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Defining Nature's Limits: The Roman Inquisition and the Boundaries of Science
by Neil TarrantA look at the history of censorship, science, and magic from the Middle Ages to the post-Reformation era. Neil Tarrant challenges conventional thinking by looking at the longer history of censorship, considering a five-hundred-year continuity of goals and methods stretching from the late eleventh century to well into the sixteenth. Unlike earlier studies, Defining Nature’s Limits engages the history of both learned and popular magic. Tarrant explains how the church developed a program that sought to codify what was proper belief through confession, inquisition, and punishment and prosecuted what they considered superstition or heresy that stretched beyond the boundaries of religion. These efforts were continued by the Roman Inquisition, established in 1542. Although it was designed primarily to combat Protestantism, from the outset the new institution investigated both practitioners of “illicit” magic and inquiries into natural philosophy, delegitimizing certain practices and thus shaping the development of early modern science. Describing the dynamics of censorship that continued well into the post-Reformation era, Defining Nature's Limits is revisionist history that will interest scholars of the history science, the history of magic, and the history of the church alike.
Defining Nature's Limits: The Roman Inquisition and the Boundaries of Science
by Neil TarrantA look at the history of censorship, science, and magic from the Middle Ages to the post-Reformation era. Neil Tarrant challenges conventional thinking by looking at the longer history of censorship, considering a five-hundred-year continuity of goals and methods stretching from the late eleventh century to well into the sixteenth. Unlike earlier studies, Defining Nature’s Limits engages the history of both learned and popular magic. Tarrant explains how the church developed a program that sought to codify what was proper belief through confession, inquisition, and punishment and prosecuted what they considered superstition or heresy that stretched beyond the boundaries of religion. These efforts were continued by the Roman Inquisition, established in 1542. Although it was designed primarily to combat Protestantism, from the outset the new institution investigated both practitioners of “illicit” magic and inquiries into natural philosophy, delegitimizing certain practices and thus shaping the development of early modern science. Describing the dynamics of censorship that continued well into the post-Reformation era, Defining Nature's Limits is revisionist history that will interest scholars of the history science, the history of magic, and the history of the church alike.
Defining and Assessing Adverse Environmental Impact from Power Plant Impingement and Entrainment of Aquatic Organisms: Symposium in Conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, 2001, in Phoenix, Arizona, USA
by Joe Wisniewski Douglas A. Dixon John A. VeilThe U.S. Clean Water Act calls for the minimization of "adverse environmental impact" at cooling water intake structures. To facilitate an exchange of information among all stakeholders in the issue, the Electric Power Research Institute organised a national symposium in 2001 to discuss the meaning of adverse environmental impact and methods
Defining the Wind: The Beaufort Scale, and How a 19th-century Admiral Turned Science into Poetry
by Scott HulerA remarkable journey over land and sea into a fascinating world of explorers, mariners, scientists, and writers. Huler was so taken with the Beaufort Wind Scale that he went in search of Adm. Francis Beaufort himself: hydrographer to the British Admiralty, man of science, and author -- Huler assumed -- of the Beaufort Wind Scale. But the scale that carries Beaufort's name has a long and complex evolution, and to properly understand it means reaching farther back in history, into the lives and works of figures from Daniel Defoe and Charles Darwin to Captains Bligh and Cook. All around the world in the mid-18th and 19th century, modern science was being invented every day. A wonderfully readable story that is ultimately about how we observe the forces of nature and the world around us.
Definition Of Pain And Distress And Reporting Requirements For Laboratory Animals: Proceedings Of The Workshop Held June 22, 2000
by Committee on Regulatory Issues in Animal Care UseA report on the Definition Of Pain And Distress And Reporting Requirements For Laboratory Animals
Definitions and Mathematical Knowledge (Elements in the Philosophy of Mathematics)
by Andrea SereniThis Element discusses the philosophical roles of definitions in the attainment of mathematical knowledge. It first focuses on the role of definitions in foundational programs, and then examines their major varieties, both as regards their origins, their potential epistemic roles, and their formal constraints. It examines explicit definitions, implicit definitions, and implicit definitions of primitive terms, these latter being further divided into axiomatic and abstractive. After discussing elucidations and explications, various ways in which definitions can yield mathematical knowledge are surveyed.
Definitions, Conversions, and Calculations for Occupational Safety and Health Professionals
by Edward W. FinucaneStanding firmly on the foundation built by the previous two editions, each a bestseller in its own right, Definitions, Conversions, and Calculations for Occupational Safety and Health Professionals, Third Edition is bound to repeat this success. A multipurpose reference suitable for professionals throughout the field, the book contains virtually ev
Defoaming: Theory and Industrial Applications (Surfactant Science #45)
by P R. GarrettReviews all known antifoam mechanisms, and discusses the appropriate practical approaches for solving foam control problems in a variety of industrial contexts. These range from crude oil production to detergent formulation.
Deformable Registration Techniques for Thoracic CT Images: An Insight into Medical Image Registration
by Ali Imam Abidi S.K. SinghThis book focuses on novel approaches for thoracic computed tomography (CT) image registration and determination of respiratory motion models in a range of patient scenarios. It discusses the use of image registration processes to remove the inconsistencies between medical images acquired using different devices. In the context of comparative research and medical analysis, these methods are of immense value in image registration procedures, not just for thoracic CT images, but for all types of medical images in multiple modalities, and also in establishing a mean respiration motion model. Combined with advanced techniques, the methods proposed have the potential to advance the field of computer vision and help improve existing methods. The book is a valuable resource for those in the scientific community involved in modeling respiratory motion for a large number of people.
Deformation Processes in TRIP/TWIP Steels: In-Situ Characterization Techniques (Springer Series in Materials Science #295)
by Anja WeidnerThis book demonstrates the potential of novel in-situ experiments, performed on microscopic and macroscopic length scales, for investigating localized deformation processes in metallic materials, particularly their kinetics and the associated evolution of local strain fields. It features a broad methodological portfolio, spanning optical and electron microscopy, digital image correlation, infrared theromgraphy and acoustic emission testing, and particularly focuses on identifying the localized microscopic deformation processes in high-strength/high-ductility CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity/TWinning Induced Plasticity) steels. Presenting state-of-the art methodology applied to topical and pertinent problems in materials engineering, this book is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students working in the field of plasticity and deformation of structural materials.
Deformation and Evolution of Life in Crystalline Materials: An Integrated Creep-Fatigue Theory
by Xijia WuThis book walks you through the fundamental deformation and damage mechanisms. It lends the reader the key to open the doors into the maze of deformation/fracture phenomena under various loading conditions. Furthermore it provides the solution method to material engineering design and analysis problems, for those working in the aerospace, automotive or energy industries. The book introduces the integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) that considers holistic damage evolution from surface/subsurface crack nucleation to propagation in coalescence with internally-distributed damage/discontinuities.
Deformation and Failure Mechanism of Excavation in Clay Subjected to Hydraulic Uplift
by Yi Hong Lizhong WangThis book presents the latest experimental and numerical analysis work in the field of ground deformation and base instability of deep excavations in soft clay subjected to hydraulic uplift. The authors' latest research findings, based on dimensional analyses, well-instrumented full-scale field tests, systematic coupled-consolidation finite element analyses and centrifuge tests are reported. This book shows how to systematically approach a complex geotechnical problem, from identifying existing problems, reviewing literature, to dimensional and numerical analyses, validation through full-scale testing and centrifuge model testing. The methodologies are also introduced as major tools adopted in geotechnical research.
Deformation of Three-layer Structural Elements in Thermal Radiation Fields
by Yongtao Lyu Michael Zhuravkov Starovoitov Eduard Denis LeonenkoThis book methodically details the formulations and approaches to solve boundary value problems, which are essential for determining the stress–strain states in three-layer rods and plates subjected to both single and quasi-static variable loads in thermal radiation and force fields. It duly considers the complex influences on the physically nonlinear properties of the materials in each layer. The book offers several innovative analytical solutions and a numerical parametric analysis of the stress–strain scenarios in these structures. It describes the deformation of physically nonlinear media in thermoradiational fields within the small elastic-plastic deformations theory framework. The work explores variational problem-solving methods and the elastic solution method. It presents a formula for calculating the temperature within a three-layer assembly, derived by averaging the thermophysical properties of the materials across the layers' thickness. Additionally, the book includes an analysis of the attenuation of neutron flux as it passes through a three-layer element.
Deformations of Spacetime Symmetries: Gravity, Group-Valued Momenta, and Non-Commutative Fields (Lecture Notes in Physics #986)
by Michele Arzano Jerzy Kowalski-GlikmanThis monograph provides an introduction to deformations of Poincaré symmetries focusing on models with a Lie group momentum space and associated non-commutative space-times. The emphasis is put on the emergence of such structures from quantum gravity, their mathematical features described in terms of Hopf algebras and applications to particle kinematics and field theory. Part I of this work focuses on the link between gravity and deformed symmetries in the case of 2+1 and 3+1 space-time dimensions. Part II is devoted to the description of classical particles with group valued momenta, their phase spaces and kinematics. The last part of these notes provides an introduction to the basic features of classical and quantum field theory on κ-Minkowski space-time, the prototypical example of non-commutative space-time exhibiting deformed Poincaré symmetry. The text, being the first providing a detailed overview of these topics, is primarily intended for researchers and graduate students interested in non-commutative field theories and quantum gravity phenomenology.
Defrosting Ancient Microbes: Emerging Genomes in a Warmer World
by John D. Castello Scott RogersIce is melting around the world and glaciers are disappearing. Water, which has been solid for thousands and even millions of years, is being released into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans. Embedded in this new fluid water, and now being released, are ancient microbes whose effects on today's organisms and ecosystems is unknown and unpredictable. These long sleeping microbes are becoming physiologically active and may accelerate global climate change. This book explores the emergence of these microbes. The implications for terrestrial life and the life that might exist elsewhere in the universe are explored. Key Selling Points: Explores the role of long frozen ancient microbes will have when released due to global warming Describes how ice preserves microbes and microbial genomes for thousands or millions of years Reviews work done on permafrost microbiology Identifies potential health hazards and environmental risks Examines implications for the search for extraterrestrial life.
Defy: The Power of No in a World That Demands Yes
by Dr. Sunita SahWhy is it so hard to speak up, even when we know something&’s wrong?This is the definitive book on defiance, a clear-eyed dissection of the forces that silence us, featuring groundbreaking research and legendary stories alongside everyday examples and strategies for how to unleash the power of a &“True No.&”Many of us comply much more than we realize. How many times have you wanted to object, disagree, or opt out of something but ended up swallowing your words, shaking your head, and just going along? Analyzing cases ranging from corporate corruption and sexual abuse to everyday acquiescence at work, the doctor&’s office, and in our personal lives, award-winning organizational psychologist Dr. Sunita Sah delves deep into why the pressure to comply is a corrosive and often invisible force in our society.With her own revelatory research, she radically transforms our idea of defiance from a misunderstood negative trait into a crucial, positive force for personal and societal change. Taking us through her five stages of defiance, Dr. Sah equips readers with simple tools to make decisions that align with their values. Defy is the essential playbook for how to speak up and act when it matters most.
Defying Limits: Lessons from the Edge of the Universe
by Dave WilliamsAn inspirational, uplifting, and life-affirming memoir about passion, resilience and living life to the fullest, from Dr. Dave Williams, one of Canada’s most accomplished astronauts.I had dreamt about becoming an astronaut from the time I watched Alan Shepard launch on the first American sub-orbital flight on May 5, 1961. Eleven days before my seventh birthday, I committed to a new goal: one day, I would fly in outer space. Dr. Dave has led the sort of life that most people only dream of. He has set records for spacewalking. He has lived undersea for weeks at a time. He has saved lives as an emergency doctor, launched into the stratosphere twice, and performed surgery in zero gravity. But if you ask him how he became so accomplished, he’ll say: “I’m just a curious kid from Saskatchewan.” Curious indeed. Dr. Dave never lost his desire to explore nor his fascination with the world. Whether he was exploring the woods behind his childhood home or floating in space at the end of the Canadarm, Dave tried to see every moment of his life as filled with beauty and meaning. He learned to scuba dive at only twelve years old, became a doctor despite academic struggles as an undergraduate, and overcame stiff odds and fierce competition to join the ranks of the astronauts he had idolized as a child. There were setbacks and challenges along the way—the loss of friends in the Columbia disaster, a cancer diagnosis that nearly prevented him from returning to space—but through it all, Dave never lost sight of his goal. And when he finally had the chance to fly among the stars, he came to realize that although the destination can be spectacular, it’s the journey that truly matters. In Defying Limits, Dave shares the events that have defined his life, showing us that whether we’re gravity-defying astronauts or earth-bound terrestrials, we can all live an infinite, fulfilled life by relishing the value and importance of each moment. The greatest fear that we all face is not the fear of dying, but the fear of never having lived. Each of us is greater than we believe. And, together, we can exceed our limits to soar farther and higher than we ever imagined.
Degenerate Diffusion Operators Arising in Population Biology (Annals of Mathematics Studies #185)
by Charles L. Epstein Rafe MazzeoThis book provides the mathematical foundations for the analysis of a class of degenerate elliptic operators defined on manifolds with corners, which arise in a variety of applications such as population genetics, mathematical finance, and economics. The results discussed in this book prove the uniqueness of the solution to the Martingale problem and therefore the existence of the associated Markov process. Charles Epstein and Rafe Mazzeo use an "integral kernel method" to develop mathematical foundations for the study of such degenerate elliptic operators and the stochastic processes they define. The precise nature of the degeneracies of the principal symbol for these operators leads to solutions of the parabolic and elliptic problems that display novel regularity properties. Dually, the adjoint operator allows for rather dramatic singularities, such as measures supported on high codimensional strata of the boundary. Epstein and Mazzeo establish the uniqueness, existence, and sharp regularity properties for solutions to the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat equations, as well as a complete analysis of the resolvent operator acting on Hölder spaces. They show that the semigroups defined by these operators have holomorphic extensions to the right half-plane. Epstein and Mazzeo also demonstrate precise asymptotic results for the long-time behavior of solutions to both the forward and backward Kolmogorov equations.
Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System
by N. R. Saunders K. M. DziegielewskaDegeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System brings together an international team of contributors to produce a series of critical reviews appraising key papers in the field. The pace of research on brain and spinal cord injury quickened considerably in the last ten years and there is much that is new and important that is covered in this bo
Degenerative Disorders of the Brain
by John L. Bradshaw Darren R. Hocking Joanne FieldingCovering a wide range of diverse age-related disorders, Degenerative Disorders of the Brain addresses disabilities that occur or have their roots in the later stages of life. The book brings together an internationally recognised group of contributors to discuss frontostriatal, fronto-cerebellar and other major brain systems and structures which control and direct normal behaviour, and which can fail during the aging process, as well as addressing behavioural, clinical, pathophysiological and technical aspects. Discussing the latest clinical and behavioural findings of disorders which are largely, though not necessarily entirely, age related, including Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease and related disorders, and Huntington’s disease, the book covers information vital to the understanding, diagnosis, and management of degenerative disorders of the brain. It also considers the role of epigenetics, neural plasticity, and environmental enrichment in neurodegenerative disorders alongside the role of ground-breaking intervention methods, including transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation. Degenerative Disorders of the Brain will be of great interest to, and use for, clinicians, researchers, students, lecturers, and affected individuals and their relatives.
Degradable Polymers, Recycling, and Plastics Waste Management
by AlbertssonBased on the International Workshop on Controlled Life-Cycle of Polymeric Materials held in Stockholm, this work examines degradable polymers and the recycling of plastic materials. It highlights recent results on recycling and waste management, including topics such as renewable resources, degradation, processing and products, and environmental is
Degradation of Bioactive Substances: Physiology and Pathophysiology
by Jens H. HenriksenIntended primarily for researchers working with bioactive substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and connective tissue makers, this book discusses the principles of degradation in major groups of bioactive materials with respect to physiology, location, and regulation. Peptidases; receptor-mediated endocytosis; organ extraction and clearance; and the degradation of specific proteins, peptides, amines, steroids, and polysaccharoides are featured. Pathophysiology and its role in diagnostics and disease are considered throughout the book, in addition to updates of recent literature and substantial new information on physiology and pathophysiology of degradation of bioactive material. No special mathematical or kinetic background is necessary to read this book because the mathematic and kinetic concepts are facilitated through the presentation of fundamental and more advanced principles. Furthermore, illustrations and tables are provided to facilitate the understanding of the dynamic aspects of degradation processes. Degradation of Bioactive Substances: Physiology and Pathophysiology is the first comprehensive work describing the degradation of bioactive material, including information not found in biochemical textbooks on internal metabolism or pharmacokinetic textbooks on drug metabolism.
Degradation of Implant Materials
by Noam EliazThis book reviews the current understanding of the mechanical, chemical and biological processes that are responsible for the degradation of a variety of implant materials. All 18 chapters will be written by internationally renowned experts to address both fundamental and practical aspects of research into the field. Different failure mechanisms such as corrosion, fatigue, and wear will be reviewed, together with experimental techniques for monitoring them, either in vitro or in vivo. Procedures for implant retrieval and analysis will be presented. A variety of biomaterials (stainless steels, titanium and its alloys, nitinol, magnesium alloys, polyethylene, biodegradable polymers, silicone gel, hydrogels, calcium phosphates) and medical devices (orthopedic and dental implants, stents, heart valves, breast implants) will be analyzed in detail. The book will serve as a broad reference source for graduate students and researchers studying biomedicine, corrosion, surface science, and electrochemistry.
Degradation, Stabilization, and Recycling of Packaging Materials
by Susan E. Selke Muhammad Rabnawaz Ian WymanPractical guidance to sustainable packaging and its challenges with analysis of various packaging materials and their interactions with different environments Degradation, Stabilization, and Recycling of Packaging Materials analyzes packaging materials and their interactions with different environments, discussing the degradation processes of different materials like plastics, wood, paper, glass, and metal, providing specific strategies to address these degradation processes, and exploring solid waste management, recent developments in recycling, and the principles of eco-friendly packaging design. Organized into two parts, the first section of this book provides a comprehensive examination of how environmental factors such as heat, shear, light, air, packaged products, and stress affect packaging materials, focusing on the chemistry of their deterioration and stabilization methods. The second section explores solid waste management, recent developments in recycling, and key principles of eco-friendly packaging design, culminating in an extensive discussion of legal and regulatory aspects. The book includes case studies and problem sets in each chapter, with solutions to the problems in an appendix in the back of the book. Written by a team of highly qualified authors, Degradation, Stabilization, and Recycling of Packaging Materials includes discussion on: Structure of tinplate and tin-free steel, corrosion in lacquered cans, and effects of producing, processing, and storing metalsRecyclable versus repulpable paper, uses of recycled papers, wet-strength papers, non-wood fibers as paper sources, and contamination issues with paper recyclingPlastic recycling rates, plastic scrap exports in the US and abroad, chemical versus mechanical plastic recycling, hydrocracking of plastics, and PE and PET recyclingLightweight glass bottles, strategies to modify or strengthen glass, and the real recyclability of glass Presenting advanced technical knowledge that demystifies the sustainable packaging landscape Degradation, Stabilization, and Recycling of Packaging Materials is a critical resource for researchers, students, and industry professionals in the field of materials science and packaging to evaluate challenges related to solid waste and devise effective disposal strategies.
Degrees Kelvin: A Tale Of Genius, Invention, And Tragedy
by David LindleyLORD KELVIN. In 1840, a precocious 16-year-old by the name of William Thomson spent his summer vacation studying an extraordinarily sophisticated mathematical controversy. His brilliant analysis inspired lavish praise and made the boy an instant intellectual celebrity. <P> As a young scholar William dazzled a Victorian society enthralled with the seductive authority and powerful beauty of scientific discovery. At a time when no one really understood heat, light, electricity, or magnetism, Thomson found key connections between them, laying the groundwork for two of the cornerstones of 19th century science -- the theories of electromagnetism and thermodynamics. Charismatic, confident, and boyishly handsome, Thomson was not a scientist who labored quietly in a lab, plying his trade in monkish isolation. When scores of able tinkerers were flummoxed by their inability to adapt overland telegraphic cables to underwater, intercontinental use, Thomson took to the high seas with new equipment that was to change the face of modern communications. And as the world's navies were transitioning from wooden to iron ships, they looked to Thomson to devise a compass that would hold true even when surrounded by steel. <P> Gaining fame and wealth through his inventive genius, Thomson was elevated to the peerage by Queen Victoria for his many achievements. He was the first scientist ever to be so honored. Indeed, his name survives in the designation of degrees Kelvin, the temperature scale that begins with absolute zero, the point at which atomic motion ceases and there is a complete absence of heat. <P> Sir William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, was Great Britain's unrivaled scientific hero. But as the century drew to a close and Queen Victoria's reign ended, this legendary scientific mind began to weaken. He grudgingly gave way to others with a keener, more modern vision. But the great physicist did not go quietly. With a ready pulpit at his disposal, he publicly proclaimed his doubts over the existence of atoms. He refused to believe that radioactivity involved the transmutation of elements. And believing that the origin of life was a matter beyond the expertise of science and better left to theologians, he vehemently opposed the doctrines of evolution, repeatedly railing against Charles Darwin. Sadly, this pioneer of modern science spent his waning years arguing that the Earth and the Sun could not be more than 100 million years old. And although his early mathematical prowess had transformed our understanding of the forces of nature, he would never truly accept the revolutionary changes he had helped bring about, and it was others who took his ideas to their logical conclusion. <P> In the end Thomson came to stand for all that was old and complacent in the world of 19th century science. Once a scientific force to be reckoned with, a leader to whom others eagerly looked for answers, his peers in the end left him behind -- and then meted out the ultimate punishment for not being able to keep step with them. For while they were content to bury him in Westminster Abbey alongside Isaac Newton, they used his death as an opportunity to write him out of the scientific record, effectively denying him his place in history. Kelvin's name soon faded from the headlines, his seminal ideas forgotten, his crucial contributions overshadowed. Destined to become the definitive biography of one of the most important figures in modern science, Degrees Kelvin unravels the mystery of a life composed of equal parts triumph and tragedy, hubris and humility, yielding a surprising and compelling portrait of a complex and enigmatic man.