- Table View
- List View
Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Reactions
by Armando CórdovaThis unique and long-awaited handbook on this important topic in the hot field of stereoselective organic synthesis covers several types of nucleophiles. Top international authors deal with modern forms of achieving stereoselective conjugate additions based on the use of chiral auxiliaries or asymmetric catalysis, such as P-N ligands, organocatalysis, domino reactions, Lewis acid and base catalysis. There is also a discussion of the employment of enantioselective conjugate addition transformations in total synthesis of important molecules. With its reliable and previously unpublished experimental procedures, this is a true source of high quality information.
Catalytic Asymmetric Radical Reactions
by Xin-Yuan Liu Guosheng LiuStrategies to develop catalytic asymmetric radical reactions, from metal-based methods to organocatalytic systems Catalytic Asymmetric Radical Reactions systematically and comprehensively summarizes the development of different strategies to realize asymmetric radical reactions, from metal-based methods to organocatalytic systems. The book starts with the background introduction of this topic and emphasizes the significance and challenge of the stereocontrol over the radical intermediates. Subsequently, it describes the detailed strategies to realize the asymmetric radical reactions, demonstrating how the design of chiral catalysts and substrates helps to achieve the asymmetric induction. Finally, it summarizes the developed strategies and presents a perspective in future development of asymmetric radical reactions. Catalytic Asymmetric Radical Reactions includes information on: Earth-abundant transition metal (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and manganese)-catalyzed asymmetric radical reactions Photoredox/earth-abundant metal-catalyzed asymmetric radical reactions and precious transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric radical reactions Chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric radical transformations and chiral-at-metal complex-catalyzed asymmetric radical reactions Organocatalysis via covalent bonds and hydrogen bonding for asymmetric radical transformations Covalent interaction (S/Sn/B-centered radical)-induced asymmetric radical reactions Catalytic Asymmetric Radical Reactions is a timely reference for researchers in academia and industry working in the fields of organic synthesis, drug discovery, and materials science.
Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions of Conjugated Nitroalkenes
by Irishi N.N. Namboothiri Meeta Bhati Madhu Ganesh Basavaprabhu Hosamani Thekke V. Baiju Shimi Manchery Kalisankar BeraNitroalkenes have often been referred to as "synthetic chameleons" owing to their reactivity, synthetic utility and biological significance. In the last two decades, the reactivity of nitroalkenes as substrates in diverse catalytic asymmetric transformations has been of tremendous interest on account of the powerful abilities of the nitro group to coordinate and withdraw electrons, as well as its amenability to undergo a wide variety of synthetic transformations. Although numerous original articles and reviews have appeared in the literature, a monograph providing a comprehensive coverage of this topic was conspicuous by its absence. This book features: A systematic, up-to-date, in-depth and well-organized compilation, spread over 12 chapters, of various catalytic asymmetric reactions of nitroalkenes with diverse substrates reported to date A wide coverage of reactions such as Michael additions, Friedel–Crafts reactions, cycloadditions, asymmetric reductions, multicomponent and cascade reactions, as well as other miscellaneous reactions Various chiral organo, metal and even biocatalysts involved in the stereoselective synthesis of multifunctional adducts via catalytic asymmetric reactions of nitroalkenes Schemes and figures detailing all the reagents, reaction conditions and product profiles Mechanistic details, including transition state models, which will be useful for effective catalytic design This book will be an invaluable resource for those who are working in the area of asymmetric catalysis and synthetic methodologies.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
by Iwao Ojima Akiyama TakahikoSeminal text presenting detailed accounts of the most important catalytic asymmetric reactions known today This book covers the preparation of enantiomerically pure or enriched chemical compounds by use of chiral catalyst molecules. While reviewing the most important catalytic methods for asymmetric organic synthesis, this book highlights the most important and recent developments in catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Edited by two well-qualified experts, sample topics covered in the work include: Metal catalysis, organocatalysis, photoredox catalysis, enzyme catalysis C-H bond functionalization reactions Carbon-carbon bond formation reactions, carbon-halogen bond formation reactions, hydrogenations, polymerizations, flow reactions Axially chiral compoundsRetaining the best of its predecessors but now thoroughly up to date with the important and recent developments in catalytic asymmetric synthesis, the 4th edition of Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis serves as an excellent desktop reference and text for researchers and students, from upper-level undergraduates all the way to experienced professionals in industry or academia.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
by Iwao OjimaPraise for the previous editions"An excellent text . . . will no doubt provide the benchmark for comparative works for many years." --Journal of the American Chemical Society"An excellent state-of-the-art compilation of catalytic asymmetric chemistry . . . should be included in any chemistry reference collection." --Choice"This is a tremendous resource and an excellent read. I recommend immediate purchase." --Perkin TransactionsSince this important work was first published in 1993, the field of catalytic asymmetric synthesis has grown explosively, spawning effective new methods for obtaining enantiomerically pure compounds on a large scale and stimulating new applications in diverse fields--from medicine to materials science. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, Third Edition addresses these rapid changes through contributions from highly recognized world leaders in the field.This seminal text presents detailed accounts of the most important catalytic asymmetric reactions known today, and discusses recent advances and essential information on the initial development of certain processes. An excellent working resource for academic researchers and industrial chemists alike, the Third Edition features:Six entirely new chapters focusing on novel approaches to catalytic asymmetric synthesis including non-conventional media/conditions, organocatalysis, chiral Lewis and Bronsted acids, CH activation, carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions, and enzyme-catalyzed asymmetric synthesisA new section focusing on the important new reaction, asymmetric metathesis, in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactionsUpdated chapters on hydrogenation, carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, hydrosilylations, carbonylations, oxidations, amplifications and autocatalysis, and polymerization reactionsRetaining the best of its predecessors but now thoroughly up to date, Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, Third Edition serves as an excellent desktop reference and text for researchers and students from the upper-level undergraduates through experienced professionals in industry or academia.
Catalytic Cascade Reactions
by Wei Wang Peng-Fei XuDemonstrates the advantages of catalytic cascade reactions for synthesizing natural products and pharmaceuticals Riding the wave of green chemistry, catalytic cascade reactions have become one of the most active research areas in organic synthesis. During a cascade reaction, just one reaction solvent, one workup procedure, and one purification step are needed, thus significantly increasing synthetic efficiency. Featuring contributions from an international team of pioneers in the field, Catalytic Cascade Reactions demonstrates the versatility and application of these reactions for synthesizing valuable compounds. The book examines both organocatalysis and transition-metal catalysis reactions, bringing readers up to date with the latest discoveries and activities in all major areas of catalytic cascade reaction research. Catalytic Cascade Reactions begins with three chapters dedicated to organocatalytic cascade reactions, exploring amines, Brønsted acids, and the application of organocatalytic cascade reactions in natural product synthesis and drug discovery. Next, the book covers: Gold-catalyzed cascade reactions Cascade reactions catalyzed by ruthenium, iron, iridium, rhodium, and copper Palladium-catalyzed cascade reactions of alkenes, alkynes, and allenes Application of transition-metal catalyzed cascade reactions in natural product synthesis and drug discovery Engineering mono- and multifunctional nanocatalysts for cascade reactions Multiple-catalyst-promoted cascade reactions All chapters are thoroughly referenced, providing quick access to important original research findings and reviews so that readers can explore individual topics in greater depth. Drawing together and analyzing published findings scattered across the literature, this book provides a single source that encapsulates our current understanding of catalytic cascade processes. Moreover, it sets the stage for the development of new catalytic cascade reactions and their applications.
Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates
by Michael OballaThis work is based on the proceedings of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers' Spring National Meeting in Houston, Texas, March 28 to April 1, 1993. It details various facets of residue upgrading and distillate hydrotreating, stressing the importance of selective catalysts in aromatics reduction. New aromatics saturation processes for the production of very low-aromatic distillates are introduced.
Catalytic Methods in Asymmetric Synthesis: Advanced Materials, Techniques, and Applications
by Francesco Giacalone Michelangelo GruttadauriaThis book covers advances in the methods of catalytic asymmetric synthesis and their applications. Coverage moves from new materials and technologies to homogeneous metal-free catalysts and homogeneous metal catalysts. The applications of several methodologies for the synthesis of biologically active molecules are discussed. Part I addresses recent advances in new materials and technologies such as supported catalysts, supports, self-supported catalysts, chiral ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, flow reactors and microwaves related to asymmetric catalysis. Part II covers advances and milestones in organocatalytic, enzymatic and metal-based mediated asymmetric synthesis, including applications for the synthesis of biologically active molecules. Written by leading international experts, this book consists of 16 chapters with 2000 References and illustrations of 560 schemes and figures.
Catalytic Microreactors for Portable Power Generation (Springer Theses)
by Symeon Karagiannidis"Catalytic Microreactors for Portable Power Generation" addresses a problem of high relevance and increased complexity in energy technology. This thesis outlines an investigation into catalytic and gas-phase combustion characteristics in channel-flow, platinum-coated microreactors. The emphasis of the study is on microreactor/microturbine concepts for portable power generation and the fuels of interest are methane and propane. The author carefully describes numerical and experimental techniques, providing a new insight into the complex interactions between chemical kinetics and molecular transport processes, as well as giving the first detailed report of hetero-/homogeneous chemical reaction mechanisms for catalytic propane combustion. The outcome of this work will be widely applied to the industrial design of micro- and mesoscale combustors.
Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process
by Soni O OyekanBased on the author’s decades of years of experience in oil refining, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process conveys essential information on key concepts, operations, and practices of catalytic naphtha reforming technologies and associated oil refining processes. The book reviews collective technical and operational advancements with respect to efficient use of catalysts and catalytic reformers in oil refining and incorporates key advancements from recent developments in catalytic reforming technologies and processes. High octane reformate gasoline blendstock production via the use of high performing continuous catalyst regenerative processes is emphasized for regulated, environmentally friendly gasoline. The benefits of timely, effective process unit monitoring are covered in this book. Some of the principal objectives of this book include the need to emphasize more proactive approaches in the planning, operations and maintenance of catalytic reforming units and oil refineries. A number of recommendations are provided for enhancing the operations, reliability, and productivity of catalytic reformers and oil refineries.
Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Revised and Expanded (Chemical Industries)
by George J. Antos Abdullah M. AitaniCatalytic Naphtha Reforming, Second Edition presents modern, crystal-clear explanations of every aspect of this critical process for generating high-octane reformate products for gasoline blending and production of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) aromatics. The book details the chemistry of naphtha reforming, the preparation and characterization
Catalytic Process Development for Renewable Materials
by Pieter Imhof Jan Cornelis van der WaalGreen, clean and renewable are the hottest keywords for catalysis and industry. This handbook and ready reference is the first to combine the fields of advanced experimentation and catalytic process development for biobased materials in industry. It describes the entire workflow from idea, approach, research, and process development, right up to commercialization. A large part of the book is devoted to the use of advanced technologies and methodologies like high throughput experimentation, as well as reactor and process design models, with a wide selection of real-life examples included at each stage. The contributions are from authors at leading companies and institutes, providing firsthandinformation and knowledge that is hard to find elsewhere.This work is aimed at decision makers, engineers and chemists in industry, chemists and engineers working with/on renewables, chemists in the field of catalysis, and chemical engineers.
Catalytic Role of Amino Acids in Organic Reactions (New Directions in Organic & Biological Chemistry)
by Zahra Taherinia Arash Ghorbani-Choghamarani Zahra Moradi Zahra Heidarnezhad Farhad Khanmohammadi-Sarabib Mohammad ZolfigolAsymmetric organometallic and organocatalytic processes have attracted great interest. Asymmetric synthesis using both natural and unnatural amino acids has been tremendously important from synthetic as well as industrial viewpoints, and numerous new methodologies have been developed in the last decades. Herein we provide an overview of old and very recent (since 1900 till now) advances and applications in the area of heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, organocatalysis, thermal catalysis using amino acids [proline, glycine, alanine, valine, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, phenylalanine, and tryptophan], (supported or unsupported), an amino acid containing materials or amino acids derivatives as an essential component of catalysts, this book highlights the most important and recent developments to immobilize or support amino acids on various support materials. This book is suitable as supplementary reading for courses targeting the design, synthesis, and application of chiral catalysts, asymmetric catalysis, and sustainable production.
Catalytic Technology for Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene
by Zhongyi Liu Shouchang Liu Zhongjun LiThis book provides a comprehensive description of the catalytic technologies for selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene. Focusing on selective hydrogenation of benzene to prepare cyclohexene and its downstream products, such as cyclohexanone, bulk chemicals and high-value fine chemicals, it also discusses the objective laws, reaction mechanisms and scientific significance based on experimental data, analysis and characterization results. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership, particularly professionals at universities and scientific research institutes, senior undergraduates, master's and doctoral graduate students as well as practitioners in industry.
Catalytic Transformations of Sustainable and Versatile Furanic Chemicals
byDiminishing confined fossil resources has spurred the scientific community to strive for alternative, sustainable resources, such as terrestrial biomass, which can potentially substitute fossil-based derivatives. Lignocellulosic biomass is deemed an indispensable carbon source for meeting industrial and social demands regarding energy/fuels and chemicals. Over the past decade, significant advances have been shown in developing a broad spectrum of high-value chemicals and functional materials derived from biomass-based substrates. In connection with this, furanic chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural, have recently received considerable attention due to their potential applications. Catalytic Transformations of Sustainable and Versatile Furanic Chemicals aims to explicitly display the latest technical developments on designing functional catalysts, optimizing process and reaction parameters, and improving the stability of the employed materials on the transformation of HMF and furfural to a wide range of value-added chemicals via oxidation, reduction, hydrodeoxygenation, and reductive amination processes.Features: Highlighting the importance and significance of HMF and furfural. Evaluating the transformations of HMF and furfural with various catalytic processes. Designing robust and efficient catalytic systems. Understanding the stability of catalytic materials. Understanding the characteristic features of the catalytic materials. This book aims to target not only researchers focusing on biomass valorization from academic to industrial sectors but also graduate students interested in pursuing their higher education in biochemicals (especially furanic compounds), covering various aspects in organic synthesis routes, preparation of inorganic materials and physico-chemical properties, for both chemists and chemical engineers.
Catalytic and Process Study of the Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene and 1,3-Butadiene (Springer Theses)
by Ruijun HouThis thesis offers novel methods for catalyst and process design for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene and 1,3-butadiene. The author predicts the properties of supported Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The excellent correlation between model surfaces and supported catalysts demonstrates the feasibility of designing effective bimetallic catalysts for selective hydrogenation reactions. The author also proposes a method for designing non-precious metal catalysts to replace precious metals. He modifies the process of selective hydrogenation of acetylene by coupling the selective adsorption to the selective hydrogenation in the liquid phase, as a result of which the ethylene selectivity is greatly improved and heat transfer is greatly enhanced. Lastly, by analyzing the mechanism of liquid-phase hydrogenation, the author proposes a multi-stage slurry bed reactor for industrial applications.
Catalytically Active Nucleic Acids (Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology #170)
by Harald Seitz Frank Stahl Johanna-Gabriela WalterThis volume reviews numerous reaction mechanisms and applications of nucleic acids with catalytic activity. Written by an interdisciplinary team of authors, it provides an essential overview of these acids’ fundamental aspects, while also addressing associated methodologies such as nucleic acid enzyme engineering, peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes and Aptazymes. After the discovery of natural ribozymes – RNA molecules that mediate the cleavage and formation of phosphodiester bonds and the formation of peptide bonds – numerous artificial ribozymes with altered catalytic activities were produced by in vitro and in vivo selection. Unlike ribozymes, DNAzymes do not occur in nature. Although the catalytic activity of nucleic acid enzymes is usually much slower than that of proteins, nucleic acid enzymes with comparable catalytic activity have been obtained using stringent selection processes. The key advantages of these enzymes: they are e.g. smaller, easier to produce and purify than proteins, and can withstand denaturation, e.g. by heat. Over the last few years, the number of publications on the applications of enzymatic nucleic acids has grown steadily. Summarizing the fundamentals and applications of these acids, this book will not only be an excellent resource for experts in the field but will also guide young researchers just starting out in this significant area.
Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation
by Andrei K. YudinWritten by an experienced editor widely acclaimed within the scientific community, this book covers everything from oxygen to nitrogen functionalities. From the contents: * Palladium-Catalyzed Syntheses of Five-Membered Saturated Heterocycles * The Formation of Carbon-Sulfur and Carbon-Selenium Bonds by Substitution and Addition Reactions Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes * Palladium-Catalysis for Oxidative 1,2-Difunctionalization of Alkenes * Palladium-Catalyzed Formation of Aromatic Heterocycles * Rhodium-Catalyzed Amination of C-H-Bonds * Transition Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocycles * Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Azoles * Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C-N Bond Formation Involving Aminopalladation of Aklenes * Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation by Rh(I)-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Reactions * Recent Advances in Homogeneous Gold Catalysis: Formation of Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds The result is an indispensable source of information for the strategic planning of the synthetic routes for organic, catalytic and medicinal chemists, as well as chemists in industry.
Catalyzing Inquiry at the Interface of Computing and Biology
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesAdvances in computer science and technology and in biology over the last several years have opened up the possibility for computing to help answer fundamental questions in biology and for biology to help with new approaches to computing. Making the most of the research opportunities at the interface of computing and biology requires the active participation of people from both fields. While past attempts have been made in this direction, circumstances today appear to be much more favorable for progress. To help take advantage of these opportunities, this study was requested of the NRC by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy. The report provides the basis for establishing cross-disciplinary collaboration between biology and computing including an analysis of potential impediments and strategies for overcoming them. The report also presents a wealth of examples that should encourage students in the biological sciences to look for ways to enable them to be more effective users of computing in their studies.
Catastrophe Ethics: How to Choose Well in a World of Tough Choices
by Travis RiederHow to live a morally decent life in the midst of today's constant, complex choices In a world of often confusing and terrifying global problems, how should we make choices in our everyday lives? Does anything on the individual level really make a difference? In Catastrophe Ethics, Travis Rieder tackles the moral philosophy puzzles that bedevil us. He explores vital ethical concepts from history and today and offers new ways to think about the &“right&” thing to do when the challenges we face are larger and more complex than ever before. Alongside a lively tour of traditional moral reasoning from thinkers like Plato, Mill, and Kant, Rieder posits new questions and exercises about the unique conundrums we now face, issues that can seem to transcend old-fashioned philosophical ideals. Should you drink water from a plastic bottle or not? Drive an electric car? When you learn about the horrors of factory farming, should you stop eating meat or other animal products? Do small commitments matter, or are we being manipulated into acting certain ways by corporations and media? These kinds of puzzles, Rieder explains, are everywhere now. And the tools most of us unthinkingly rely on to &“do the right thing&” are no longer enough. Principles like &“do no harm&” and &“respect others&” don&’t provide guidance in cases where our individual actions don&’t, by themselves, have any effect on others at all. We need new principles, with new justifications, in order to navigate this new world. In the face of consequential and complex crises, Rieder shares exactly how we can live a morally decent life. It&’s time to build our own catastrophe ethics.
Catastrophic Events Student Guide and Source Book (2nd Edition)
by Carol O’donnellThis edition of student guide and source book on Catastrophic Events contains three parts viz., Storms, Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Also included are Glossary, Index, Photo Credits and Selected References.
Catastrophic Thinking: Extinction and the Value of Diversity from Darwin to the Anthropocene (science.culture)
by David SepkoskiA history of scientific ideas about extinction that explains why we learned to value diversity as a precious resource at the same time as we learned to “think catastrophically” about extinction. We live in an age in which we are repeatedly reminded—by scientists, by the media, by popular culture—of the looming threat of mass extinction. We’re told that human activity is currently producing a sixth mass extinction, perhaps of even greater magnitude than the five previous geological catastrophes that drastically altered life on Earth. Indeed, there is a very real concern that the human species may itself be poised to go the way of the dinosaurs, victims of the most recent mass extinction some 65 million years ago. How we interpret the causes and consequences of extinction and their ensuing moral imperatives is deeply embedded in the cultural values of any given historical moment. And, as David Sepkoski reveals, the history of scientific ideas about extinction over the past two hundred years—as both a past and a current process—is implicated in major changes in the way Western society has approached biological and cultural diversity. It seems self-evident to most of us that diverse ecosystems and societies are intrinsically valuable, but the current fascination with diversity is a relatively recent phenomenon. In fact, the way we value diversity depends crucially on our sense that it is precarious—that it is something actively threatened, and that its loss could have profound consequences. In Catastrophic Thinking, Sepkoski uncovers how and why we learned to value diversity as a precious resource at the same time as we learned to think catastrophically about extinction.
Catch a Crayfish, Count the Stars: Fun Projects, Skills, and Adventures for Outdoor Kids
by Steven RinellaA hands-on, gloves-off, muddy-boots activity book for young adventurers ages eight and up, offering fun projects and adventures to build lifelong skills and knowledge about the natural world—from the host of MeatEater and the New York Times bestselling author of The MeatEater Guide to Wilderness Skills and Survival <p><p> Does climbing a tree, building a bug hotel, spearing a bullfrog, stalking wild animals, and scouting for petrified wood sound more fun than homework or chores? If so, this guide is your perfect companion to endless summer days and rainy fall afternoons alike. Filled with advice, insights, and activities to inspire wonder and excitement about the natural world, Catch a Crayfish, Count the Stars is a curious kid’s treasure trove, filled to the brim with outdoor projects, skills, and adventures complete with illustrations. The book presents a ton of fun and exciting ways to explore the natural world, like <p>• building an outdoor exploration kit <p>• identifying constellations and navigating using the sun and stars <p>• collecting fossils and other geological wonders <p>• tracking animals and following weather patterns <p>• making your own compass <p>• growing your own fruits and vegetables <p>• building survival shelters and primitive hunting weapons <p>• fishing, hunting, and foraging for wild foods <p>• making cool art projects using natural materials <p><p> A must-have guide for budding naturalists, scientists, gardeners, anglers, foragers, and hunters, Catch a Crayfish, Count the Stars helps get kids out into nature, imparting lifelong knowledge and skills along the way. <p> <b>New York Times Bestseller</b>
Catch the Wind, Harness the Sun: 22 Super-Charged Projects for Kids
by Michael J. CadutoGet charged up about energy! With more than 20 fun activities and experiments that will have children ages 8 to 12 enthusiastically engaged with making and using renewable energy, Michael J. Caduto takes a hands-on approach to fighting climate change. Step-by-step instructions for projects range from using the sun to make fires to charging electronic devices by peddling your bicycle. Additional energy case studies encourage kids to think about the basic tenets of resource management. Change the world — one miniature windmill at a time.
Catching Air: Taking the Leap with Gliding Animals (How Nature Works)
by Sneed B. Collard III*NSTA Outstanding Science Trade Book* *Junior Library Guild Selection 2017* Only a few dozen vertebrate animals have evolved true gliding abilities, but they include an astonishing variety of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. North America’s flying squirrels and Australia’s sugar gliders notwithstanding, the vast majority of them live in rainforests. Illustrated with arresting photographs, Catching Air takes us around the world to meet these animals, learn why so many gliders live in Southeast Asia, and find out why this gravity-defying ability has evolved in Draco lizards, snakes, and frogs as well as mammals. Why do gliders stop short of flying, how did bats make that final leap, and how did Homo sapiens bypass evolution to glide via wingsuits and hang gliders—or is that evolution in another guise?