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Fachdidaktik Chemie in Theorie und Praxis
by Bernhard F. Sieve Jürgen Paul Sascha SchanzeSind Sie angehende Chemielehrkraft im Studium, im Referendariat oder haben Sie den Weg des Quereinstiegs gewählt und suchen nach einem Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch, das Ihnen einen fundierten Einblick in die aktuelle forschungsbasierte und praxiserprobte Chemiedidaktik liefert? Dann halten Sie mit der Fachdidaktik Chemie in Theorie und Praxis genau das passende Buch in den Händen. Auf der Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse aus nationalen und internationalen Studien werden wesentliche Aspekte zum Lehren und Lernen von Chemie vermittelt und daraus konkrete, evidenzbasierte Folgerungen für die Planung, Durchführung und Reflexion von Chemieunterricht abgeleitet. Jedes Kapitel wurde im Tandem aus Fachdidaktiker:innen und Chemielehrkräften entwickelt, um die chemiedidaktische Theorie eng mit der realen Unterrichtpraxis zu verschränken. Die Fachdidaktik Chemie in Theorie und Praxis ist ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch: Eine authentische Lehr-Lernsituation aus dem Chemieunterricht oder der Lehrkräftebildung holt Sie als Leser:innen ab und macht die Relevanz des jeweiligen Kapitelthemas für den Chemieunterricht und die Lehrkräftebildung deutlich. Gleichzeitig ergeben sich aus den Situationen Leitfragen, die die Kernaspekte des jeweiligen Themas umspannen. Übungs- und Reflexionsaufgaben regen in jedem Kapitel zur individuellen inhaltlichen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema an und unterstützen Ihre Selbstreflexion. Lösungshinweise zu den Aufgaben finden sich im Onlinematerial. Erprobte Praxisbeispiele und Praxistipps konkretisieren theoretische Ausführungen und unterstützen Sie bei der Gestaltung und Reflexion Ihres eigenen Chemieunterrichts. Ein großer Fundus an erprobten und evaluierten Onlinematerialien ergänzt die Praxisbeispiele. Fachdidaktik Chemie in Theorie und Praxis – ein Muss in der fachdidaktischen Ausbildung und für jede Chemielehrkraft.
Fachenglisch für Laborberufe
by Steven L. HanftMit fortschreitender Globalisierung von Waren und Dienstleistungen hält an immer mehr Arbeitsplätzen in Chemie-, Pharma- und Biotech-Branche die englische Sprache Einzug. In der Schule hat man zwar gelernt, sich über Alltagsthemen zu unterhalten, aber wenn es darum geht, dem Kundendienst am Telefon die Fehlfunktion des teuersten Geräts im Labor zu beschreiben, kommt doch so mancher ins Schwitzen. Nach einer Einführung, in der die wichtigsten Besonderheiten der englischen Sprache aus Sicht eines deutschen Sprechers rekapituliert werden, behandelt der Autor in 12 Lektionen Schritt für Schritt den Spezialwortschatz und fachspezifische Sprach- und Schreibformen. Die Themen reichen von mathematischen Ausdrücken über chemische Nomenklatur, Biomoleküle, Versuchstiere und Prozesstechnik bis hin zum Umgang mit Regulierungsbehörden und Audits. Gesprächssituationen wie der Anruf beim Kundendienst, die Vorstellung beim neuen Chef oder das Kundengespräch am Messestand werden analysiert und eingeübt. Mit direktem Bezug zur Berufspraxis geht dieser Sprachführer über herkömmliche Englischkurse weit hinaus und bietet wertvolle Hilfe für alle, die im Beruf besser Englisch sprechen wollen. Auch für den fachbezogenen Sprachunterricht an Fachschulen und Hochschulen ist dieses Buch bestens geeignet. Komplett mit Übungen, Tests und Rezepten, wie man die häufigsten Fehler vermeidet.
Fachwissen MTRA: Für Ausbildung, Studium und Beruf (Springer-Lehrbuch)
by Tina Hartmann, Martina Kahl-Scholz and Christel VockelmannFachwissen MTRA – interdisziplinär und praxisnah!Die Entwicklungen im Gesundheitswesen verändern auch das Berufsbild der MTRA nachhaltig. Die Anforderungen und Erwartungen steigen insbesondere in den Bereichen Digitalisierung, Qualitätsmanagement und wissenschaftliches Arbeiten im interdisziplinären Kontext. Hier knüpft dieses Buch an und gibt erstmals verständlich und anschaulich einen Gesamtüberblick über alle ausbildungsrelevanten Inhalte der MTRA-Ausbildung und Berufspraxis in einem Werk.Das Buch ist praxisorientiert und interdisziplinär angelegt und vermittelt die Inhalte anhand von Fallbeispielen aus dem Klinikalltag.Alles in einem Buch:Berufsgeschichte, Berufsbild und Berufspolitik, Berufspraxis, Detektion von Strahlung, Digitale Bildverarbeitung, Konventionelle Röntgendiagnostik, Computertomographie, Kernspintomographie, Angiographie, Sonographie, Strahlentherapie, Nuklearmedizin, Entstehung von Gesundheit und Krankheit, Interdisziplinäre Therapie und Diagnostik aller Körperregionen und Organe, Qualitätssicherung und –Management, Hygiene, Pharmakologie, Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten und lebenslanges Lernen.Für alle MTRA/ Radiologie-Technologen unverzichtbar als Begleiter für Ausbildung, Lehre und Beruf.
Fachwörterbuch Feuerwehr und Brandschutz: Deutsch-Englisch/Englisch-Deutsch
by Torsten SchmiermundDieses Fachwörterbuch wurde speziell für die Feuerwehr zusammengestellt. Es kann jedoch auch von Brandschutzingenieuren und Angehörigen der Rettungsdienste und des Katastrophenschutzes gut genutzt werden. In diesem Wörterbuch sind mehr als 14 000 Begriffe aus den Bereichen Bauwesen, Bergsteigen/Höhenrettung, Biologie, Brandschutz, Chemie, Erster Hilfe, Explosionsschutz, Fahrzeugtechnik, Feuerwehr, Funktechnik, Ingenieurwissenschaften, Industrie, Katastrophenschutz, Materialkunde, Medizin, Notfallmedizin, Nukleartechnik, Physik, Technik, Werkzeuge und Wissenschaft erfasst. Ein Anhang mit den über 500 enthaltenen Abkürzungen, dem Buchstabieralphabet und Umrechnungen amerikanisch-britischer Größen und Einheiten runden das Buch ab. This technical dictionary was compiled especially for the fire brigade. However, it can also be put to good use by fire protection experts and members of the emergency services and civil protection. This dictionary covers more than 14 000 terms from the fields of construction, mountaineering/altitude rescue, biology, fire protection, chemistry, first aid, explosion protection, vehicle technology, fire brigade, radio technology, engineering, industry, disaster control, material science, medicine, emergency medicine, nuclear technology, physics, technology, tools and science. An appendix with more than 500 abbreviations, the spelling alphabet and conversions of American-British quantities and units are completing this book.
Facies Analysis and Interpretation in Southeastern Nigeria's Inland Basins (SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences)
by Chidozie Izuchukwu DimThis book broadens the reader's knowledge base on lithofacies distribution, facies succession and association, and interpretation of paleo-depositional environments using outcrop-based and measured se¬dimentologic section data integrated with facies and petrographic analyses. Besides, the author also provides step-by¬step workflow that could guide detailed geological field mapping and improve outcrop studies across Middle-Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Campanian) successions of Southern Benue Trough and the lower stratigraphic interval of Anambra Basin, outcropping in Afikpo area of Southeastern Nigeria.
Facies Models 4
by Noel P. James Robert Walker DalrympleThe Geological Association of Canada's Facies Models 4 is the essential volume on sedimentary succession interpretation. Presented in full color, this updated edition of the original, highly popular textbook Facies Models incorporates the enormous advances in our understanding of depositional environments since the last edition was issued in 1992. Coverage of this topic is at the advanced undergraduate- to graduate-student level, making this book accessible to anyone with an interest in sedimentary environments.
Facilitated Transport Membranes (Green Energy and Technology)
by Takeshi Matsuura Sarah Farrukh Xianfeng Fan Syed Shujaat KarimThis book highlights the importance of Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for the application of carbon capture, covering its introduction, gas transport phenomena and models, reaction mechanisms, industrial applications such as bio-gas upgradation, flue gas separation, hydrogen gas and natural gas purification, fabrication methods of both FTMs and their carrier mediums, testing/characterization techniques, techno-analysis with up-to-date trends and the future outlooks. Climate change and environmental impacts are resulted due to greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The industrial revolution is currently causing the augmented emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, various technologies are being looked at to overcome these problems. In which, membrane technology is key among them and is envisaged for many industrial applications, especially for gas separations and carbon capture. Considering this, FTMs are being actively investigated due to their remarkable gas separation performance.This book describes the working principle of FTMs and includes case studies to explore their impact on different industrial applications. Also, the book highlights how FTMs are reshaping science to capture CO2 for reducing climate and environmental impacts.
Facilitating Conceptual Change in Students’ Understanding of the Periodic Table
by Mansoor Niaz Marniev LuiggiThis book is about how students are taught the periodic table. It reviews aspects of the periodic table's development, using the history and philosophy of science. The teaching method presented in this book is ideal for teaching the subject in high school and at introductory university level. Chemistry students taught in this new, experimental way are compared with those taught in the traditional way and the author describes how tests found more conceptual responses from the experimental group than the control group. The historical aspects of importance to this teaching method are: the role of the Karlsruhe Congress of 1860; the accommodation of the chemical elements in the periodic table; prediction of elements that were discovered later; corrections of atomic weights; periodicity in the periodic table as a function of the atomic theory; and the accommodation of argon. The experimental group of students participated in various activities, including: discussion of various aspects related to the history and philosophy of science; construction of concept maps and their evaluation by the students; PowerPoint presentations; and interviews with volunteer students.
Facilitating Innovation in the Federal Statistical System: Summary of a Workshop
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesOn May 8, 2009, the symposium, The Federal Statistical System: Recognizing Its Contributions, Moving It Forward was held in Washington, DC. One of the topics considered at that symposium was the health of innovation in the federal statistical system. A consequence of the symposium was an agreement by the Committee on National Statistics to hold a workshop on the future of innovation in the federal statistical system. This workshop was held on June 29, 2010. The original statement of task for the workshop focused on three challenges to the statistical system: (1) the obstacles to innovative, focused research and development initiatives that could make statistical programs more cost effective; (2) a gap between emerging data visualization and communications technologies and the ability of statistical agencies to understand and capitalize on these developments for their data dissemination programs; and (3) the maturation of the information technology (IT) discipline and the difficulties confronting individual agencies in keeping current with best practice in IT regarding data confidentiality. This report, Facilitating Innovation in the Federal Statistical System, is a descriptive summary of what transpired at the workshop. It is therefore limited to the views and opinions of the workshop participants. However, it does not strictly follow the agenda of the workshop, which had four sessions. Instead, it is organized around the themes of the discussions, which migrated across the four sessions.
Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research
by Committee on Facilitating Interdisciplinary ResearchFacilitating Interdisciplinary Research examines current interdisciplinary research efforts and recommends ways to stimulate and support such research. Advances in science and engineering increasingly require the collaboration of scholars from various fields. This shift is driven by the need to address complex problems that cut across traditional disciplines, and the capacity of new technologies to both transform existing disciplines and generate new ones. At the same time, however, interdisciplinary research can be impeded by policies on hiring, promotion, tenure, proposal review, and resource allocation that favor traditional disciplines. This report identifies steps that researchers, teachers, students, institutions, funding organizations, and disciplinary societies can take to more effectively conduct, facilitate, and evaluate interdisciplinary research programs and projects. Throughout the report key concepts are illustrated with case studies and results of the committee’s surveys of individual researchers and university provosts.
Facilitating Sustainable Innovation through Collaboration: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective
by Diego Vazquez Brust James J. Cordeiro Joseph SarkisFacilitating Sustainable Innovation through Collaboration, takes an unusually international perspective of sustainable innovation with contributions from Australia, Europe, and North America. Prominent policy makers, scientific researchers and practitioners in this field provide various inputs and analyses relating to the development of sustainable innovations. It is expected that policy makers, organizations, individual researchers, students and even communities can further develop and implement concepts and practices by drawing on the variety of projects and theoretical foundations presented in this volume.
Facilities Planning and Design
by Alberto Garcia-Diaz J. MacGregor Smith(Deceased)This updated, expanded, second edition includes new software methodologies and algorithms providing students with a more comprehensive knowledge base in addition to facilitating and making the project component of the textbook more efficient and effective. It further increases emphasis on manufacturing. Retaining its class-tested pedagogy, the book is concerned with the principles of facilities planning and their application to service, business, and product manufacturing operations. Equipping undergraduate students with the fundamentals of facilities planning, design, location and material handling, especially as they apply to industrial manufacturing facilities, the book is ideal for a range of university settings offering courses on facilities planning.
Facility Validation: Theory, Practice, and Tools
by Graham C. WrigleyOften considered a necessary evil by the pharmaceutical industry, validation is still understood by many as unrestrained bureaucracy, paperwork, and procedures whose roots and logic are obscure and only serve to slow down progress. Thoroughly defining the philosophy, application, and processes, Facility Validation: Theory, Practice, and Tools explo
Facing Climate Change: An Integrated Path to the Future
by Jeffrey KiehlFacing Climate Change explains why people refuse to accept evidence of a warming planet and shows how to move past partisanship to reach a consensus for action. A climate scientist and licensed Jungian analyst, Jeffrey T. Kiehl examines the psychological phenomena that twist our relationship to the natural world and their role in shaping the cultural beliefs that distance us further from nature. He also accounts for the emotions triggered by the lived experience of climate change and the feelings of fear and loss they inspire, which lead us to deny the reality of our warming planet.But it is not too late. By evaluating our way of being, Kiehl unleashes a potential human emotional understanding that can reform our behavior and help protect the Earth. Kiehl dives deep into the human brain's psychological structures and human spirituality's imaginative power, mining promising resources for creating a healthier connection to the environment—and one another. Facing Climate Change is as concerned with repairing our social and political fractures as it is with reestablishing our ties to the world, teaching us to push past partisanship and unite around the shared attributes that are key to our survival. Kiehl encourages policy makers and activists to appeal to our interdependence as a global society, extracting politics from the process and making decisions about our climate future that are substantial and sustaining.
Facing the Challenges of Water Governance (Palgrave Studies in Water Governance: Policy and Practice)
by Stéphane Saussier Simon PorcherAccess to water is one of the most pressing global issues of the twenty-first century, particularly when set against the background of a rapidly growing global population. This book provides a cutting-edge, comprehensive overview of the challenges facing water governance and regulatory choices. The recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals set forward an ambitious agenda of providing universal access to good quality water supply and sanitation services within a financially constrained environment: however, the various peculiarities of each country regarding water governance makes it difficult to identify and implement the best practices and benchmarks. Drawing together empirical studies from countries around the world, the editors and contributors combine extensive data to review the individual challenges facing each country, from the supervision of autonomous regulatory bodies to the question of centralization and the influence of local utility companies. This pioneering and practical volume will be of interest and value not only to students and scholars of water governance, but also to practitioners and regulators.
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD): Clinical Medicine and Molecular Cell Biology
by David Cooper Meena UpadhhyayaFacioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a genetic disorder involving slowly progressive muscle degeneration in which the muscles of the face, shoulder blades and upper arms are among the most severely affected. It is the third most common inherited muscular dystrophy, affecting 1 in 20,000. The search for the molecular basis of the disease is of interest to all genetic researchers, involving a deletion outside a coding region resulting in over-expression of adjacent genes. This volume summarizes the current understanding of the disorder, including clinical, molecular and therapeutic aspects.
Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
by Nelson GoodmanHere, in a new edition, is Nelson Goodman’s provocative philosophical classic―a book that, according to Science, “raised a storm of controversy” when it was first published in 1954, and one that remains on the front lines of philosophical debate. <p><p> How is it that we feel confident in generalizing from experience in some ways but not in others? How are generalizations that are warranted to be distinguished from those that are not? Goodman shows that these questions resist formal solution and his demonstration has been taken by nativists like Chomsky and Fodor as proof that neither scientific induction nor ordinary learning can proceed without an a priori, or innate, ordering of hypotheses. <p> In his new foreword to this edition, Hilary Putnam forcefully rejects these nativist claims. The controversy surrounding these unsolved problems is as relevant to the psychology of cognitive development as it is to the philosophy of science. No serious student of either discipline can afford to misunderstand Goodman’s classic argument.
Factfulness Sustainability: What you should know about Ecological Crises and Resource Consumption
by Thomas UnnerstallHumans are overexploiting nature, consuming too much energy, too many raw materials, too much land. In short, the current economic and living conditions of mankind, especially here in the West, are not sustainable.Who would disagree with this verdict? The evidence seems overwhelming: species extinction, rainforest deforestation, scarcity of raw materials, soil erosion, plastic waste, ecological footprint and, of course, climate change. But how reliable are these indicators? Are there perhaps also other indications, positive developments? And are all these problems of equal urgency?This book gives you answers: well-founded, comprehensible, to the point. It proves that the reports and headlines on ecological issues in the mainstream media are often one-sided, exaggerated and thus misleading. The book does not trivialize, but it differentiates. Using the relevant international reports and databases, it presents overall contexts where otherwise usually only individual, striking figures are picked out.With over 70 graphic illustrations, the book thus paints a new picture of the state of the planet and of the effects of human economic activity and consumption. At the end is a clear list of priorities for the real sustainability challenges - for humanity as a whole, and also for the people living in the West.
Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World--and Why Things Are Better Than You Think
by Hans Rosling Anna Rosling Rönnlund Ola RoslingINSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER“One of the most important books I’ve ever read—an indispensable guide to thinking clearly about the world.” – Bill Gates“Hans Rosling tells the story of ‘the secret silent miracle of human progress’ as only he can. But Factfulness does much more than that. It also explains why progress is so often secret and silent and teaches readers how to see it clearly.” —Melinda GatesFactfulness: The stress-reducing habit of only carrying opinions for which you have strong supporting facts. When asked simple questions about global trends—what percentage of the world’s population live in poverty; why the world’s population is increasing; how many girls finish school—we systematically get the answers wrong. So wrong that a chimpanzee choosing answers at random will consistently outguess teachers, journalists, Nobel laureates, and investment bankers.In Factfulness, Professor of International Health and global TED phenomenon Hans Rosling, together with his two long-time collaborators, Anna and Ola, offers a radical new explanation of why this happens. They reveal the ten instincts that distort our perspective—from our tendency to divide the world into two camps (usually some version of us and them) to the way we consume media (where fear rules) to how we perceive progress (believing that most things are getting worse). Our problem is that we don’t know what we don’t know, and even our guesses are informed by unconscious and predictable biases.It turns out that the world, for all its imperfections, is in a much better state than we might think. That doesn’t mean there aren’t real concerns. But when we worry about everything all the time instead of embracing a worldview based on facts, we can lose our ability to focus on the things that threaten us most. Inspiring and revelatory, filled with lively anecdotes and moving stories, Factfulness is an urgent and essential book that will change the way you see the world and empower you to respond to the crises and opportunities of the future. ---“This book is my last battle in my life-long mission to fight devastating ignorance…Previously I armed myself with huge data sets, eye-opening software, an energetic learning style and a Swedish bayonet for sword-swallowing. It wasn’t enough. But I hope this book will be.” Hans Rosling, February 2017.
Factor X
by Harry Lehmann Andreas Burger Michael AngrickFactor X: Re-source--Designing the Recycling Society explores the role of recycling in efforts to achieve the sustainable world envisioned in the Federal Environment Ministry's Resource Efficiency Programme, known as ProgRess. The chapters build a roadmap to a Recycling Society in which the decoupling of resource consumption and economic growth is accomplished.
Factorization Algebras in Quantum Field Theory: Volume 1
by Kevin Costello Owen GwilliamFactorization algebras are local-to-global objects that play a role in classical and quantum field theory which is similar to the role of sheaves in geometry: they conveniently organize complicated information. Their local structure encompasses examples like associative and vertex algebras; in these examples, their global structure encompasses Hochschild homology and conformal blocks. In this first volume, the authors develop the theory of factorization algebras in depth, but with a focus upon examples exhibiting their use in field theory, such as the recovery of a vertex algebra from a chiral conformal field theory and a quantum group from Abelian Chern-Simons theory. Expositions of the relevant background in homological algebra, sheaves and functional analysis are also included, thus making this book ideal for researchers and graduates working at the interface between mathematics and physics.
Factors Affecting Calf Crop: Biotechnology Of Reproduction
by Michael J. Fields; Robert S. SandFactors Affecting Calf Crop summarizes the latest information available from leading cattle physiologists and geneticists regarding factors known to influence the production of live calves at weaning. You get practical information on management techniques for improving reproduction efficiency in the herd. You'll also learn about the functioning of the reproductive system and how this may affect reproductive processes in the cow herd. Managers will benefit from a clearer understanding of the factors known to limit efficient reproduction, while veterinarians and other professionals who advise cattlemen will appreciate the substantial reference material and color photographs for defining cow condition scores. Color photographs are also used to illustrate the discussions of testicular thermographies and their applications. Other chapters in the book cover developments in improving reproductive performance of the replacement heifer, the brood cow, and the bull. Topics on reproduction include physiology/endocrinology, the use of growth promotants, genetics and physiological and economic considerations in selecting the age to breed heifers, heritability of fertility, length of the breeding season, prepartum and postpartum nutrition, nursing by the calf, cloning of embryos, and much more.
Factors Affecting Calf Crop: Biotechnology of Reproduction
by Michael J. Fields Robert S. Sand Joel V. YelichIn today's world, we are witnessing simultaneous breakthroughs in reproductive technologies, genomics, and molecular biology. Advances in molecular genetic technology and understanding of the bovine genome have led to the development of tools that can be used to enhance profitability on cow-calf enterprises. Factors Affecting Calf Crop: Biotechnolo
Factors Affecting the Removal of Ammonia from Air on Carbonaceous Materials
by Camille PetitAir pollution related to the release of industrial toxic gases, represents one of the main concerns of our modern world owing to its detrimental effect on the environment. To tackle this growing issue, efficient ways to reduce/control the release of pollutants are required. Adsorption of gases on porous materials appears as a potential solution. However, the physisorption of small molecules of gases such as ammonia is limited at ambient conditions. For their removal, adsorbents providing strong adsorption forces must be used/developed. In this study, new carbon-based materials are prepared and tested for ammonia adsorption at ambient conditions. Characterization of the adsorbents' texture and surface chemistry is performed before and after exposure to ammonia to identify the features responsible for high adsorption capacity and for controlling the mechanisms of retention. The characterization techniques include: nitrogen adsorption, thermal analysis, potentiometric titration, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Electron Microscopy. The results obtained indicate that ammonia removal is governed by the adsorbent's surface chemistry. On the contrary, porosity (and thus physisorption) plays a secondary role in this process, unless strong dispersive forces are provided by the adsorbent. The surface chemistry features responsible for the enhanced ammonia adsorption include the presence of oxygen-(carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy) and sulfur- (sulfonic) containing groups. Metallic species improve the breakthrough capacity as well as they lead to the formation of Lewis acid-base interactions, hydrogen-bonding or complexation. In addition to the latter three mechanisms, ammonia is retained on the adsorbent surface via Brønsted acid-base interactions or via specific reactions with the adsorbent's functionalities leading to the incorporation of ammonia into the adsorbent's matrix. Another mechanism involves dissolution of ammonia in water when moisture is present in the system. Even though this process increases the breakthrough capacity of a material, it provides rather weak retention forces since ammonia dissolved in water is easily desorbed from the adsorbent's surface.
Factors Governing Tin Whisker Growth
by Erika R CrandallTin (Sn) whiskers are electrically conductive, single crystal eruptions that grow from Sn film surfaces. Their high aspect ratio presents reliability problems for the electronics industry due to bridging and metal arcing, leading to malfunctions and catastrophic failures in many electronic systems (including satellite and defense sectors). Due to legislation in the EU, Japan, and the U.S., mandating a gradual shift from lead (Pb)-based to lead-free solders and board finishes, there has been a reemergence of Sn whiskers. Continuing reports of Sn whisker induced failures coupled with the lack of an industry-accepted understanding of whisker growth and/or test methods to identify whisker prone products has made pure/high Sn substitutes a risky proposition in high reliability systems. This thesis is designed to clarify and control the fundamental mechanisms that govern whisker formation. The research focuses on reproducible "laboratory" created whiskers under a variety of rigorously controlled environmental factors such as film thickness, film stress, substrate material, gas environment, and humidity exposure, which are known to play a significant role in whisker production. The ultimate question of how to impede and/or prevent whisker growth is also addressed and shows that whisker prevention is possible via hard metal capping films, which are impenetrable by whiskers.