoden interessiert sind, einen ersten Einblick in die deskriptive Statistik, Inferenzstatistik sowie statistische Modellierung.
Statistik für Psychologen für Dummies (Für Dummies)
by Donncha Hanna Martin DempsterWer sich mit Psychologie beschäftigen will, muss sich meist auch mit Statistik beschäftigen und das auch noch recht umfassend. Wenn Statistik nicht so Ihr Thema ist, dann ist dies das richtige Buch für Sie. Donncha Hanna und Martin Dempster erklären Ihnen, was Sie über Regression, Korrelation und ANOVA wissen sollten. Sie erfahren, was Sie über Wahrscheinlichkeit, Deduktion und Hypothesentests wissen sollten und vieles mehr. Außerdem erhalten Sie eine kurze Einführung in SPSS sowie R beziehungsweise RStudio und lernen die für Sie wichtigen Funktionen dieser umfangreichen Programme kennen. So ist dieses Buch ein angenehmer Einstieg für alle, die sich nicht wirklich auf Statistik freuen.
Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?
by Cecilia L. RidgewayStatus is ubiquitous in modern life, yet our understanding of its role as a driver of inequality is limited. In Status, sociologist and social psychologist Cecilia Ridgeway examines how this ancient and universal form of inequality influences today’s ostensibly meritocratic institutions and why it matters. Ridgeway illuminates the complex ways in which status affects human interactions as we work together towards common goals, such as in classroom discussions, family decisions, or workplace deliberations. Ridgeway’s research on status has important implications for our understanding of social inequality. Distinct from power or wealth, status is prized because it provides affirmation from others and affords access to valuable resources. Ridgeway demonstrates how the conferral of status inevitably contributes to differing life outcomes for individuals, with impacts on pay, wealth creation, and health and wellbeing. Status beliefs are widely held views about who is better in society than others in terms of esteem, wealth, or competence. These beliefs confer advantages which can exacerbate social inequality. Ridgeway notes that status advantages based on race, gender, and class—such as the belief that white men are more competent than others—are the most likely to increase inequality by facilitating greater social and economic opportunities. Ridgeway argues that status beliefs greatly enhance higher status groups’ ability to maintain their advantages in resources and access to positions of power and make lower status groups less likely to challenge the status quo. Many lower status people will accept their lower status when given a baseline level of dignity and respect—being seen, for example, as poor but hardworking. She also shows that people remain willfully blind to status beliefs and their effects because recognizing them can lead to emotional discomfort. Acknowledging the insidious role of status in our lives would require many higher-status individuals to accept that they may not have succeeded based on their own merit; many lower-status individuals would have to acknowledge that they may have been discriminated against. Ridgeway suggests that inequality need not be an inevitable consequence of our status beliefs. She shows how status beliefs can be subverted—as when we reject the idea that all racial and gender traits are fixed at birth, thus refuting the idea that women and people of color are less competent than their male and white counterparts. This important new book demonstrates the pervasive influence of status on social inequality and suggests ways to ensure that it has a less detrimental impact on our lives.
Status and Culture: How Our Desire for Social Rank Creates Taste, Identity, Art, Fashion, and Constant Change
by W. David Marx"Subtly altered how I see the world." —Michelle Goldberg, New York Times&“[Status and Culture] consistently posits theories I'd never previously considered that instantly feel obvious.&” —Chuck Klosterman, author of The Nineties&“Why are you the way that you are? Status and Culture explains nearly everything about the things you choose to be—and how the society we live in takes shape in the process.&” —B.J. Novak, writer and actorSolving the long-standing mysteries of culture—from the origin of our tastes and identities, to the perpetual cycles of fashions and fads—through a careful exploration of the fundamental human desire for statusAll humans share a need to secure their social standing, and this universal motivation structures our behavior, forms our tastes, determines how we live, and ultimately shapes who we are. We can use status, then, to explain why some things become &“cool,&” how stylistic innovations arise, and why there are constant changes in clothing, music, food, sports, slang, travel, hairstyles, and even dog breeds.In Status and Culture, W. David Marx weaves together the wisdom from history, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, philosophy, linguistics, semiotics, cultural theory, literary theory, art history, media studies, and neuroscience to demonstrate exactly how individual status seeking creates our cultural ecosystem. Marx examines three fundamental questions: Why do individuals cluster around arbitrary behaviors and take deep meaning from them? How do distinct styles, conventions, and sensibilities emerge? Why do we change behaviors over time and why do some behaviors stick around? The answers then provide new perspectives for understanding the seeming &“weightlessness&” of internet culture. Status and Culture is a book that will appeal to business people, students, creators, and anyone who has ever wondered why things become popular, why their own preferences change over time, and how identity plays out in contemporary society. Readers of this book will walk away with deep and lasting knowledge of the often secret rules of how culture really works.
Status and Social Comparisons Among Adolescents: Popularity in the Age of Social Media
by Carol VidalThis insightful book examines the differences in the perception of social status and how they impact youth mental health and well-being. Looking at social status from a developmental perspective, the author explores the expansion of opportunities for social comparison and complex social hierarchies driven by social media use.Focusing on how social status is ever-present across species in the animal world, the book begins by exploring the biology of social status, the biological mechanisms by which it affects health, and how it presents in the spaces in which children and adolescents live e.g., schools, neighbourhoods, and cultures. Case studies of adolescents interviewed about social status are included, as well as a final chapter detailing specific steps to help minimise the effects of hierarchies on health and ways to approach social status differences.Bridging anthropological, economic, developmental, and psychological literature on children and adolescent social hierarchies, this book is an invaluable guide for parents, educators, and clinicians such as school counsellors, psychologists, pediatricians, pediatric psychiatrists, and other health care providers to better understand and support youth’s behaviour. This will also be of interest for students studying Adolescent Health and Adolescent Development.
The Status of Women: Violence, Identity, and Activism (Psychoanalysis and Women Series)
by Vivian B. PenderThis book examines the status of women in different eras and in different areas of society. The contributors draw on their international experience to consider how women are viewed and treated in society today and offer perspectives on why the status of women and girls has not changed in some areas.
Stay
by Jennifer Michael HechtWorldwide, more people die by suicide than by murder, and many more are left behind to grieve. Despite distressing statistics that show suicide rates rising, the subject, long a taboo, is infrequently talked about. In this sweeping intellectual and cultural history, poet and historian Jennifer Michael Hecht channels her grief for two friends lost to suicide into a search for history's most persuasive arguments against the irretrievable act, arguments she hopes to bring back into public consciousness. From the Stoics and the Bible to Dante, Shakespeare, Wittgenstein, and such twentieth-century writers as John Berryman, Hecht recasts the narrative of our "secular age" in new terms. She shows how religious prohibitions against self-killing were replaced by the Enlightenment's insistence on the rights of the individual, even when those rights had troubling applications. This transition, she movingly argues, resulted in a profound cultural and moral loss: the loss of shared, secular, logical arguments against suicide. By examining how people in other times have found powerful reasons to stay alive when suicide seems a tempting choice, she makes a persuasive intellectual and moral case against suicide.
Stay Sexy and Don't Get Murdered: The Definitive How-To Guide From the My Favorite Murder Podcast
by Georgia Hardstark Karen KilgariffIn STAY SEXY & DON'T GET MURDERED, Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark, hosts of true crime comedy podcast 'My Favorite Murder,' open up about their lives more intimately than ever in their confessionally honest and hilarious debut book, titled after their podcast sign-off.Sharing never-before-heard stories ranging from their struggles with depression, eating disorders, and addiction, Karen and Georgia irreverently recount their biggest mistakes and deepest fears, reflecting on the formative life events that shaped them into two of the most followed voices in the podcasting world.
Stay Sexy and Don't Get Murdered: The Definitive How-To Guide From the My Favorite Murder Podcast
by Georgia Hardstark Karen KilgariffIn STAY SEXY & DON'T GET MURDERED, Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark, hosts of true crime comedy podcast 'My Favorite Murder,' open up about their lives more intimately than ever in their confessionally honest and hilarious debut book, titled after their podcast sign-off.Sharing never-before-heard stories ranging from their struggles with depression, eating disorders, and addiction, Karen and Georgia irreverently recount their biggest mistakes and deepest fears, reflecting on the formative life events that shaped them into two of the most followed voices in the podcasting world.(p) Orion Publishing Group 2019
Staying Attached: Fathers and Children in Troubled Times (The Systemic Thinking and Practice Series)
by Gill Gorell BarnesThis book is about the changing social contexts for fathering in the United Kingdom since the end of the Second World War, and the social moves from patriarchal fatherhood to multiple ways of doing 'dad'. The book questions why fathers have been marginalised by therapists working with children and families. It proposes that theories of psychotherapy, including attachment theory, have failed to take father love for their children, and the reality of changing social fatherhoods, sufficiently into account, consequently affecting related practice. Different contemporary family structures and multiple variations of relationship between fathers and children are considered. Many fathers, brought up within earlier patriarchal frameworks for viewing fatherhood are still trying to exercise these within contexts of rapid change in expectations of men as fathers. They may find themselves in troubled and oppositional relations with partners and oftern children. Examples are given for thinking abour fathers in different relationship transitions, including 'non-live-in' fatherhoods, re-entering children's lives after long absences, fathering following acrimonious divorce, and a range of social fatherhoods.
Staying Connected to Your Teenager: How to Keep Them Talking to You and How to Hear What they're Really Saying
by Michael RieraAt last, a book of sage advice that will help frustrated parents reconnect with their teenager and keep that connection even in today's often-crazy world. The first step is simple: realizing that inside every teen resides two very different people-the regressed child and the emergent adult. The emergent adult is seen at school, on the playing field, in his first job, and in front of his friends' families. Unfortunately, his parents usually see only the regressed child-moody and defiant-and, if they're not on the lookout, they'll miss seeing the more agreeable, increasingly adult thinker in their midst. With ingenious strategies for coaxing the more attractive of the two teen personalities into the home, family psychologist Mike Riera gives new hope to beleaguered and harried parents. From moving from a "managing" to a "consulting" role in a teen's life, from working with a teen's uniquely exasperating sleep rhythms to having real conversations when only monosyllables have been previously possible, Staying Connected to Your Teenager demonstrates ways to bring out the best in a teen-and, consequently, in an entire family.
Staying Connected To Your Teenager
by Michael RieraAt last, a book of sage advice that will help frustrated parents reconnect with their teenager and keep that connection even in today's often-crazy world.The first step is simple: realizing that inside every teen resides two very different people-the regressed child and the emergent adult. The emergent adult is seen at school, on the playing field, in his first job, and in front of his friends' families. Unfortunately, his parents usually see only the regressed child-moody and defiant-and, if they're not on the lookout, they'll miss seeing the more agreeable, increasingly adult thinker in their midst.With ingenious strategies for coaxing the more attractive of the two teen personalities into the home, family psychologist Mike Riera gives new hope to beleaguered and harried parents. From moving from a "managing" to a "consulting" role in a teen's life, from working with a teen's uniquely exasperating sleep rhythms to having real conversations when only monosyllables have been previously possible, Staying Connected to Your Teenager demonstrates ways to bring out the best in a teen-and, consequently, in an entire family.
Staying Mentally Healthy During Your Teaching Career (Positive Mental Health)
by Samuel Stones Jonathan GlazzardThe mental health of teachers in school is just as important as the well-being of the pupils they support. Recent research reveals some alarming statistics, including that 74% of teachers are unable to relax and have a poor work-life balance. This book examines a range of relevant issues including workload, managing behaviour, developing resilience and managing professional relationships in order to address some of these concerns and provide comprehensive guidance and workable, evidence-informed strategies to support all those teaching in schools and colleges.
Staying OK: How to Maximize Good Feelings and Minimize Bad Ones
by Amy Harris Thomas A. HarrisA sequel to I'm OK—You're OK. This book offers advice on making important changes and taking charge of your life, resolving conflicts, and rooting out the causes of worry, panic, depression, regret, confusion and feelings of inadequacy.
Staying Put: Adapting the Places Instead of the People (Society and Aging Series)
by Susan Lanspery Joan HydeMost existing housing offers a poor fit for older people and people with disabilities, and new construction adds less than 2 per cent to the housing each year. Ninety-nine percent of the housing that will be in use in the year 2000 exists today. The long-needed anthology "Staying Put: Adapting the Places Instead of the People" emphasizes the disabilities and abilities of environments instead of individuals. With contributions from leading authorities, it integrates a wide range of theoretical and practical ideas about housing adaptation for researchers, students, consumers, policymakers, and practitioners in human services and the building trades.
Staying Sober: A Guide for Relapse Prevention
by Terence T. Gorski Merlene MillerThis Relapse Prevention Model accepted by many rehab facilities and is a definite read for those who struggle with addictions.
Stealing Fire: How Silicon Valley, the Navy SEALs, and Maverick Scientists Are Revolutionizing the Way We Live and Work
by Steven Kotler Jamie WhealIt’s the biggest revolution you’ve never heard of, and it’s hiding in plain sight. Over the past decade, Silicon Valley executives like Eric Schmidt and Elon Musk, Special Operators like the Navy SEALs and the Green Berets, and maverick scientists like Sasha Shulgin and Amy Cuddy have turned everything we thought we knew about high performance upside down. Instead of grit, better habits, or 10,000 hours, these trailblazers have found a surprising short cut. They're harnessing rare and controversial states of consciousness to solve critical challenges and outperform the competition. New York Times bestselling author Steven Kotler and high performance expert Jamie Wheal spent four years investigating the leading edges of this revolution—from the home of SEAL Team Six to the Googleplex, the Burning Man festival, Richard Branson’s Necker Island, Red Bull’s training center, Nike’s innovation team, and the United Nations’ Headquarters. And what they learned was stunning: In their own ways, with differing languages, techniques, and applications, every one of these groups has been quietly seeking the same thing: the boost in information and inspiration that altered states provide. Today, this revolution is spreading to the mainstream, fueling a trillion dollar underground economy and forcing us to rethink how we can all lead richer, more productive, more satisfying lives. Driven by four accelerating forces—psychology, neurobiology, technology and pharmacology—we are gaining access to and insights about some of the most contested and misunderstood terrain in history. Stealing Fire is a provocative examination of what’s actually possible; a guidebook for anyone who wants to radically upgrade their life.
Stem Cell Production: Processes, Practices and Regulations
by Firdos Alam KhanThis book examines the technologies and processes for the development and commercial production of stem cells according to cGMP guidelines. The initial chapter of the book discusses the therapeutic potentials of stem cells for the treatment of various diseases, including degenerative disorders and genetic diseases. The book then reviews the recent developments in the cultivation of stem cells in bioreactors, including critical cultural parameters, possible bioreactor configuration and integrations of novel technologies in bioprocess developmental stages. The book also introduces microscopic, molecular, and cellular techniques for characterization of stem cells for regulatory approvals. Further, it describes optimal cell transporting conditions to maintain cell viability and properties. Further, it summarizes characterization strategies of clinical grade stem cells for stem cell therapy. This book is an invaluable contribution to having an academic and industrial understanding with respect to R&D and manufacturing of clinical grade stem cells.
Stem cells: From Potential to Promise
by Khawaja Husnain HaiderThe book highlights the therapeutic applications of various stem cells, and introduces readers to thymus stem cells and their applications in the reconstitution of thymic structure and function. It also discusses the significant role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the use of MSC-derived exosomes in cell-free therapy. Moreover, it explores the application of hematopoietic stem cells in the vasculoprotection of the ischemially injured heart. Further topics include the regenerative potential of ovarian germline stem cells and the significance of endometrial stem cells in the pathogenesis of female reproductive tract diseases. Lastly, the book addresses stem cells from perinatal tissues and their immunoregulatory and differentiation potentials, and summarizes new strategies for targeting cancer stem cells to treat tumors.
STEM Education Across the Learning Continuum: Early Childhood to Senior Secondary
by Steve Murphy Amy MacDonald Lena DanaiaThis is the first comprehensive book to consider STEM education from early childhood through to senior secondary education. It approaches STEM as a form of real-world, problem-based education that draws on the knowledge and skills of the science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines. Rather than presenting each of the separate disciplines to an equal extent, it focuses on STEM researchers’ perspectives on how their work contributes to effective STEM education in terms of building knowledge, skills and engagement. Gathering contributions by authors from various countries, the book explores effective STEM education from a range of perspectives within the international context. Moreover, it addresses critical issues in STEM education, including transition and trajectories, gender, rurality, socioeconomic status and cultural diversity. By doing so, it not only shares the current state of knowledge in this field, but also offers a source of inspiration for future research.
STEM Education for the 21st Century (Springerbriefs In Education Ser.)
by Bryan Edward PenpraseThis book chronicles the revolution in STEM teaching and learning that has arisen from a convergence of educational research, emerging technologies, and innovative ways of structuring both the physical space and classroom activities in STEM higher education. Beginning with a historical overview of US higher education and an overview of diversity in STEM in the US, the book sets a context in which our present-day innovation in science and technology urgently needs to provide more diversity and inclusion within STEM fields. Research-validated pedagogies using active learning and new types of research-based curriculum is transforming how physics, biology and other fields are taught in leading universities, and the book gives profiles of leading innovators in science education and examples of exciting new research-based courses taking root in US institutions. The book includes interviews with leading scientists and educators, case studies of new courses and new institutions, and descriptions of site visits where new trends in 21st STEM education are being developed. The book also takes the reader into innovative learning environments in engineering where students are empowered by emerging technologies to develop new creative capacity in their STEM education, through new centers for design thinking and liberal arts-based engineering. Equally innovative are new conceptual frameworks for course design and learning, and the book explores the concepts of Scientific Teaching, Backward Course Design, Threshold Concepts and Learning Taxonomies in a systematic way with examples from diverse scientific fields. Finally, the book takes the reader inside the leading centers for online education, including Udacity, Coursera and EdX, interviews the leaders and founders of MOOC technology, and gives a sense of how online education is evolving and what this means for STEM education. This book provides a broad and deep exploration into the historical context of science education and into some of the cutting-edge innovations that are reshaping how leading universities teach science and engineering. The emergence of exponentially advancing technologies such as synthetic biology, artificial intelligence and materials sciences has been described as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the book explores how these technologies will shape our future will bring a transformation of STEM curriculum that can help students solve many the most urgent problems facing our world and society.
A Step-by-Step Guide to Applying the Rasch Model Using R: A Manual for the Social Sciences (Quantitative Methodology Series)
by Iasonas LamprianouThis new edition provides a step-by-step guide to applying the Rasch model in R, a probabilistic model used by researchers across the social sciences to measure unobservable (“latent”) variables. Although the focus is on simple R code, the book provides updated guidance through the point-and-click menus of BlueSky Statistics software.The book covers all Rasch models frequently used in social sciences, from the Simple Rasch model to the Rating Scale, Partial Credit, and Many-Facets Rasch models. Using a pragmatic approach to model-data fit, this book offers helpful practical examples to investigate Rasch model assumptions. In addition to traditional Rasch model approaches, it introduces the Rasch model as a special case of a Generalized Mixed Effects Model. Readers will also benefit from the online support material which includes all the code used in the book in downloadable and useable files.It also provides a comprehensive guide to R programming and practical guidance on using BlueSky Statistics software's point-and-click menus. This dual approach enables readers to experiment with data analysis using the provided data sets, enhancing their understanding and application of statistical concepts. It will be a valuable resource for both students and researchers who want to use Rasch models in their research.
A Step-by-Step Guide to Exploratory Factor Analysis with R and RStudio
by Marley W. WatkinsThis is a concise, easy to use, step-by-step guide for applied researchers conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using the open source software R. In this book, Dr. Watkins systematically reviews each decision step in EFA with screen shots of R and RStudio code, and recommends evidence-based best practice procedures. This is an eminently applied, practical approach with few or no formulas and is aimed at readers with little to no mathematical background. Dr. Watkins maintains an accessible tone throughout and uses minimal jargon and formula to help facilitate grasp of the key issues users will face while applying EFA, along with how to implement, interpret, and report results. Copious scholarly references and quotations are included to support the reader in responding to editorial reviews. This is a valuable resource for upper-level undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as for more experienced researchers undertaking multivariate or structure equation modeling courses across the behavioral, medical, and social sciences.
A Step-by-Step Guide to Exploratory Factor Analysis with SPSS
by Marley W. WatkinsThis is a concise, easy-to-use, step-by-step guide for applied researchers conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using SPSS.