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Reasoning From The Scriptures With Muslims
by Ron Rhodes GossardAnyone interested in sharing the gospel with Muslim friends or understanding the doctrines and historical basis of Islam will appreciate this addition to the popular Reasoning from the Scriptures series. Using an easy-to-follow question-and-answer format, Reasoning from the Scriptures with Muslims covers issues, including... Muhammad and Jesus Christ—what are their roles? the Quran and the Bible—what kind of inspiration and authority do they have? Islam today—what different groups exist, and how can Muslims be reached with the good news? Each chapter examines a Muslim belief and compares it with biblical Christianity. Readers will find this an invaluable tool for discussing and sharing the words and life of Jesus Christ with Muslim friends and acquaintances.
Reasoning From The Scriptures With The Jehovah's Witnesses
by Ron RhodesChristians have great news to offer Jehovah's Witnesses. In this revised and updated version of the top-selling Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Jehovah's Witnesses (more than 90,000 copies sold), author and Bible expert Ron Rhodes helps readers delve into the Bible and use practical tools to share God's truths with those who come calling. Convenient side-by-side comparisons of the New World Translation and the Bible, along with answers to each doctrinal error espoused by the Witnesses Point-by-point lists of the favorite tactics and arguments used by the Witnesses—along with effective, biblical responses to each Questions you can ask to challenge the Jehovah's Witnesses' confidence in the Watchtower Society With easy-to-understand helps, concise information, direct comparisons of beliefs, and a compassionate presentation, this resource from Ron Rhodes is ideal for personal and church libraries and for any reader who wants to confidently share the gospel.
Reasoning From The Scriptures With The Jehovah's Witnesses
by Ron RhodesChristians have great news to offer Jehovah's Witnesses. In this revised and updated version of the top-selling Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Jehovah's Witnesses (more than 90,000 copies sold), author and Bible expert Ron Rhodes helps readers delve into the Bible and use practical tools to share God's truths with those who come calling. Convenient side-by-side comparisons of the New World Translation and the Bible, along with answers to each doctrinal error espoused by the Witnesses Point-by-point lists of the favorite tactics and arguments used by the Witnesses—along with effective, biblical responses to each Questions you can ask to challenge the Jehovah's Witnesses' confidence in the Watchtower Society With easy-to-understand helps, concise information, direct comparisons of beliefs, and a compassionate presentation, this resource from Ron Rhodes is ideal for personal and church libraries and for any reader who wants to confidently share the gospel.
Reasoning From The Scriptures With The Mormons
by Ron Rhodes Marian BodineHave the Mormons ever left you unsure of what to say? Their arguments are convincing, their teachings seem indisputable, and their stand on what they believe is firm. How can you effectively communicate to the Mormons that their gospel does not match up with the Bible? One of the best ways is to ask penetrating questions.
Reasoning from Faith: Fundamental Theology in Merold Westphal’s Philosophy of Religion
by Justin SandsMerold Westphal is considered to be one of the preeminent Continental philosophers of religion. His articulation of faith as the task of a lifetime has become a touchstone in contemporary debates concerning faith's relationship to reason. As Justin Sands explores his philosophy, he illuminates how Westphal’s concept of faith reveals the pastoral, theological intent behind his thinking. Sands sees Westphal's philosophy as a powerful articulation of Protestant theology, but one that is in ecumenical dialogue with questions concerning apologetics and faith's relationship to ethics and responsibility, a more Catholic point of view. By bringing out these features in Westphal's philosophy, Sands intends to find core philosophical methodologies as well as a passable bridge for philosophers to cross over into theological discourses.
Reasoning from the Scriptures with Catholics
by Ron RhodesAnyone interested in sharing the gospel with Catholic friends or understanding where members of that denomination stand on important points of theology will appreciate this thorough yet easy-to-use reference. Using the simple, step-by-step format applauded by readers in Rhodes' previous books, Reasoning from the Scriptures with Catholics covers many theological issues that divide Protestants and Catholics, including¼ - purgatory and indulgences - the reverence of Mary, mother of Jesus - papal infallibility - Catholic traditions - and much more Each chapter examines a single Catholic belief or practice as taught in the Catholic Catechism and other major Catholic sources, provides biblical responses, and offers questions to help Catholics examine their church's readings. Pastors, teachers, and lay leaders will find this insightful guide a must-have tool for sharing the good news of salvation by faith alone with Catholic friends and family members.
Reasonings
by Bediuzzaman Said NursiIMPORTANT NOTE: This publisher may alter and/or omit important sections from Risale-i Nur Collection. In order to obtain a translation that adhere to original Risale-i Nur Collection, please check other publishers. This illuminating guide presents an innovative and contemporary approach to the Qur&’an and its philosophy in the Islamic tradition. From the Holy Book&’s purpose and objectives to its rhetoric and eloquence, various aspects of the Qur&’an are examined while new insights are provided on the existence and oneness of God, Prophethood, and bodily resurrection. Bediuzzaman Said Nursi was a 20th-century Turkish scholar of Islam and the author of Risale-i Nur, a 6,000-page modern commentary on the Qur&’an.
Reasons and Lives in Buddhist Traditions: Studies in Honor of Matthew Kapstein (Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism)
by Dan ArnoldThe celebrated career of a venerated scholar inspires incisive new contributions to the field of Indian and Tibetan Buddhism.Particularly known for his groundbreaking and influential work in Tibetan studies, Matthew Kapstein is a true polymath in Buddhist and Asian studies more generally; possessing unsurpassed knowledge of Tibetan culture and civilization, he is also deeply grounded in Sanskrit and Indology, and his highly accomplished work in these cultural and civilizational areas has exemplified a whole range of disciplinary perspectives. Reflecting something of the astonishing range of Matthew Kapstein&’s work and interests, this collection of essays pays tribute to a luminary in the field by exemplifying some of the diverse work in Buddhist and Asian studies that has been impacted by his scholarship and teaching. Engaging matters as diverse as the legal foundations of Tibetan religious thought, the teaching careers of modern Chinese Buddhists, the history of Bhutan, and the hermeneutical insights of Vasubandhu, these essays by students and colleagues of Matthew Kapstein are offered as testament to a singular scholar and teacher whose wide-ranging work is unified by a rare intellectual selflessness.
Reasons to Believe: How to Understand, Explain, and Defend the Catholic Faith
by Scott HahnThis book unravels mysteries, corrects misunderstandings, and offers thoughtful, straightforward responses to common objections about the Catholic faith. Bestselling author Scott Hahn, a convert to Catholicism, has experienced the doubts that so often drive discussions about God and the Church. In the years before his conversion, he was first a nonbeliever and then an anti-Catholic clergyman.
Reassessing Jewish Life in Medieval Europe
by Robert ChazanThis book re-evaluates the prevailing notion that Jews in medieval Christian Europe lived under an appalling regime of ecclesiastical limitation, governmental exploitation and expropriation, and unceasing popular violence. Robert Chazan argues that, while Jewish life in medieval Western Christendom was indeed beset with grave difficulties, it was nevertheless an environment rich in opportunities; the Jews of medieval Europe overcame obstacles, grew in number, explored innovative economic options, and fashioned enduring new forms of Jewish living. His research also provides a reconsideration of the legacy of medieval Jewish life, which is often depicted as equally destructive and projected as the underpinning of the twentieth-century catastrophes of antisemitism and the Holocaust. Dr Chazan's research proves that, although Jewish life in the medieval West laid the foundation for much Jewish suffering in the post-medieval world, it also stimulated considerable Jewish ingenuity, which lies at the root of impressive Jewish successes in the modern West.
Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History
by Joseph TelushkinIn this enlightening biography, Joseph Telushkin offers a captivating portrait of the late Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, a towering figure who saw beyond conventional boundaries to turn his movement, Chabad-Lubavitch, into one of the most dynamic and widespread organizations ever seen in the Jewish world. At once an incisive work of history and a compendium of Rabbi Schneerson's teachings, Rebbe is the definitive guide to understanding one of the most vital, intriguing figures of the last centuries.From his modest headquarters in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, the Rebbe advised some of the world's greatest leaders and shaped matters of state and society. Statesmen and artists as diverse as Ronald Reagan, Robert F. Kennedy, Yitzchak Rabin, Menachem Begin, Elie Wiesel, and Bob Dylan span the spectrum of those who sought his counsel. The Rebbe was the only rabbi ever to receive the Congressional Gold Medal, and to have an American national day, Education and Sharing Day, proclaimed in his honor. No one has succeeded him in his position. Nevertheless, twenty years after his death, his movement has doubled in size, spreading to more than eighty countries, and his impact resonates still. But what was the secret of the Rebbe's success and influence? What principles of leadership guided him? And how did he rally such extraordinary devotion and resolve?Rebbe explores Schneerson's overarching philosophies against the backdrop of treacherous history, revealing his clandestine operations to rescue and sustain Jews in the Soviet Union, and his critical role in the expansion of the food stamp program throughout the United States. More broadly, it examines how he became in effect an ambassador for Jews globally, and how he came to be viewed by many as not only a spiritual archetype but a savior. Telushkin also delves deep into the more controversial aspects of the Rebbe's leadership, analyzing his views on modern science and territorial compromise in Israel, and how in the last years of his life, many of his followers believed that he would soon be revealed as the Messiah, a source of contention until this day.Epic, intimate, and masterfully told, Rebbe is the definitive work on a monumental and multifaceted leader, written by one of today's most prominent and respected Jewish scholars.
Rebecca (Ellie's People #2)
by Mary Christner Borntrager[From the back cover:] Spirited and inquisitive, so like her mother, this youngest daughter of David and Ellie Eash struggles with the complexities of growing up Amish. Rebecca finds a true friend in Susan Miller. Then she is torn between love for Susan's brother James, a Mennonite boy, and loyalty to her parents and the traditions of her Amish church. Live with Becky through a harvest, a child's death, a fire, a barn raising, a car-buggy wreck, a taffy pull and singing, a deacon's visit, a quilting bee, and her own wedding. Search with Becky as she questions lifestyles of the Amish, the Mennonites, and the "English" people for whom she works as a maid. Look for mor books in the Ellie's People series from the Bookshare Library including: #1. Ellie, #3. Rachel, #4. Daniel, #5. Reuben and #6. and Andy.
Rebecca Gratz: Women and Judaism in Antebellum America (American Jewish Civilization Series)
by Dianne AshtonThis is the first in-depth biography of Rebecca Gratz (1781-1869), the foremost American Jewish woman of the nineteenth century. Perhaps the best-known member of the prominent Gratz family of Philadelphia, she was a fervent patriot, a profoundly religious woman, and a widely known activist for poor women. She devoted her life to confronting and resolving the personal challenges she faced as a Jew and as a female member of a prosperous family. In using hundreds of Gratz's own letters in her research, Dianne Ashton reveals Gratz's own blend of Jewish and American values and explores the significance of her work. Informed by her American and Jewish ideas, values, and attitudes, Gratz created and managed a variety of municipal and Jewish institutions for charity and education, including America's first independent Jewish women's charitable society, the first Jewish Sunday school, and the first American Jewish foster home. Through her commitment to establishing charitable resources for women, promoting Judaism in a Christian society, and advancing women's roles in Jewish life, Gratz shaped a Jewish arm of what has been called America's largely Protestant "benevolent empire." Influenced by the religious and political transformations taking place nationally and locally, Gratz matured into a social visionary whose dreams for American Jewish life far surpassed the realities she saw around her. She believed that Judaism was advanced by the founding of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society and the Hebrew Sunday School because they offered religious education to thousands of children and leadership opportunities to Jewish women. Gratz's organizations worked with an inclusive definition of Jewishness that encompassed all Philadelphia Jews at a time when differences in national origin, worship style, and religious philosophy divided them. Legend has it that Gratz was the prototype for the heroine Rebecca of York in Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe, the Jewish woman who refused to wed the Christian hero of the tale out of loyalty to her faith and father. That legend has draped Gratz's life in sentimentality and has blurred our vision of her. Rebecca Gratz is the first book to examine Gratz's life, her legend, and our memory.
Rebecca Reznik Reboots the Universe (Golems and Goblins)
by Samara ShankerRebecca copes with family turmoil, a home invaded by demons, and what it means to grow up in this gripping sequel to Naomi Teitelbaum Ends the World that&’s perfect for fans of Aru Shah and Charlie Hernández.Rebecca Reznik is having a rough time. Her dad lost his job, and her parents are fighting all the time. Her obnoxious brother, Jake, is acting out even more than usual. And post–Bat Mitzvah Becca is expected to be grown up and spiritually mature—whatever that means—but in the wake of these upsets to her routine, she just feels frustrated and helpless. Even worse, she&’s starting to suspect that the awful vibes surrounding her house might be about more than family drama. When Becca discovers a (not) Hanukkah goblin that&’s turned her bedroom upside down, literally, she and her best friends Naomi and Eitan once again find themselves facing down demons from Jewish lore. Armed with the lessons learned from her last tussle with mythological figures and the loyalty of her friends, Becca will do whatever it takes to defend her fractured family and save Hanukkah.
Rebecca and Ana (American Girls #2)
by Jacqueline Dembar GreeneRebecca can't wait to meet her cousin Ana. She's sure they'll be just like sisters. It's crowded with two families in one small apartment, but Rebecca is happy to share everything with Ana -- even her clothes! <P><P>At school, Rebecca is determined to help her cousin learn English, despite the other kids' teasing. But when the teacher tells her to include Ana in a special performance, Rebecca panics. Ana's broken English will ruin the show! <P>Rebecca realizes that the performance is one thing she does not want to share with her cousin. How can she explain this to Ana? Rebecca and Ana is the second in a series of beautifully illustrated books about growing up in New York City in 1914. <P><P>Rebecca and Ana is a children's book for children eight and up but adults can enjoy and learn something valuable from it as well. Rebecca and Ana is part of the Rebecca's six-book series. Each story in the series reveals more about Rebecca, a lively Jewish girl, who grows up in 1914 in New York. The books in the Rebecca series include: Meet Rebecca, Rebecca and Ana, Candlelight for Rebecca, Rebecca and the Movies, Rebecca to the Rescue, and Changes for Rebecca. Every book of the series not only features a fictional, realistic story and illustrations, but also has a historical "Looking Back" section. In this "Looking Back" section, the author describes some of the historical characteristics of Rebecca's 1914 time period in a style which children can understand and adults can appreciate.
Rebecca and the Movies (American Girls #4)
by Jacqueline Dembar Greene<P>Rebecca can hardly believe it when cousin Max invites her to visit his movie studio! Although her parents don't approve of actors or movies, Mama relents and says she may go. <P>At the studio, Rebecca meets the glamorous Lily, a real movie star. When the camera begins to roll, Rebecca knows she must sit quietly and watch. Suddenly, the director shouts "Cut!" -- and Rebecca finds herself facing an opportunity she never imagined in her wildest dreams. <P>Does she have the nerve for it? And what would her parents say if they knew? <P>Rebecca and the Movies is the fourth book in the Rebecca, American-Girls collection, six-book series. Each story in the series reveals more about Rebecca, a lively Jewish girl, who grows up in 1914 in New York. The books in the Rebecca series include: Meet Rebecca, Rebecca and Ana, Candlelight for Rebecca, Rebecca and the Movies, Rebecca to the Rescue, and Changes for Rebecca. Every book of the series not only features a fictional, realistic story and has magnificent illustrations, the book also has a historical "Looking Back" section. In this "Looking Back" section, the author describes some of the historical characteristics of Rebecca's 1914 time period in a style which children can understand and adults can appreciate.
Rebecca of Salerno: A Novel of Rogue Crusaders, a Jewish Female Physician, and a Murder
by Esther ErmanThis book continues the story of Rebecca from Walter Scott’s 1820 novel Ivanhoe. The Ivanhoe backstory: Jewish women in medieval England do not fall in love with Christian knights like Ivanhoe. Neither do they heal knights from battle wounds. But Rebecca does both—and nearly pays with her life. Rescued by Ivanhoe from being burnt at the stake as a sorceress, she flees from England and the man she loves. Rebecca of Salerno: In Salerno, Kingdom of Sicily, Rebecca pursues her dreams by attending medical school. Practicing her profession, she defies family pressure to marry Rafael, the man who loves her. But more pressing is the conquest of Sicily by the Hohenstaufens and the arrival of rogue crusaders, both of which threaten Salerno’s long-standing atmosphere of tolerance. When a rabbi is falsely accused of murdering a crusader, Rebecca and Rafael commit to pursuing justice and protecting the Jewish community.This story provides fascinating history, as of the medical school in Salerno, where women and men—Christians, Muslims, and Jews—studied together. It also exemplifies the recurring Jewish experience of persecution, search for refuge, and resilience to remake lives.Rebecca struggles to balance community expectations and traditions with her desire for fulfillment—one of the great challenges facing women throughout the ages.
Rebecca to the Rescue (American Girls #5)
by Jacqueline Dembar Greene<P>Rebecca can't wait to try the games and rides at Coney Island. After a dip in the sea, she and cousin Ana set off, full of giggles and excitement. <P>The one thing dampening the fun is Rebecca's big brother, Victor -- if only he would stop being so bossy! Fuming, Rebecca resolves to show Victor that girls can do anything boys can do. When Victor and Ana's brothers laugh at her, she and Ana decide to go off on their own. <P>But now Ana is missing, and Rebecca hears fire alarm bells clanging. If anything has happened to Ana, Rebecca will never forgive herself.<P><P>Rebecca to the Rescue is a children's book for children eight and up but adults can enjoy and learn something valuable from it as well. This book is the fifth book in the Rebecca's six-book series. Each story in the series reveals more about Rebecca, a lively Jewish girl, who grows up in 1914 in New York. The books in the Rebecca series include: Meet Rebecca, Rebecca and Ana, Candlelight for Rebecca, Rebecca and the Movies, Rebecca to the Rescue, and Changes for Rebecca. Every book of the series not only features a fictional, realistic story and illustrations, but also has a historical "Looking Back" section. In this "Looking Back" section, the author describes some of the historical characteristics of Rebecca's 1914 time period in a style which children can understand and adults can appreciate.
Rebecca's Bouquet (Hope Chest of Dreams #1)
by Lisa Jones BakerA hand-carved hope chest holds a woman&’s treasures and dreams in this Amish romance series debut &“written with tenderness and simplicity&” (Joan Wester Anderson, New York Times–bestselling author). Rebecca Sommer never thought her plan to wed would bring a heart-wrenching choice. She thought she and her betrothed, William, would spend the rest of their lives in Illinois&’ heartland, raising a family in their close-knit Amish hometown. But when he must travel far out of state to save his ailing father&’s business, Rebecca braves her relatives&’ disapproval—and her own fears—to go work by his side. And though she finds herself ever more in love with the dedicated, resourceful man he proves to be, William&’s growing interest in English ways may be the one challenge even her steadfast faith can&’t meet . . . William knows he couldn&’t ask for a more loyal wife-to-be. And the bravery that helps Rebecca tackle every obstacle makes her even more admirable. He simply won&’t ask her to sacrifice her deepest beliefs, no matter how right they are for each other. But the patience and care that crafted Rebecca&’s hope chest is somehow showing them there&’s more than one-way prayers can be answered—and hearts brought together forever . . .&“Baker lays the familiar groundwork of a close-knit Amish community, but the heart of this romance goes far beyond stereotypes . . . The prayers and faith are respectfully illustrated, and Baker emphasizes the conviction required to hold to Amish traditions while surrounded by 21st century conveniences, providing an unusual and welcome level of insight into the characters&’ inner lives.&”—Publishers Weekly, starred review
Rebecca's Choice (The Adams County #3)
by Jerry S. EicherThe author, Jerry S. Eicher, continues the plot he began in Rebecca's Promise, Book 1 of the Adams County Trilogy. In Rebecca's Choice, Book 3 of the Trilogy, the "Newly engaged Rebecca Keim and John Miller are looking forward to a future life together in their Amish community. But while Rebecca is away attending her beloved teacher's funeral, John receives a mysterious note accusing her of scheming to marry for money. Disturbing news soon follows. Instead of the rightful heirs--Rachel Byler and her brothers--Rebecca is named as the sole heir to her teacher's three farms. But there's a condition: She must marry an Amish man. Under the ministry's watchful eyes, John and Rebecca struggle to convince their community their desire to be wed is based on true love--not on the money. To compound the problem, the embittered Rachel Byler is unwavering in her plan to collect the inheritance, grow rich, and reap her happy ending. WHAT ARE JOHN AND REBECCA WILLING TO SACRIFICE FOR LOVE? AND AT WHAT COST IS HAPPINESS."
Rebecca's Christmas Gift
by Emma MillerHousekeeper For The Holidays During the Christmas season, Rebecca Yoder agrees to help new preacher Caleb Wittner with his mischievous daughter. Amelia's turned the community of Seven Poplars upside down. Only Rebecca can see the pain hidden beneath the little girl's antics-and her father's brusque manner. After losing his wife in a fire, Caleb's physical scars may be healing, but his emotions have not. Yet Rebecca's sweet manner soon has him smiling and laughing with his daughter-and his pretty housekeeper. Soon Caleb must decide whether to invite Rebecca into his life-or lose her forever. Hannah's Daughters: Seeking love, family and faith in Amish country
Rebecca's Promise (The Adams County #1)
by Jerry S. EicherRebecca Keim has just declared her love to John Miller and agreed to become his wife. But she's haunted by her schoolgirl memories of a long-ago love--a promise made and a ring given. Is that memory just a fantasy come back to destroy the beautiful present... or was it real? When Rebecca's mother sends her back to the old home community to be with her aunt during childbirth, Rebecca determines to find answers that will resolve her conflicted feelings."
Rebecca's Return (The Adams County Series #2)
by Jerry S. EicherThe author, Jerry S. Eicher, continues the plot he began in Rebecca's Promise, Book 1 of the Adams County Trilogy. In Rebecca's Return, Book 2 of the Trilogy, the young Amish woman Rebecca Keim returns to Wheat Ridge full of resolve to make her relationship with John Miller work. But in her absence, John has become suspicious of Rebecca. Does she still love someone else? Before she can find peace with the past, John is caught up in a crisis of his own. Events spin out of control, and Rebecca is left to deal with the pieces. What is God's will for this couple, and is there any hope for the recovery of their love?
Rebecca's Revival
by Jon F SensbachRebecca's Revival is the remarkable story of a Caribbean woman--a slave turned evangelist--who helped inspire the rise of black Christianity in the Atlantic world. All but unknown today, Rebecca Protten left an enduring influence on African-American religion and society. Born in 1718, Protten had a childhood conversion experience, gained her freedom from bondage, and joined a group of German proselytizers from the Moravian Church. She embarked on an itinerant mission, preaching to hundreds of the enslaved Africans of St. Thomas, a Danish sugar colony in the West Indies. Laboring in obscurity and weathering persecution from hostile planters, Protten and other black preachers created the earliest African Protestant congregation in the Americas. Protten's eventful life--the recruiting of converts, an interracial marriage, a trial on charges of blasphemy and inciting of slaves, travels to Germany and West Africa--placed her on the cusp of an emerging international Afro-Atlantic evangelicalism. Her career provides a unique lens on this prophetic movement that would soon sweep through the slave quarters of the Caribbean and North America, radically transforming African-American culture. Jon Sensbach has pieced together this forgotten life of a black visionary from German, Danish, and Dutch records, including letters in Protten's own hand, to create an astounding tale of one woman's freedom amidst the slave trade. Protten's life, with its evangelical efforts on three continents, reveals the dynamic relations of the Atlantic world and affords great insight into the ways black Christianity developed in the New World.
Rebecca’s Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World
by Alan F. SegalRenowned scholar Alan F. Segal offers startlingly new insights into the origins of rabbinic Judaism and Christianity. These twin descendants of Hebrew heritage shared the same social, cultural, and ideological context, as well as the same minority status, in the first century of the common era. Through skillful application of social science theories to ancient Western thought, including Judaism, Hellenism, early Christianity, and a host of other sectarian beliefs, Segal reinterprets some of the most important events of Jewish and Christian life in the Roman world. For example, he finds: That the concept of myth, as it related to covenant, was a central force of Jewish life. The Torah was the embodiment of covenant both for Jews living in exile and for the Jewish community in Israel. That the Torah legitimated all native institutions at the time of Jesus, even though the Temple, Sanhedrin, and Synagogue, as well as the concepts of messiah and resurrection, were profoundly affected by Hellenism. Both rabbinic Judaism and Christianity necessarily relied on the Torah to authenticate their claim on Jewish life. That the unique cohesion of early Christianity, assuring its phenomenal success in the Hellenistic world, was assisted by the Jewish practices of apocalypticism, conversion, and rejection of civic ritual. That the concept of acculturation clarifies the Maccabean revolt, the rise of Christianity, and the emergence of rabbinic Judaism. That contemporary models of revolution point to the place of Jesus as a radical. That early rabbinism grew out of the attempts of middle-class Pharisees to reach a higher sacred status in Judea while at the same time maintaining their cohesion through ritual purity. That the dispute between Judaism and Christianity reflects a class conflict over the meaning of covenant. The rising turmoil between Jews and Christians affected the development of both rabbinic Judaism and Christianity, as each tried to preserve the partly destroyed culture of Judea by becoming a religion. Both attempted to take the best of Judean and Hellenistic society without giving up the essential aspects of Israelite life. Both spiritualized old national symbols of the covenant and practices that consolidated power after the disastrous wars with Rome. The separation between Judaism and Christianity, sealed in magic, monotheism, law, and universalism, fractured what remained of the shared symbolic life of Judea, leaving Judaism and Christianity to fulfill the biblical demands of their god in entirely different ways.