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Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: Training and Practice
by Robert CarkhuffThe field of counseling and psychotherapy has for years presented the puzzling spectacle of unabating enthusiasm for forms of treatment whose effectiveness cannot be objectively demonstrated. With few exceptions, statistical studies have consistently failed to show that any form of psychotherapy is followed by significantly more improvement than would be caused by the mere passage of an equivalent period of time. Despite this, practitioners of various psychotherapeutic schools have remained firmly convinced that their methods are effective. Many recipients of these forms of treatment also believe that they are being helped.The series of investigations reported in this impressive book resolve this paradoxical state of affairs. The investigators have overcome two major obstacles to progress in the past--lack of agreement on measures of improvement and difficulty of measuring active ingredients of the psychotherapy relationship. The inability of therapists of different theoretical persuasions to agree on criteria of improvement has made comparison of the results of different forms of treatment nearly impossible. The authors have solved this intractable problem by using a wide range of improvement measures and showing that, regardless of measures used in different studies, a significantly higher proportion of results favor their hypothesis than disregard it.Overall, this book represented a major advance at the time of its original publication and is of continuing importance. The research findings resolve some of the most stubborn research problems in psychotherapy, and the training program based on them points the way toward overcoming the shortage of psychotherapists.
Toward A Genetics of Language
by Mabel L. RiceThe past decade has brought important new advances in the fields of genetics, behavioral genetics, linguistics, language acquisition, studies of language impairment, and brain imaging. Although these advances are each highly relevant to the determination of what a child is innately prepared to bring to language acquisition, the contributing fields of endeavor have traditionally been relatively self-contained, with little cross communication. This volume was developed with the belief that there is considerable value to be gained in the creation of a shared platform for a dialogue across the disciplines.Leading experts in genetics, linguistics, language acquisition, language impairment, and brain imaging are brought together for the purpose of exploring the current evidence, theoretical issues, and research challenges in a way that bridges disciplinary boundaries and points toward future developments in the search for the genetic and environmental bases of language acquisition and impairments. This collection provides discussions and summaries of: *breakthrough findings of the genetic underpinnings of dyslexia; *theoretical and empirical developments in the specification of a phenotype of language acquisition and impairment; *evidence of familiarity and twin concordances of specific language impairment; and*new evidence from brain imaging.It concludes with a critical response from an advocate of rational empiricism.
Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence: How Neuroscience Can Inform the Pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence or General AI
by Eitan Michael AzoffIs a computer simulation of a brain sufficient to make it intelligent? Do you need consciousness to have intelligence? Do you need to be alive to have consciousness? This book has a dual purpose. First, it provides a multi-disciplinary research survey across all branches of neuroscience and AI research that relate to this book’s mission of bringing AI research closer to building a human-level AI (HLAI) system. It provides an encapsulation of key ideas and concepts, and provides all the references for the reader to delve deeper; much of the survey coverage is of recent pioneering research. Second, the final part of this book brings together key concepts from the survey and makes suggestions for building HLAI. This book provides accessible explanations of numerous key concepts from neuroscience and artificial intelligence research, including: The focus on visual processing and thinking and the possible role of brain lateralization toward visual thinking and intelligence. Diffuse decision making by ensembles of neurons. The inside-out model to give HLAI an inner "life" and the possible role for cognitive architecture implementing the scientific method through the plan-do-check-act cycle within that model (learning to learn). A neuromodulation feature such as a machine equivalent of dopamine that reinforces learning. The embodied HLAI machine, a neurorobot, that interacts with the physical world as it learns. This book concludes by explaining the hypothesis that computer simulation is sufficient to take AI research further toward HLAI and that the scientific method is our means to enable that progress. This book will be of great interest to a broad audience, particularly neuroscientists and AI researchers, investors in AI projects, and lay readers looking for an accessible introduction to the intersection of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.
Toward A Logic of Meanings
by Jean Piaget Philip Davidson Rolando GarciaThis book, the last one written by Piaget, presents a new line of empirical studies based on a revised formulation of his theory of the development of logical reasoning. The amended theory overcomes many problems and criticisms of his earlier formulations by providing a fresh explanation for the origin of mental operations and mental organization based on the concept of meaning. It also offers a more elegant vision of the continuity in mental development from birth to adulthood. As the final revision of Piaget's theory -- and one that opens up new areas of inquiry -- this book calls for a reinterpretation of his earlier work -- a task which will occupy scholars for decades to come.
Toward Mutual Recognition: Relational Psychoanalysis and the Christian Narrative
by Marie T. HoffmanComing from a Christian perspective, she suggests that the current relational turn in psychoanalysis has been influenced by numerous theorists - analysts and philosophers alike - who were themselves shaped by an embedded Christian narrative.
Toward Mutual Recognition: Relational Psychoanalysis and the Christian Narrative (Relational Perspectives Book Series)
by Marie T. HoffmanEver since its nascent days, psychoanalysis has enjoyed an uneasy coexistence with religion. However, in recent decades, many analysts have been more interested in the healing potential of both psychoanalytic and religious experience and have explored how their respective narrative underpinnings may be remarkably similar. In Toward Mutual Recognition, Marie T. Hoffman takes just such an approach. Coming from a Christian perspective, she suggests that the current relational turn in psychoanalysis has been influenced by numerous theorists - analysts and philosophers alike - who were themselves shaped by an embedded Christian narrative. As a result, the redemptive concepts of incarnation, crucifixion, and resurrection - central to the tenets of Christianity - can be traced to relational theories, emerging analogously in the transformative process of mutual recognition in the concepts of identification, surrender, and gratitude, a trilogy which she develops as forming the "path of recognition." Each movement on this path of recognition is given thought-provoking, in-depth attention. Chapters dedicated to theoretical perspectives utilize the thinking of Benjamin, Hegel, and Ricoeur. In her historical perspectives, she explores the personal and professional histories of analysts such as Sullivan, Fairbairn, Winnicott, Erikson, Kohut, and Ferenczi, among others, who were influenced by the Christian narrative. Uniting it all together is the clinical perspective offered in the compelling extended case history of Mandy, a young lady whose treatment embodies and exemplifies each of the steps along the path of growth in both the psychoanalytic and Christian senses. Throughout, a relational sensibility is deployed as a cooperative counterpart to the Christian narrative, working both as a consilient dialogue and a vehicle for further integrative exploration. As a result, the specter of psychoanalysis and religion as mutually exclusive gives way to the hope and redemption offered by their mutual recognition.
Toward Psychologies Of Liberation
by Helene Shulman Mary WatkinsUnderstanding that the psychological well-being of individuals is inextricably linked to the health of their communities, environments, and cultures, the authors propose a radical interdisciplinary reorientation of psychology to create participatory and dialogical spaces for critical understanding and creative restoration.
Toward A Psychology of Persons
by William E. SmytheThis closely integrated collection of essays constitutes a wide-ranging and comprehensive attempt to understand persons within psychology--a long-lost enterprise. The volume was inspired by the observation that contemporary psychology has become increasingly depersonalized in its conceptions and its methodology, and has thereby lost touch with its traditional subject matter of human individuality and the nature of persons. This development now threatens the integrity of psychology as a discipline. Using both a critical and constructive approach, the various contributors share two common objectives: *to explore the roots of depersonalization in modern psychology through systematic criticism of contemporary functionalist and neo-functionalist approaches; *to articulate some alternative holistic-interpretive and historical approaches to the psychology of persons. Despite these common objectives, the chapters reflect a wide variety of theoretical perspectives and approaches, including cognitive science and neuroscience, discursive psychology, hermeneutics, social constructionism, semiotics, rhetorical analysis, and psychological aesthetics. These essays do not converge on a unified psychology of persons, but they do serve to reopen a form of discourse that has long been absent from mainstream psychology. This volume emerged from the deliberations of the Western Canadian Theoretical Psychologists (WCTP)--a group of scholars primarily from Western Canadian universities with shared interests in the history and theory of psychology. From its founding in 1989 to the present, the WCTP has been actively engaged in promoting and contributing to the development of theoretical psychology. Over the past half dozen years, scholars have greatly benefitted from the close collaboration and collegial support that participation in the WCTP makes possible. The annual meetings provide an opportunity for them to catch up on each other's work and also to pool their expertise to work on topics of shared interest.
Toward A Psychology of Situations: An Interactional Perspective
by David MagnussonPublished in the year 1981, Toward a Psychology of Situations is a valuable contribution to the field of Social Psychology.
Toward the Practice of theory-based Instruction: Current Cognitive theories and their Educational Promise
by Judy L. Lupart Anne McKeoughThis unique contribution to the field of education offers a comparative look at the application of cognitive theory to instruction. Six leading researchers, representing the three theoretical positions which guide the study of cognition -- socio- cultural, information processing, and neo-Piagetian approaches -- discuss their theories and present empirical evidence in support of cognitively-based instructional practice. An introductory chapter describes the basic tenets of each tradition and its general educational posture, and a concluding chapter compares the contributors' views and draws implications for key educational issues. These open-ended discussions of the contrasts and overlaps in the various positions should stimulate readers to formulate personal opinions on cognitively-based instruction.
Toward the Psychological Humanities: A Modest Manifesto for the Future of Psychology (Advances in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology)
by Mark FreemanMark Freeman’s inspiring account of the burgeoning field of the psychological humanities presents a clear and compelling vision of what the discipline of psychology might become. Valuable though the scientific perspective has been for advancing the discipline, Freeman maintains that significant dimensions of the human experience elude this perspective and call for an entirely different kind of psychology, one more closely tied to the arts and humanities. Issuing his call for the psychological humanities in the form of a ten chapter "manifesto," Freeman’s groundbreaking book offers a comprehensive rationale for a more inclusive, pluralistic, and artful approach to exploring the psychological world in all of its potential complexity, obscurity, and beauty. Engaging and accessible, this bold, provocative book is destined to spark significant discussion and debate in audiences including advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and professionals in the field of psychology with interests in theoretical and philosophical psychology, history of psychology, clinical psychology, humanistic psychology, and qualitative psychology. It will also be welcomed by those in philosophy, literature, and the arts, as well as anyone intrigued by psychological life who may be interested in encountering a vital new approach to examining the human condition.
Toward Wholeness: Rudolf Steiner Education in America
by Mary Caroline RichardsFor Rudolf Steiner, life can be truly understood only if it is experienced as art is experienced, as inner activities expressed through physical materials. On this ground of the union of inner experience and sensory life, he developed his unique, holistic approach to education. Richards views Steiner schools as expressing a new educational consciousness appropriate for our time, a "grammar of interconnections" among scientific observational, artistic imagination, religious reverence, and practical activity in which every part bears a deep connection.
Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness: Selected works of Max Velmans (World Library of Psychologists)
by Max VelmansIn the World Library of Psychologists series, international experts themselves present career-long collections of what they judge to be their finest pieces - extracts from books, key articles, salient research findings, and their major practical theoretical contributions. In this volume Max Velmans reflects on his long-spanning and varied career, considers the highs and lows in a brand new introduction and offers reactions to those who have responded to his published work over the years. This book offers a unique and compelling collection of the best publications in consciousness studies from one of the few psychologists to treat the topic systematically and seriously. Velmans’ approach is multi-faceted and represents a convergence of numerous fields of study – culminating in fascinating insights that are of interest to philosopher, psychologist and neuroscientist alike. With continuing contemporary relevance, and significant historical impact, this collection of works is an essential resource for all those engaged or interested in the field of consciousness studies and the philosophy of the mind.
Towards a Framework for Representational Competence in Science Education (Models and Modeling in Science Education #11)
by Kristy L. DanielThis book covers the current state of thinking and what it means to have a framework of representational competence and how such theory can be used to shape our understanding of the use of representations in science education, assessment, and instruction. Currently, there is not a consensus in science education regarding representational competence as a unified theoretical framework. There are multiple theories of representational competence in the literature that use differing perspectives on what competence means and entails. Furthermore, dependent largely on the discipline, language discrepancies cause a potential barrier for merging ideas and pushing forward in this area. While a single unified theory may not be a realistic goal, there needs to be strides taken toward working as a unified research community to better investigate and interpret representational competence. An objective of this book is to initiate thinking about a representational competence theoretical framework across science educators, learning scientists, practitioners and scientists. As such, we have divided the chapters into three major themes to help push our thinking forward: presenting current thinking about representational competence in science education, assessing representational competence within learners, and using our understandings to structure instruction.
Towards a Jungian Theory of the Ego (Research in Analytical Psychology and Jungian Studies)
by Karen Evers-FaheyDespite their prevalence and weight in many of his collected works and letters, Jung did not articulate a general theory of the ego and consciousness. Towards a Jungian Theory of the Ego examines the development of Jung’s concept of the ego as he expanded and revised this concept, from his earliest formulations about consciousness while a student, to his mature thoughts at the end of his life. Drawing on Ego Psychology as a theoretical framework, Evers-Fahey proposes that Jung uses the concept of ego in four distinct ways and that he developed and used his ego concept based on two discrete paradigms. These distinctions explain the confusion and ambiguity found when examining the development of Jung’s analytical psychology over his lifetime. This book provides an examination of ego development and ego defenses based on a unique Jungian standpoint, as well as discussion of the relationship between the ego and the Self and the ego and ‘the individuum’. Furthermore, the inclusion of a historical framework helps to place the development of these concepts in context. This book proposes a theory of ego psychology based on Jungian theory rather than traditional psychoanalytic theory, thereby filling a gap in the knowledge of Jungian theory. The book will be essential reading for academics and postgraduate students engaged in the study of Jungian psychology and psychoanalytic theory and will also be valued by those interested in Jung and ego psychology more generally.
Towards a Mental Health System that Works: A professional guide to getting psychological help
by Michael J ScottResearch has established that there are efficacious psychological therapies for most common mental disorders. In Towards a Mental Health System That Works, psychologist Michael J Scott details the reforms necessary to ensure that consumers of services receive an evidence-based treatment. This book examines: the social significance of interventions that target mental-wellbeing and psychological disorder why treatments are ‘lost in translation’ from research to routine practice steps that can be taken towards a translation that better recognises the complexity of research and ensures fidelity to an evidence-based treatment protocol the deleterious effects of current provision on clients and therapists. Towards a Mental Health System that Works is a valuable resource for therapists, mental health practitioners, Clinical Commissioning Groups and politicians, enabling them to critically evaluate service provision, distil what constitutes cost-effective evidence-based mental health practice across the whole spectrum of disorders and client populations, and chart a new direction. It also serves as a guide to consumers of mental health services, as well as their friends and family, allowing them to understand what they are likely to experience and what they can demand.
Towards a Pre-Modern Psychiatry
by Jenifer BoothResponding to the work of previous critics of psychiatry, who have associated its undue dominance with both a modern scientific paradigm and political factors, Jenifer Booth puts forward a theoretical challenge based on MacIntyres work on Aquinas and Aristotle, but adding the museum and assembly as conceptual thinking tools. MacIntyres work on practices, tradition-constituted enquiry, Marxist ideology and Kuhn are all used in putting forward a pre-modern view of knowledge. The feminist philosophy of Luce Irigaray widens the project to include psychotherapy. Booth puts forward a workable and kind version of psychiatric medicine which sets the work of the mental health service user movement in context. This book should be of value to anyone who has ever wondered why doctors have so much power or who has thought that spiritual and social factors should have more weight in medicine. It will be of interest to moral philosophers, theologians and feminist theologians, philosophers of medicine and museums studies professionals alike.
Towards a Psychosomatic Conception of Hypochondria
by Martine DerzelleA rigorous and groundbreaking study. Martine Derzelle is the first researcher to approach hypochondria as a relational pathology. Martine Derzelle is the first researcher to approach hypochondria as a relational pathology. The author tackles a subject that has puzzled care professionals for decades: hypochondria. Martine Derzelle confronts all specialists (psychotherapists, psychiatrists, doctors, psychosomaticians) with the paradox of this pathology and the theoretical void on which the approach to those patients who express a suffering of various kinds has stood for more than a century. In the first part, the author highlights the lack of theoretical elaboration on hypochondria in the existent literature; in the second part, on the basis of clinical examples, she analyzes the nature of the disease, and then offers a completely innovative theoretical elaboration. Finally, in the third part, she proposes a new and specific approach to treating this pathology at both the theoretical and clinical levels within the framework of psychoanalysis and implementing key concepts from relational psychosomatics.
Towards a Radical Redefinition of Psychology: The selected works of Miller Mair (World Library of Mental Health)
by Miller MairThe World Library of Mental Health celebrates the important contributions to mental health made by leading experts in their individual fields. Each author has compiled a career-long collection of what they consider to be their finest pieces: extracts from books, journals, articles, major theoretical and practical contributions, and salient research findings. Miller Mair, clinical psychologist and psychotherapist, devoted his life to developing a psychology that provided a radical alternative to the behavioural, and latterly cognitive-behavioural, approaches that have dominated the field. He presented this work in a wide range of publications and conference papers, and prior to his untimely death in 2011 he had selected a number of these for a volume of his collected works. This book is based upon Miller’s selection, and includes several previously unpublished papers as well as others that are now out of print. Miller was considerably influenced by George Kelly’s personal construct psychology, as is apparent in most of his writings. However, his papers on psychology and psychotherapy also draw upon an extraordinarily wide range of other fields of knowledge, including imagery; metaphor; storytelling and narrative; rhetoric; discourse and conversation; poetry; and spirituality. These concerns are reflected in the contributions selected for this volume, which also demonstrate the variation in his style of writing from the more conventionally academic to the personal and poetic as he developed a ‘poetics of experience’ and a stance of ‘conversational inquiry’. Miller’s final publication was entitled ‘Enchanting psychology’, and it is hoped that this volume will provide an antidote to the disenchantment that many readers may feel with mechanistic and reductionist approaches in psychology and its clinical applications, and more generally in health service rhetoric and policies. As these writings vividly demonstrate, a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist can, and should, also be a poet, artist, and storyteller. The volume will be of value to readers previously unfamiliar with Miller’s ideas, but also to those who know his work, who will find here the first published selection of his papers.
Towards a Sociology of Cancer Caregiving: Time to Feel
by Rebecca E. OlsonOnce a synonym for death, cancer is now a prognosis of multiple probabilities and produces a world of uncertainty for carers. Drawing on rich, in-depth interview data and employing interactionist theories, Towards a Sociology of Cancer Caregiving explores carers' lived experiences, paying close attention to the ways in which spouse carers manage the ambiguity that pervades their orientations to the future, their responsibilities and their emotions. A detailed exploration of the temporal and emotional journeys of spouse carers of cancer patients, this volume raises and responds to new questions about how to conceptualise informal caregiving, offering a fresh theorisation of the uncertainty that now characterises cancer. As such, it will appeal to scholars of the sociologies of emotion, time and identity, and all those interested in the question of how to support informal carers.
Towards a Theoretical Neuroscience: from Cell Chemistry to Cognition
by L. Andrew CowardThe book explains how to understand cognition in terms of brain anatomy, physiology and chemistry, using an approach adapted from techniques for understanding complex electronic systems. These techniques create hierarchies of information process based descriptions on different levels of detail, where higher levels contain less information and can therefore describe complete cognitive phenomena, but are more approximate. The nature of the approximations are well understood, and more approximate higher level descriptions can therefore be mapped to more precise detailed descriptions of any part of a phenomenon as required. Cognitive phenomena, the anatomy and connectivity of major brain structures, neuron physiology, and cellular chemistry are reviewed. Various cognitive tasks are described in terms of information processes performed by different major anatomical structures. These higher level descriptions are selectively mapped to more detailed physiological and chemical levels.
Towards a Transformative Pedagogy for Early Childhood Care and Education: Possibilities and Priorities in South Africa (International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Development #43)
by Naseema Shaik Trevor MoodleyThis book addresses the priorities and possibilities towards developing transformative pedagogies in post-apartheid South Africa. To this end, the book has assembled a group of researchers who interrogated and engaged with a variety of dimensions that warrant pedagogical change in early childhood in South Africa. The book focuses on young children, practitioners, and leaders with intersecting discussions about envisaged systemic changes to promote transformative pedagogies. The collection highlights the importance of beliefs, ways of knowing, and ways of being as framings that impact on pedagogical approaches. The book discusses the challenges that interplay between priorities and possibilities that practitioners face in a diverse and multi-cultural society like South Africa. The work uses a variety of examples to show priorities. One example is about how practitioners have limited knowledge about how music, as a culturally responsive tool, can be used to transform pedagogy in Early Childhood Care and Education. The book opens up dimensions as priorities that lead to thinking about possibilities that recast adults and young children as transformative agents in a dimension for transformative pedagogies.
Towards a Transtheoretical Definition of Countertransference: Re-visioning the Clinician's Intersubjective Experience (Explorations in Mental Health)
by Rudy RomanThis book explores the analyst’s countertransference experience in clinical settings from a number of theoretical perspectives in order to develop a transtheoretical definition of countertransference. Stemming from an examination of the definition of countertransference itself, the author utilizes a philosophical hermeneutic approach to ask how pathological countertransference develops, how analysts separate themselves from the patient’s experience, and what analysts should do to prevent their countertransference response from interfering with treatment. Through the unique hermeneutic methodology, philosophical themes within selected writings are explored as a way of gaining a deeper meaning and understanding of countertransference. By re-interpreting these selected writings in a new light, the book develops a transtheoretical definition and approach to countertransference. As such, the author offers a timely reassessment of the meaning and understanding of countertransference as it has evolved over the past century, going from being considered an obstacle to treatment brought on by the analyst’s unconscious conflicts to being understood as a way of communicating and understanding the patient’s unconscious material. It also provides a unique pathway through various depth psychological, therapeutic, and theoretical approaches to countertransference, foregrounding the significance and therapeutic value of the concept and seeking a new transtheoretical definition. This volume will appeal to scholars and researchers of psychology and mental health.
Towards an Integrated Analytical Psychology: Return to Freedom and Dignity
by Matthew BennettTowards an Integrated Analytical Psychology presents a comprehensive review of some of the salient philosophical, cultural, social, and clinical ingredients that have gone into contemporary visions of human personality development and psychotherapy and proposes a “unified field” theory of mental representation which puts psychoanalytic, analytic, and cognitive-behavioral perspectives in a mutually integrative framework. The model proposed by Matthew Bennett, called Integrative Analytical Psychology, presents two major dimensions of personality development, and is integrative of Jungian and psychoanalytic perspectives, but places the Jungian concept of archetype as its core organizing principle. The six mental representations included within this model are: Archetype, Symbol, Object, Complex, Schema, and Self. This book strongly accents clinical application, and more broadly considers the applied clinical implications of these mental representations to psychotherapy and clinical practice. Towards an Integrated Analytical Psychology offers a novel model of understanding personality and will be of direct and immediate use for psychotherapists and students of psychotherapy, especially those from the psychoanalytic and analytic/Jungian tradition. It would also be of interest to social workers, marriage, and family therapists and psychiatrists.
Towards an Integrative Psychological Science: Issues, Approaches and Applications
by R. C. Tripathi Bhoomika R. Kar Namita PandeThis edited volume examines the new ways of conceptualizing Psychology as an integrative science to understand human problems at the individual, group, societal, and national levels. It focuses on the need for Psychology to move away from its present reductionist perspective to an integrative psychological science perspective. The volume is organized into three main sections: The first discusses the convergence of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches in Psychology. The second part highlights the importance of social and personal wellness. The third focuses on studying human behaviour in the context of cultural variations and the impact of cultural context on psychological processes. The book includes contributions from leading scholars in psychology in India whose reference to practical, social and political issues of contemporary interest makes the volume stand out. This book serves as a resource to initiate the dialogue about the need, issues, levels, and integration methods in Psychology, which can be scientifically tested and theoretically explained. The comprehensive and authoritative volume is of interest to researchers and scholars in cognitive psychology, clinical psychology, organizational psychology, social psychology and cross-cultural psychology.