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Carbon Coalitions
by Jonas MecklingOver the past decade, carbon trading has emerged as the industrialized world's primary policy response to global climate change despite considerable controversy. With carbon markets worth $144 billion in 2009, carbon trading represents the largest manifestation of the trend toward market-based environmental governance. In Carbon Coalitions, Jonas Meckling presents the first comprehensive study on the rise of carbon trading and the role business played in making this policy instrument a central pillar of global climate governance. Meckling explains how a transnational coalition of firms and a few market-oriented environmental groups actively promoted international emissions trading as a compromise policy solution in a situation of political stalemate. The coalition sidelined not only environmental groups that favored taxation and command-and-control regulation but also business interests that rejected any emissions controls. Considering the sources of business influence, Meckling emphasizes the importance of political opportunities (policy crises and norms), coalition resources (funding and legitimacy,) and political strategy (mobilizing state allies and multilevel advocacy). Meckling presents three case studies that represent milestones in the rise of carbon trading: the internationalization of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol (1989--2000); the creation of the EU Emissions Trading System (1998--2008); and the reemergence of emissions trading on the U. S. policy agenda (2001--2009). These cases and the theoretical framework that Meckling develops for understanding the influence of transnational business coalitions offer critical insights into the role of business in the emergence of market-based global environmental governance.
Carbon Coalitions: Business, Climate Politics, and the Rise of Emissions Trading
by Jonas MecklingAn examination of how a transnational coalition of firms and NGOs influenced the emergence of emissions trading as a central component of global climate governance.Over the past decade, carbon trading has emerged as the industrialized world's primary policy response to global climate change despite considerable controversy. With carbon markets worth $144 billion in 2009, carbon trading represents the largest manifestation of the trend toward market-based environmental governance. In Carbon Coalitions, Jonas Meckling presents the first comprehensive study on the rise of carbon trading and the role business played in making this policy instrument a central pillar of global climate governance.Meckling explains how a transnational coalition of firms and a few market-oriented environmental groups actively promoted international emissions trading as a compromise policy solution in a situation of political stalemate. The coalition sidelined not only environmental groups that favored taxation and command-and-control regulation but also business interests that rejected any emissions controls. Considering the sources of business influence, Meckling emphasizes the importance of political opportunities (policy crises and norms), coalition resources (funding and legitimacy,) and political strategy (mobilizing state allies and multilevel advocacy).Meckling presents three case studies that represent milestones in the rise of carbon trading: the internationalization of emissions trading in the Kyoto Protocol (1989–2000); the creation of the EU Emissions Trading System (1998–2008); and the reemergence of emissions trading on the U.S. policy agenda (2001–2009). These cases and the theoretical framework that Meckling develops for understanding the influence of transnational business coalitions offer critical insights into the role of business in the emergence of market-based global environmental governance.
Carbon Composite Catalysts: Preparation, Structural and Morphological Property and Applications (Composites Science and Technology)
by Mohammad Jawaid Anish KhanThis book provides an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in the field of carbon composite catalysts, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbons, graphitic carbon nitrides, and related composites. Special focus is placed on their controllable preparation and applications in the gas phase, liquid phase, electrochemical, and photocatalytic reactions, as well as defect and surface chemistry-related catalytic activities of carbon materials. Some perspectives are highlighted on the development of more efficient carbonaceous catalysts featuring high stability, low cost, optimized structures, and enhanced performance, which are the key factors to accelerate the designed preparation and commercialization of carbon composite catalysts. The book will also present the latest studies of carbon-based composite catalysts for clean energy change and storage, nature protection, and essential industrial production and storage and include the key challenges and future opportunities in this exciting field.
Carbon Criminals, Climate Crimes (Critical Issues in Crime and Society)
by Ronald C. KramerCarbon Criminals, Climate Crimes analyzes the looming threats posed by climate change from a criminological perspective. It advances the field of green criminology through a examination of the criminal nature of catastrophic environmental harms resulting from the release of greenhouse gases. The book describes and explains what corporations in the fossil fuel industry, the U.S. government, and the international political community did, or failed to do, in relation to global warming. Carbon Criminals, Climate Crimes integrates research and theory from a wide variety of disciplines, to analyze four specific state-corporate climate crimes: continued extraction of fossil fuels and rising carbon emissions; political omission (failure) related to the mitigation of these emissions; socially organized climate change denial; and climate crimes of empire, which include militaristic forms of adaptation to climate disruption. The final chapter reviews policies that could mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to a warming world, and achieve climate justice.
Carbon Cycle in the Changing Arid Land of China: Yanqi Basin And Bosten Lake (Springer Earth System Sciences Ser.)
by Xiujun Wang Zhitong Yu Jiaping Wang Juan ZhangThis book integrates the analyses of organic carbon and carbonate accumulation in soil and lake sediment in a typical arid region of China that has experienced significant climate and land-use changes.It demonstrates that carbonate accumulation greatly exceeds organic carbon in both soil and sediment. It also shows that intensive cropping with sound land management in the arid land not only increases soil organic carbon stock, but also enhances accumulation of soil carbonate, particularly in subsoils. Carbon accumulation in the lake sediment increased between 1950 and 2000, after which it declined, and the authors explore how human activity and climate change may have caused the changes in carbon burial in the lake sediment.This book is of interest to researchers in a number of fields such as soil science, limnology and global change, as well as to the policy-makers.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Acid Gas Injection
by John J. Carroll Ying WuThis is the sixth volume in a series of books on natural gas engineering, focusing carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and acid gas injection. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters on well modeling, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most cutting-edge and state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer working with natural gas. There are updates of new technologies in other related areas of natural gas, in addition to the CO2 capture and acid gas injection, including testing, reservoir simulations, and natural gas hydrate formations. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in natural gas today. Every volume is a must-have for any engineer or library.
Carbon Dioxide Capture: An Effective Way to Combat Global Warming (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)
by Anne Elise Creamer Bin GaoThis topical brief summarizes the various options available for carbon capture and presents the current strategies involved in CO2 reduction. The authors focus on current CO2 capture technologies that facilitate the reduction of greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions and reduce global warming. This short study will interest environmental researchers, teachers and students who have an interest in global warming.
Carbon Dioxide Emission Management in Power Generation
by Prof. Lars O. Nord Prof. Olav BollandProvides an engaging and clearly structured source of information on the capture and storage of CO2 Designed to bridge the gap between the many disciplines involved in carbon dioxide emission management, this book provides a comprehensive yet easy-to-understand introduction to the subject of CO2 capture. Fit for graduate students, practicing process engineers, and others interested in the subject, it offers a clear understanding and overview of thermal power plants in particular and of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) in general. Carbon Dioxide Emission Management in Power Generation starts with a discussion of the greenhouse effect, climate change, and CO2 emissions as the rationale for the concept of CCS. It then looks at the long-term storage of CO2. A chapter covering different fossil fuels, their usage, and properties comes next, followed by sections on: CO2 generation, usage and properties; power plant technologies; theory of gas separation; power plant efficiency calculations; and classification of CO2 capture methods. Other chapters examine: CO2 capture by gas absorption and other gas separation methods; removing carbon from the fuel; pre- and post-combustion CO2 capture in power cycles; and oxy-combustion CO2 capture in power cycles. -Discusses both CO2 capture technologies as well as power generation technologies -Bridges the gap between many different disciplines?from scientists, geologists and engineers, to economists -One of the few books that covers all the different sciences involved in the capture and storage of CO2 -Introduces the topic and provides useful information to the academic as well as professional reader Carbon Dioxide Emission Management in Power Generation is an excellent book for students who are interested in CO2 capture and storage, as well as for chemists in industry, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, geochemists, and geologists.
Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications
by James N. ButlerCarbon dioxide, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion comprise the most important acid-base system in natural waters, and the equilibria between them regulate the pH of seawater, as well as most rainwater, stream water, river water, and groundwater. Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications provides a clear, compact presentation of this topic,
Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization
by Pen-Chi Chiang Shu-Yuan PanThis book focuses on an important technology for mineralizing and utilizing CO2 instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. CO2 mineralization and utilization demonstrated in the waste-to-resource supply chain can "reduce carbon dependency, promote resource and energy efficiency, and lessen environmental quality degradation," thereby reducing environmental risks and increasing economic benefits towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In this book, comprehensive information on CO2 mineralization and utilization via accelerated carbonation technology from theoretical and practical considerations was presented in 20 Chapters. It first introduces the concept of the carbon cycle from the thermodynamic point of view and then discusses principles and applications regarding environmental impact assessment of carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies. After that, it describes the theoretical and practical considerations for "Accelerated Carbonation (Mineralization)" including analytical methods, and systematically presents the carbonation mechanism and modeling (process chemistry, reaction kinetics and mass transfer) and system analysis (design and analysis of experiments, life cycle assessment and cost benefit analysis). It then provides physico-chemical properties of different types of feedstock for CO2 mineralization and then explores the valorization of carbonated products as green materials. Lastly, an integral approach for waste treatment and resource recovery is introduced, and the carbonation system is critically assessed and optimized based on engineering, environmental, and economic (3E) analysis. The book is a valuable resource for readers who take scientific and practical interests in the current and future Accelerated Carbonation Technology for CO2 Mineralization and Utilization.
Carbon Dioxide Problem: Integrated Energy and Environmental Policies for the 21st Century
by Toshinori KojimaThe problems of global warming and environmental pollution are some of the most difficult challenges this planet faces in the 21st century. Carbon dioxide, often identified as one of the culprits, is an inevitable product of the combustion of fossil fuels, necessary for our modern economies to survive. Thus, The Carbon Dioxide Problem refers to the extremely complex matter of limiting carbon dioxide concentrations to levels that pose little environmental risk without devastating national economies and reducing living standards on the planet. This timely book offers solutions to the global warming problem that lie in the development of comprehensive energy and environmental policies that emphasize the need to use energy efficiently while looking to develop alternative renewable sources. The experience of Japan is particularly relevant due to that country's great dependence on foreign fuel supplies, which has led it to be at the forefront of developing new energy conservation and antipollution technologies.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction through Advanced Conversion and Utilization Technologies (Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion)
by Bo Yu Jiujun Zhang Yun Zheng Jianchen WangCarbon Dioxide Reduction through Advanced Conversion and Utilization Technologies covers fundamentals, advanced conversion technologies, economic feasibility analysis, and future research directions in the field of CO2 conversion and utilization. <P><P>This book emphasizes principles of various conversion technologies for CO2 reduction such as enzymatic conversion, mineralization, thermochemical, photochemical, and electrochemical processes. It addresses materials, components, assembly and manufacturing, degradation mechanisms, challenges, and development strategies. Applications of conversion technologies for CO2 reduction to produce useful fuels and chemicals in energy and industrial systems are discussed as solutions to reduce greenhouse effects and energy shortages. Particularly, the advanced materials and technology of high temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 to produce sustainable fuels using solid oxide cells (SOCs) are reviewed and the introduction, fundamentals, and some significant topics regarding this CO2 conversion process are discussed. <P><P>This book provides a comprehensive and clear picture of advanced technologies in CO2 conversion and utilization. Written in a clear and detailed manner, it is suitable for students as well as industry professionals, researchers, and academics.
Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Sustainable Energy and Fuels (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)
by Inamuddin Anish Khan Mohd Imran Ahamed Rajender BoddulaThis edited book provides an in-depth overview of carbon dioxide (CO2) transformations to sustainable power technologies. It also discusses the wide scope of issues in engineering avenues, key designs, device fabrication, characterizations, various types of conversions and related topics. It includes studies focusing on the applications in catalysis, energy conversion and conversion technologies, etc. This is a unique reference guide, and one of the detailed works is on this technology. The book is the result of commitments by leading researchers from various backgrounds and expertise. The book is well structured and is an essential resource for scientists, undergraduate, postgraduate students, faculty, R&D professionals, energy chemists and industrial experts.
Carbon Dioxide and Organometallics (Topics in Organometallic Chemistry #53)
by Xiao-Bing LuThe series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics of pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors. All chapters from Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are published OnlineFirst with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Organometallic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Organomet Chem and cited as a journal
Carbon Dots: Exploring Carbon at Zero-Dimension
by Ya-Ping SunWritten by the founder of the field of carbon “quantum” dots (carbon dots) and related technology, this book outlines the principles of carbon dots and presents strong evidence for that small carbon nanoparticles and by extension carbon dots represent the nanoscale carbon allotrope at zero-dimension. Historical accounts of the inception and evolution of the carbon dots field are provided. Experimental approaches and techniques for the dot synthesis and some related major issues are discussed in detail. The photoexcited state properties, especially the bright and colorful photoluminescence emissions, and photoinduced redox characteristics of carbon dots are presented, and so are their advantages over semiconductor quantum dots as well as fullerenes. Carbon dots are also compared with “graphene quantum dots”, for which a unified mechanistic understanding is proposed. Finally, a broad range of applications of carbon dots and their derived hybrid nanostructures in biomedical, renewable energy, food and environmental safety, and other technologies are highlighted. The book concludes with a discussion on the excellent potential and opportunities for further research and development.
Carbon Emission Calculation Methods for Highway Tunnel Construction
by Jianfeng Xu Chun GuoThis book introduces the research background and significance of carbon emissions in the tunnel industry and systematically reviewed the research progresses of carbon emission researches for tunnels, LCA (life cycle assessment) research framework, and uncertainty research progress. The authors propose a novel modular carbon emission calculation method for highway tunnel construction and expounds on the modular LCA system boundary theory of tunnel construction. This method does not require abundant knowledge of LCA modeling, which is convenient for general engineering and technical personnel to calculate the carbon emission level of tunnel construction. The calculation formulas for input and carbon emissions of each module are provided. It also analyzes the parameter uncertainty, model uncertainty, and scenario uncertainty of the carbon emissions from tunnel construction by the Monte Carlo method. Further, this book proposes the fitting model of carbon emissions of unit engineering quantity in tunnel construction, which benefits to simplify the calculation of carbon emissions.This book is mainly aimed at engineering and technical personnel in the construction industry, especially tunnel and underground engineering, including tunnel design engineers; tunnel construction engineers, experts, and scholars; tunnel owners; management departments.
Carbon Emissions in China (Springer Theses)
by Zhu LiuThis study analyzes the spatial-temporal pattern and processes of China's energy-related carbon emissions. Based on extensive quantitative analysis, it outlines the character and trajectory of China's energy-related carbon emissions during the period 1995-2010, examining the distribution pattern of China's carbon emissions from regional and sectoral perspectives and revealing the driving factors of China's soaring emission increase. Further, the book investigates the supply chain carbon emissions (the carbon footprints) of China's industrial sectors. Population growth, the fossil energy supply, and anthropogenic climate change are the most serious challenges currently facing humankind. China is the world's largest developing country, top primary energy consumer and carbon emitter. Achieving both economic growth and environmental conservation is the country's twofold challenge. Understanding the status, features and driving forces of China's energy-related carbon emissions is a critical aspect of attaining global sustainability. This work, for the first time, presents both key findings on and a systematic evaluation of China's carbon emissions from energy consumption. The results have important implications for global carbon budgets and burden-sharing with regard to climate change mitigation. The book will be of great interest to readers around the world, as it addresses a topic of truly global significance.
Carbon Farming: Science and Practice
by Rattan Lal Nancy LoriaIn a world grappling with the pressing challenges of climate change and sustainable food production, "Carbon Farming" emerges as a transformative concept with far-reaching implications. Carbon farming, a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture dedicated to actively sequestering carbon from the atmosphere and securely storing it within vegetation and soil, also creates another income stream for farmers and ranchers. It's more than just an ecological solution; it's a holistic approach that integrates social, environmental, and economic development. It is also the foundation stone for achieving Sustainable Development Goals of the Agenda 2030 of the United Nations. The book confronts a series of captivating questions that arise when focusing on increasing soil carbon through Sustainable Agricultural Practices. Through a series of meticulously crafted chapters, the book unravels the potential impact of carbon farming on soil health, the carbon cycle, and the broader global environment. The book navigates through a diverse array of carbon farming techniques, from conservation and regenerative agriculture to agroecology, agroforestry and composting. It provides practical insights, supported by compelling case studies, showcasing successful implementations of these practices in real-world agricultural contexts. Readers are equipped with a toolkit of effective carbon farming strategies, offering a valuable resource for those seeking to adopt sustainable and climate-resilient farming practices. This book is not just a resource; it's a call to action. It's an invitation to be part of a movement that has the power to transform agriculture and safeguard our planet for generations to come. Join us in the journey of understanding, implementing, and advocating for carbon farming—a practice that holds the key to a more sustainable and resilient future.
Carbon Fibers (Springer Series in Materials Science #210)
by Soo-Jin ParkThis book contains eight chapters that discuss the manufacturing methods, surface treatment, composite interfaces, microstructure-property relationships with underlying fundamental physical and mechanical principles, and applications of carbon fibers and their composites. Recently, carbon-based materials have received much attention for their many potential applications. The carbon fibers are very strong, stiff, and lightweight, enabling the carbon materials to deliver improved performance in several applications such as aerospace, sports, automotive, wind energy, oil and gas, infrastructure, defense, and semiconductors. However, the use of carbon fibers in cost-sensitive, high-volume industrial applications is limited because of their relatively high costs. However, its production is expected to increase because of its widespread use in high-volume industrial applications; therefore, the methods used for manufacturing carbon fibers and carbon-fiber-reinforced composites and their structures and characteristics need to be investigated.
Carbon Fibers (Springer Series in Materials Science #210)
by Soo-Jin ParkThe updated and expanded second edition of this book explores the physical and mechanical properties of carbon fibers and their composites, their manufacture and processing, and their current and emerging applications. Over 10 chapters, the book describes manufacturing methods, surface treatment, composite interfaces, and microstructure-property relationships with underlying fundamental physical and mechanical principles. It discusses the application of carbon materials in delivering improved performance across a diverse range of fields including sports, wind energy, oil and gas, infrastructure, defence, and the aerospace, automotive and semiconductor industries.This new edition introduces chapters related to the manufacturing of carbon/carbon composites (C/C composites), antioxidation characteristics of C/C composites, and their applications. Furthermore, it addresses the effect of graphene and carbon nanotubes on the physical and chemical properties of carbon fibers. A final chapter looks at the emerging and future prospects for carbon fiber technology.
Carbon Fibers and Their Composites (Materials Engineering)
by Peter MorganMost literature pertaining to carbon fibers is of a theoretical nature. Carbon Fibers and their Composites offers a comprehensive look at the specific manufacturing of carbon fibers and graphite fibers into the growing surge of diverse applications that include flameproof materials, protective coatings, biomedical and prosthetics application
Carbon Fluorides: Properties, Preparation, and Applications
by Wei FengThis book offers a comprehensive perspective on carbon fluorides, covering detailed descriptions of the structure, properties, preparation, and applications of carbon fluorides, from basic knowledge to the latest research developments. It provides readers with a clear and in-depth analysis of carbon fluorides. This book first describes the structural properties of carbon fluorides, such as the formation of different types of C-F bonds, F/C ratio, and the impact of F atom distribution on material properties. The introduction of F atoms results in unique properties of carbon fluorides in terms of optics, electronics, thermal properties, and mechanical strength, distinguishing them from carbon materials. This book also introduces various carbon fluoride materials prepared from various carbon material precursors currently under research, such as fluorinated graphene, fluorinated carbon nanotubes, fluorinated graphite, and fluorinated fullerenes. The detailed description of the research and applications of carbon fluorides in batteries and other areas is provided. This book is suitable for professionals and academic researchers and also serves as a self-study reference for beginners interested in this field. The author of this book has over a decade of experience and expertise in carbon fluorides research, providing readers with a rich and comprehensive book in this field.
Carbon Footprint Assessments: Case Studies & Best Practices (Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes)
by Subramanian Senthilkannan MuthuClimate change and its impacts are well known, and it is not hard to see the effects of climate change vulnerability to daily lives in many parts of the world. The need to assess and reduce carbon footprint is not specific to any industrial sector; rather it is an imperative to all aspects of industry. To that end, this book offers case studies detailing methods and best practices toward the assessment of carbon footprint in various industrial spaces. The chapters here highlight the urgency of measuring and alleviating the climate change impacts for various industrial sectors, and together they offer an overview of the current state of research on carbon footprint assessment in different industries ranging from textiles, agriculture, logistics, wine production, and more.
Carbon Footprint Case Studies: Municipal Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Road Transport and Carbon Sequestration (Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes)
by Subramanian Senthilkannan MuthuGlobal warming and its effects are felt and understood by almost every one across the globe now. Carbon footprint calculation and mitigation in different industrial sectors is the need of the hour. There are numerous industrial sectors, whose carbon footprints need to be calculated and the ways to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions from those sectors need to be started with immediate effect. This book highlights case studies involving the carbon footprints of municipal solid waste, sustainable road transport and Carbon footprint accounting of sources and sinks by studying carbon sequestration of Karnataka, a state in India.
Carbon Footprint and the Industrial Life Cycle: From Urban Planning to Recycling (Green Energy and Technology)
by Sergio Zubelzu Roberto Álvarez Fernández Rodrigo MartínezThis book analyzes the relationship between large-scale industrial activity and the carbon footprint, and provides a theoretical framework and tools to calculate the carbon footprint of industrial activities at every stage of their life cycles, including urban-planning master plans, recycling activities, project and building stages as well as managing and manufacturing. Discussing the main preventative and corrective measures that can be utilized, it includes case studies, reports on technological developments and examples of successful policies to provide inspiration to readers. This book collects the contributions of authors from four continents, in order to analyze from as many as possible points of view and using many different approaches, the problem of sustainability in today's globalized world.