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Symbol and Archetype: A Study of the Meaning of Existence
by Martin LingsEvery religious tradition or metaphysical worldview involves a system of powerful symbols, most of which bear common meanings across cultures, continents, and time. This volume, complete with a 9th century Quranic manuscript, explores the significance of the most recurrent symbols and archetypes in human history and elaborates a compelling theory for why symbolism plays such an essential role in human life. The work explores certain basic aspects of symbolism in relation to the Divinity, the hierarchy of the universe, the function of human faculties and qualities, the human condition, natural objects, works of art, and the final end--all with reference to the great living religions of the world, and in particular to Christianity and Islam.
Symbol Formation
by H. Werner B. KaplanFirst published in 1984. The authors’ basic aim in this volume has been to set forth a certain perspective on psychological phenomena and to show how this perspective enables one to order and integrate data on symbolization and language behavior—data obtained by a variety of methods and garnered from domains that are too often treated in isolation from each other.
Symbol Use and Symbolic Representation: Developmental and Comparative Perspectives (Emory Cognition Project)
by Laura L. NamySymbol Use and Symbolic Representation: Developmental and Comparative Perspectives is the proceedings of a workshop held at Emory University in 2002 to discuss the difficult and age-old issue of what makes a symbol symbolic. The issue shifts towards exploring the relation between apparent symbolic behavior and actual symbolic insight on the part of the user or recipient.The workshop discussed the pitfalls of inferring symbolic understanding from apparently symbolic behaviors and possible criteria that would enable us to ascertain when a symbol is being employed in an intentional, communicative, representational manner. Broken down into three parts, this volume:*focuses on the factors that influence the emergence of symbolic behavior in young, typically developing children;*turns to an examination of individual and population differences in symbolic development and the ways variability in symbol use can inform the cognitive mechanisms underlying symbolic insight; and*explores symbolic understanding in non-human animals. The text ends with a synthesis of recurring themes, questions, concerns, and conclusions, and offers a new perspective on the process of understanding the relation between symbol use and symbolic insight.
Symbolic Analysis Cross-Culturally: The Rorschach Test
by George A. De Vos L. Bryce BoyerThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1989.
A Symbolic and Connectionist Approach To Legal Information Retrieval
by Daniel E. RoseMany existing information retrieval (IR) systems are surprisingly ineffective at finding documents relevant to particular topics. Traditional systems are extremely brittle, failing to retrieve relevant documents unless the user's exact search string is found. They support only the most primitive trial-and-error interaction with their users and are also static. Even systems with so-called "relevance feedback" are incapable of learning from experience with users. SCALIR (a Symbolic and Connectionist Approach to Legal Information Retrieval) -- a system for assisting research on copyright law -- has been designed to address these problems. By using a hybrid of symbolic and connectionist artificial intelligence techniques, SCALIR develops a conceptual representation of document relationships without explicit knowledge engineering. SCALIR's direct manipulation interface encourages users to browse through the space of documents. It then uses these browsing patterns to improve its performance by modifying its representation, resulting in a communal repository of expertise for all of its users. SCALIR's representational scheme also mirrors the hybrid nature of the Anglo-American legal system. While certain legal concepts are precise and rule-like, others -- which legal scholars call "open-textured" -- are subject to interpretation. The meaning of legal text is established through the parallel and distributed precedence-based judicial appeal system. SCALIR represents documents and terms as nodes in a network, capturing the duality of the legal system by using symbolic (semantic network) and connectionist links. The former correspond to a priori knowledge such as the fact that one case overturned another on appeal. The latter correspond to statistical inferences such as the relevance of a term describing a case. SCALIR's text corpus includes all federal cases on copyright law. The hybrid representation also suggests a way to resolve the apparent incompatibility between the two prominent paradigms in artificial intelligence, the "classical" symbol-manipulation approach and the neurally-inspired connectionist approach. Part of the book focuses on a characterization of the two paradigms and an investigation of when and how -- as in the legal research domain -- they can be effectively combined.
The Symbolic and Connectionist Paradigms: Closing the Gap
by John DinsmoreThe modern study of cognition finds itself with two widely endorsed but seemingly incongruous theoretical paradigms. The first of these, inspired by formal logic and the digital computer, sees reasoning in the principled manipulation of structured symbolic representations. The second, inspired by the physiology of the brain, sees reasoning as the behavior that emerges from the direct interactions found in large networks of simple processing components. Each paradigm has its own accomplishments, problems, methodology, proponents, and agenda. This book records the thoughts of researchers -- from both computer science and philosophy -- on resolving the debate between the symbolic and connectionist paradigms. It addresses theoretical and methodological issues throughout, but at the same time exhibits the current attempts of practicing cognitive scientists to solve real problems.
A Symbolic Approach to Humanitarian Action: It Takes One to Know One (Contemporary Humanitarian Action and Emergency Management)
by Diego OteguiThis book aims to present an alternative view of humanitarian action. It adds to current conversations and dilemmas within the humanitarian sphere by departing from traditional views that consider humanitarian interventions as a concrete human activity aimed at providing relief to disaster victims. Much differently, it invokes the idea that humanitarian action is also a cognitive process. In this process, both humanitarians and disaster survivors alike, unknowingly, apply historically, societally, and culturally defined symbolic constructions to make sense of post-disaster information and to make decisions. In the specific case of humanitarian workers, these symbolic constructions influence how they understand their post-disaster reality, including how they relate to those they consider to be in pain or distress. This way of looking at humanitarian action builds upon a robust theoretical framework called Institutional Logics, which helps us identify and interpret how individuals make sense of their reality. So it brings the complex world of the individual into a discussion that generally considers the organization as the unit of analysis. Studying humanitarian action through this alternative lens makes it easy to see that objective and verifiable post-disaster information is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to design humanitarian interventions, let alone assess their value and benefits. A Symbolic Approach to Humanitarian Action: It Takes One to Know One aims to bridge the gap between research and practice in humanitarian action by translating academic knowledge into an accessible format that can be used by practitioners to improve their work on the ground.
The Symbolic Foundations of Conditioned Behavior (Distinguished Lecture Series #Vol. 1997)
by Charles R. Gallistel John GibbonThe goal of this book is to persuade students of animal learning that cognitive theorizing is essential for an understanding of the phenomena revealed by conditioning experiments. The authors also hope to persuade the cognitive psychology community that conditioning phenomena offer such a strong empirical foundation for a rigorous brand of cognitive psychology that the study of animal learning should reclaim a more central place in the field of psychology.
The Symbolic Life: Miscellaneous Writings (Collected Works of C.G. Jung #53)
by C.G. JungOriginally planned as a brief final volume in the Collected Works, The Symbolic Life has become the most ample volume in the edition, and one of unusual interest. It contains some 160 items spanning sixty years; they include forewords, replies to questionnaires, encyclopedia articles, occasional addresses, and letters on technical subjects.Collection of this material relied on three chief circumstances. After Jung returned from active medical practice, he gave more of his time to writing, and some sixty papers as well as books were written after 1950. Second, recent research has brought to light a number of reviews, reports and articles from the early years of Jung's career. Finally, Jung's files yielded several finished or virtually finished papers that survived in manuscript. Volume 18 includes three longer works: 'The Tavistock Lectures' (1936); 'Symbols and the Interpretation of Dreams' (1961); and 'The Symbolic Life', the transcript of a seminar given in London in 1939.
Symbolic Mental Representations in Arts and Mystical Experiences: Primordial Mental Activity and Archetypal Constellations (Research in Analytical Psychology and Jungian Studies)
by Giselle ManicaSymbolic Mental Representations in Arts and Mystical Experiences explains how the individual’s conceptualization of reality is dependent on the development of their brain, body structure, and the experiences that are physiologically confronted, acted, or observed via learning and/or simulation, occurring in family or community settings. The book offers support for Jean Knox’s reinterpretation of Jung's archetypal hypothesis, exposing the fundamentality of the body – in its neurophysiological development, bodily-felt sensations, non-verbal interactions, affects, emotions, and actions – in the process of meaning-making. Using information from disciplines such as Affective Neuroscience, Embodied Cognition, Attachment Theory, and Cognitive Linguistics, it clarifies how the most refined experiences of symbolic imagination are rooted in somatopsychic patterns. This book will be of great interest for academics and researchers in the fields of Analytical Psychology, Affective Neuroscience, Linguistics, Anthropology of Consciousness, Art-therapy, and Mystical Experiences, as well as Jungian and post-Jungian scholars, philosophers, and teachers.
The Symbolic Process And Its Integration In Children: A STUDY IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Midway Reprint Ser.)
by Markey, John FFirst Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
The Symbolic Quest: Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology - Expanded Edition
by Edward C. WhitmontThis book explores the use and development of man's symbolizing capacities-those qualities that make him distinctly human. Dr. Whitmont describes the symbolic approach to a dream, which takes into account a symptom's meaning in reference to an unfolding wholeness of personality. He then presents the view that the instinctual urge for meaning is served by the symbolizing capacities, and that this urge has been repressed in our time. In the field of psychology, this symbolic approach is most fully exemplified by the theories of C. G. Jung. The author's contribution includes many differentiations and speculations, especially concerning the problems of relatedness.
Symbolic Self Completion
by R. A. Wicklund P. M. GollwitzerFirst published in 1982. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain
by Terrence W. DeaconTerrence Deacon departs from the conventional theories which state that language arose, somehow, once the human brain became large and complex enough. He argues that the brain and language developed in concert, explains how the process occurred, and draws out the compelling implications of this new view of human origins.
Symbolic Transformation: The Mind in Movement Through Culture and Society (Cultural Dynamics of Social Representation)
by Brady WagonerThis book brings together scholars from around the world to address the question of how culture and mind are related through symbols: it is through the mediation of symbols that we think, act, imagine, feel, dream and remember. Thus, to understand the structure, function and development of symbols is to understand what it means to be human. Part I of the book constructs a theoretical foundation in semiotics for thinking about symbols, and analyzes their place in speech, images, affect and evolution. Part II explores how our experience is transformed through symbols: why we are moved by a movie or political speech, how bread and wine can taste like Christ’s body and blood, and why our memories are forever changing. Part III focuses on symbols in the human life-course, particularly in connection with play, language and art. And lastly, Part IV explores how identities, such as being a sex-worker or HIV-positive, are constituted in social relationships through society’s symbols. This broad interdisciplinary synthesis on the problem of symbols is an essential resource for anyone studying culture in mind, including advanced students in psychology, semiotics, anthropology, communications and philosophy.
Symbolic Universes in Time of: The Future of European Societies (Culture in Policy Making: The Symbolic Universes of Social Action)
by Sergio Salvatore Viviana Fini Terri Mannarini Jaan Valsiner Giuseppe Alessandro VeltriThis book investigates whether, how and where the cultural milieu of European societies has changed as a result of the socio-economics crisis. To do so, it adopts a psycho-cultural approach, which views the cultural milieu as a set of meanings, placing the generalized image social actors have of themselves, the world, events and their relationships in the context of the socio-political and institutional environment, including policies. By analyzing the changes in cultural milieu and social identity, the book develops strategic and methodological guidelines for the design of post-crisis policies, providing a concept of how the cultural dynamics are associated with certain individual characteristics and specific socio-economic phenomena.
Symbolization: Representation and Communication (The\psychoanalytic Ideas Ser.)
by James RoseThis book traces the development of the understanding of symbols and their formation and use in its historical context, and discusses their clinical significance in psychoanalysis. It will be of relevance and use in the practical sense as well as the theoretical.
Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity
by Steven J. MockIf nationalism is the assertion of legitimacy for a nation and its effectiveness as a political entity, why do many nations emphasize images of their own defeat in understanding their history? Using Israel, Serbia, France, Greece, and Ghana as examples, the author argues that this phenomenon exposes the ambivalence that lurks behind the passions nationalism evokes. Symbols of defeat glorify a nation's ancient past, while reenacting the destruction of that past as a necessary step in constructing a functioning modern society. As a result, these symbols often assume a foundational role in national mythology. Threats to such symbols are perceived as threats to the nation itself and consequently are met with desperation difficult for outsiders to understand.
Symbols of the Soul: Therapy and Guidance Through Fairy Tales
by Marianne Runberg Murray Cox Ernst W Pedersen Birgitte BrunFairy tales are part of our culture and history. They have been with many of us since we were children. During the last 20 years there has been an increasing interest in psychoanalytically-orientated interpretation of fairy tales, opening them up as a medium for therapy. The authors show that fairy tales can be used in therapy and guidance in a number of ways and on many different levels. They found that using such stories in their daily work proved beneficial for staff-members and patients alike, generating a response of interest, attention and sensitivity, underlining their point that fairy tales have an impact on, and importance for, everyone.
Symbols, Selves, and Social Reality: A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Social Psychology and Sociology
by Kent L. Sandstrom Kathryn J. Lively Daniel D. Martin Gary Alan FineThe fourth edition of Symbols, Selves, and Social Reality provides students with a succinct, engaging, and affordable introduction to symbolic interactionism--the perspective that social reality is created, negotiated, and changed through the process of social interaction. Focusing on how elements of race and gender affect identity, the authors use real-world examples to discuss the personal significance of symbolic interactionism, its expanding theoretical scope, and its relationship to other prominent perspectives in sociology and social psychology. They skillfully cover empirical research topics that are inherently interesting to students, such as the dynamics of self-development, impression management, identity transformation, gender play, rumor transmission, and collective action.
Symmetry Breaking in Syntax
by Hubert HaiderIn this illuminating new theory of grammar, Hubert Haider demonstrates that there is a basic asymmetry in the phrase structure of any language, whatever sentence structure it takes. Moreover, he argues that understanding this asymmetry is the key to understanding the grammatical causality underlying a broad range of core syntactic phenomena. Until now, Germanic languages have been seen to fall into two distinct classes: those which take an object-verb sentence structure (OV) or a verb-object one (VO). However, by examining the nature of this universal underlying asymmetry, Hubert Haider reveals a third syntactic type: 'Type III'. In particular, he employs the third type to explore the cognitive evolution of grammar which gave rise to the structural asymmetry and its typological implications. Symmetry Breaking in Syntax will appeal to academic researchers and graduate students involved in comparative and theoretical syntax and the cognitive evolution of grammar.
Sympathy Innovation for Phronesis: Global Deployment of Social Productivity for Work Teams on Production Sites
by Masahiro NowatariThis book explores social productivity in work teams on production sites, with an eye toward human welfare. It focuses especially on "sympathy management" by the use of multivariate analysis in a worldwide social survey. Manufacturing production sites have many work teams, and their activities support productivity. Productivity, however, is evaluated only by the production system. Therefore, the social system's sympathy evaluation as teamwork in the work team is completely disregarded by management activity. Management recognizes this social system and must upgrade teamwork as a social system from tacit to explicit knowledge as an appraisal system. Thus, this new paradigm significantly contributes to industrial society beyond conventional management. The work team's social system functions in a production system and affects team productivity. Therefore, it must take a bird's-eye view of social productivity as an overall strategy. Social productivity has two appraisal criteria, the social system's sympathy and the production system's productivity. Increasing explicit knowledge of sympathy as teamwork requires the perspective of human-social science. Social productivity has been verified through global deployment by social research and case studies and contributes to humankind's welfare on sustainable development goals and ISO56000, an innovation management system. Social productivity can also decrease opportunity loss based on ignoring the social system of the work team.
Symptom-Focused Dynamic Psychotherapy
by Mary E. ConnorsTraditionally, psychoanalytically oriented clinicians have eschewed a direct focus on symptoms, viewing it as superficial turning away from underlying psychopathology. But this assumption is an artifact of a dated classical approach; it should be reexamined in the light of contemporary relational thinking. So argues Mary Connors in Symptom-Focused Dynamic Psychotherapy, an integrative project that describes cognitive-behavioral techniques that have been demonstrated to be empirically effective and may be productively assimilated into dynamic psychotherapy.What is the warrant for symptom-focused interventions in psychodynamic treatment? Connors argues that the deleterious impact of symptoms on the patient's physical and emotional well being often impedes psychodynamic engagement. Symptoms associated with addictive disorders, eating disorders, OCD, and posttraumatic stress receive special attention. With patients suffering from these and other symptoms, Connors finds, specific cognitive-behavior techniques may relieve symptomatic distress and facilitate a psychodynamic treatment process, with its attentiveness to the therapeutic relationship and the analysis of transference-countertransference. Connors' model of integrative psychotherapy, which makes cognitive-behavioral techniques responsive to a comprehensive understanding of symptom etiology, offers a balanced perspective that attends to the relational embeddedness of symptoms without skirting the therapeutic obligation to alleviate symptomatic distress. In fact, Connors shows, active techniques of symptom management are frequently facilitative of treatment goals formulated in terms of relational psychoanalysis, self psychology, intersubjectivity theory, and attachment research. A discerning effort to enrich psychodynamic treatment without subverting its conceptual ground, Symptom-Focused Dynamic Psychotherapy is a bracing antidote to the timeworn mindset that makes a virtue of symptomatic suffering.
Symptom-Focused Psychiatric Drug Therapy for Managed Care (Routledge Library Editions: Psychiatry #12)
by S. JosephOriginally published in 1997, this title describes therapeutic applications of simple to complex combinations of medications to treat common psychiatric disorders among adults. Dr Joseph discusses practical, clinical guidelines that both the beginner and experienced practitioner will find useful. The 100 psychopharmacological cases presented in Part 2 illustrate the application of the diagnostic and treatment concepts described in Part 1. The cases are grouped into simple, moderately complex, and complex cases. The clinical cases, besides evoking a "hands-on" feeling which facilitates learning, can be used to compare your current treatment approach to that of an experienced and highly successful practicing psychiatrist.A vital addition to every psychiatrist's library, this guidebook is indispensable to those seeking a better understanding of patients’ problems from a psychopharmacological perspective that is both practical and effective. Numerous and varied clinical presentations are reduced to treatable symptoms so that even physicians who lack experience with a specific medication or combination of medications will be able to use these interventions successfully. For each of the 100 clinical cases presented in the book, the clinical history, treatment course, medication doses, and treatment outcome are carefully detailed in a step-by-step analysis.Unique features of this book that will be useful to psychiatrists, primary care physicians, and all mental health clinicians include: its symptom-focused approach; its discussion of modern rational polypharmacy; specific dosing guidelines; office management of severe disorders; treatment of special patients, such as celebrities and other doctors; clinical cases; and sample answers to common questions asked by patients.Psychiatrists, psychiatric residents, psychotherapists, psychiatric nurses, and other physicians will find thorough and clear explanations of treatment strategies and their nuances in this volume. Physicians interested in learning balanced and rational use of various psychotropic medication combinations will find themselves turning to this book again and again as they strive to alleviate psychiatric symptoms in patients and exercise techniques that minimize or avoid inpatient psychiatric hospitalization.
The Symptom Is Not the Whole Story: Psychoanalysis for Non-Psychoanalysts
by Daniel AraozA practical introduction to contemporary psychoanalysis that is accessible to all mental health professionals. Trained mostly in cognitive-behavioral methods and techniques, many recent graduates from psychology, counseling, family therapy, and other mental health programs have not been exposed to psychoanalysis as a vibrant, practical, and beneficial approach to human problems. In The Symptom is Not the Whole Story, Araoz introduces the functional benefits and applications of psychoanalysis for these practitioners. Focusing sharply on the unconscious and its use in psychotherapy, this no-nonsense book illustrates how psychoanalytical thinking can transform peopleâÄôs lives, thanks to the therapist's active interventions and destabilizing interpretations. Written in a vivid and clear style, where clinical examples pointedly illustrate the psychological issues at hand, this book reverses the commonly held idea that psychoanalysis requires years of treatment before showing results. Araoz's talent resides in his ability to teach mental health, marriage, and family counselors how to use psychoanalytic techniques without having been trained primarily in the discipline. All will find this book to be of particular benefit, discovering valuable guidance and applicable instructions for the use of psychoanalysis in their own therapeutic practice.