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Formation and Temperature Stability of the Liquid Phase in Thin-Film Systems
by Serhii Dukarov Serhii Petrushenko Sergiy Bogatyrenko Vladimir SukhovThis book presents a summary of the topic of supercooling during crystallization in condensed films. While recent findings are mainly published in English, the foundational classical results were originally published in Russian, with limited accessibility to general readers. The present work is based on a 2019 Ukrainian monograph, "Temperature Stability of the Supercooled Liquid Phase in Condensed Films," which has been extensively revised and expanded.The book includes a detailed analysis of the thermodynamics of supercooled fluids, with updated and expanded sections. Additionally, new results on the supercooling of indium-lead (In-Pb) alloys in contact with amorphous molybdenum and fusible metals in contact with nanocrystalline layers are presented. These layers occupy a middle ground between amorphous (carbon, molybdenum, as-deposited germanium films) and polycrystalline (copper, silver, aluminum) substrates. The book gives particular attention to the peculiarities of contracted geometry conditions, which are natural for multilayered structures and can occur through fusible component segregation at grain boundaries.The analysis of new data has prompted a rethinking of the role of the more refractory layer's microstructure on the crystallization processes of metastable melts. The book includes a thorough discussion of these findings, highlighting the crucial role of the microstructure in the crystallization process. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in crystallization in thin-film metallic systems. This comprehensive study provides a detailed and authoritative analysis of the thermodynamics of supercooled fluids, and the impact of microstructure on the crystallization processes of metastable melts, making it an essential addition to any academic library.
Formation of KNbO3 Thin Films for Self-Powered ReRAM Devices and Artificial Synapses (Springer Theses)
by Tae-Ho LeeThis thesis describes an investigation into homogeneous KN crystalline films grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates, amorphous KN films grown on TiN/Si substrates using the RF-sputtering method, and the ferroelectic and piezoelectric properties of these KN films. KNbO3 (KN) thin films have been extensively investigated for applications in nonlinear optical, electro-optical and piezoelectric devices. However, the electrical properties of KN films have not yet been reported, because it is difficult to grow stoichiometric KN thin films due to K2O evaporation during growth. This thesis also reports on the ReRAM properties of a biocompatible KN ReRAM memristor powered by the KN nanogenerator, and finally shows the biological synaptic properties of the KN memristor for application to the artificial synapse of a neuromorphic computing system.
Formation of the Earth, Grade 9: STEM Road Map for High School (STEM Road Map Curriculum Series)
by Carla C. Johnson Erin E. Peters-Burton Janet B. WaltonWhat if you could challenge your ninth graders to use geologic theory and standards of measurement to explore different epochs and time periods of the Earth’s formation? With this volume in the STEM Road Map Curriculum Series, you can! Formation of the Earth outlines a journey that will steer your students toward authentic problem solving while grounding them in integrated STEM disciplines. Like the other volumes in the series, this book is designed to meet the growing need to infuse real-world learning into K–12 classrooms. This interdisciplinary, three-lesson module uses project- and problem-based learning to help students investigate how Earth science professionals gather information and develop theories about the formation of the Earth and the processes taking place since the proliferation of humans. Working in teams, students will work to identify, define and describe the attributes scientists use to delineate Earth’s eras, periods, and epochs, in order to determine the appropriate boundary event to define the Anthropocene Epoch, and will develop a publication-ready textbook entry for an Earth science textbook. To support this goal, students will do the following: • Identify, define, and describe attributes of eras, periods, and epochs which have marked geologic time in Earth’s history. • Evaluate various possible index layers and boundary events that mark the beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch to determine which is most appropriate when labeling the current epoch in Earth’s history. • Design and present a multimedia presentation to share with textbook publishers regarding information on the Anthropocene Epoch, to include in a secondary-level Earth science textbook. • Create a publication-ready textbook entry describing the Anthropocene Epoch. The STEM Road Map Curriculum Series is anchored in the Next Generation Science Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the Framework for 21st Century Learning. In-depth and flexible, Formation of the Earth can be used as a whole unit or in part to meet the needs of districts, schools, and teachers who are charting a course toward an integrated STEM approach.
Formation of the Solar System
by S. V. Ferronsky V. I. FerronskyAnalysis of the orbital motion of the Earth, the Moon and other planets and their satellites led to the discovery that all bodies in the Solar System are moving with the first cosmic velocity of their proto parents. The mean orbital velocity of each planet is equal to the first cosmic velocity of the Protosun, the radius of which is equal to the semi-major axis of the planet's orbit. The same applies for the planets' satellites. All the small planets, comets, other bodies and the Sun itself follow this law, a finding that has also been proven by astronomical observations. The theoretical solutions based on the Jacobi dynamics explain the process of the system creation and decay, as well as the nature of Kepler's laws.
Formation, characterization and mathematical modeling of the aerobic granular sludge
by Bing-Jie NiAerobic granular sludge technology will play an important role as an innovative technology alternative to the present activated sludge process in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment in the near future. Intended to fill the gaps in the studies of aerobic granular sludge, this thesis comprehensively investigates the formation, characterization and mathematical modeling of aerobic granular sludge, through integrating the process engineering tools and advanced molecular microbiology. The research results of this thesis contributed significantly to the advance of understanding and optimization of the bacterial granulation processes, the next generation of technology for cost-effective biological wastewater treatment. Dr. Bing-Jie Ni works at Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC) of The University of Queensland, Australia.
Formative Assessment Strategies for Enhanced Learning in Science, K-8
by Elizabeth HammermanUse formative assessment to guide successful teaching and learning in science! Outlining the formative assessment process and providing strategies for embedding assessment into the K–8 standards-based science curriculum, this essential resource demonstrates how teachers can use formative assessments to modify instruction, monitor student progress, and evaluate learning. This user-friendly guide offers teachers discussions, reflection activities, and classroom strategies to: Assess student understanding using observation checklists, questioning strategies, notebooks, reports, graphic organizers, projects, and performance tasks Differentiate science instruction to reach all learners Use rubrics to uncover student strengths and weaknesses Collect student data to inform instructional decisions
Formative Experiences: The Interaction of Caregiving, Culture, and Developmental Psychobiology
by Carol M. Worthman Paul M. Plotsky Daniel S. Schechter Constance A. CummingsThe authors offer a unique exploration of the formative effects of children's early life experiences, with an emphasis on interactions among neurodevelopmental, behavioural, and cultural dynamics. Multidisciplinary case studies focus on specific periods of development, or windows of susceptibility, during which care giving and other cultural practices potentially have a long-lasting impact on brain and behaviour. Chapters describe in detail: how social experience interacts with neurodevelopmental disorders; how epigenetic mechanisms mediate the effects of early environment; the interaction of temperament and environmental influences; the implications of early life stress or trauma for mental health and well-being; and the cultural shaping of sexual development and gender identity. The final section translates insights from this work into a fresh appraisal of child-rearing practices, clinical interventions, and global public health policy that affect the mental health and well-being of children around the world.
Formatting Religion: Across Politics, Education, Media, and Law (Ethics, Human Rights and Global Political Thought)
by Marius Timmann MjaalandTo talk about religion is to talk about politics, identity, terrorism, migration, gender, and a host of other aspects of society. This volume examines and engages with larger debates around religion and proposes a new approach that moves beyond the usual binaries to analyse its role in our societies at large. Formatting Religion delves into these complexities and demonstrates the topical need for better understanding of how religion, society, culture, and law interact and are mutually influenced in periods of transition. It examines how over the last two decades, people and institutions have been grappling with the role of religion in socio-cultural and political conflicts worldwide. Drawing on a host of disciplines – including sociology, philosophy, anthropology, politics, media, law, and theology – the essays in this book analyse how religion is formatted today, and how religion continuously formats society, from above and from below. The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of religious studies, politics, media and culture studies, and sociology.
Formgedächtnistechnik: Entwickeln, Testen und Anwenden
by Alexander Czechowicz Sven LangbeinTrotz der technischen Vorteile von Formgedächtnislegierungen (FGL) gegenüber den auf dem Markt befindlichen Lösungen, lässt der Durchbruch dieser Technologie noch immer auf sich warten. Dies liegt vor allem am mangelnden Konstruktionswissen bei industriellen Anwendern. Dieser Problematik soll dieses Buch mit Konstruktionsrichtlinien und Produktentwicklungsmethoden entgegentreten. Es werden von den Grundlagen über Auslegungsmethodiken bis hin zu Steuer- und Regelkreisen alle für den Produktentwickler wichtigen Aspekte beschrieben.
Forming the Future: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series)
by Jian Cao Glenn Daehn Brad Kinsey Erman Tekkaya Anupam Vivek Yoshinori YoshidaIn this collection, scientists and engineers from across industry, academia, and government present their latest improvements and innovations in all aspects of metal forming science and technology, with the intent of facilitating linkages and collaborations among these groups. Chapters cover the breadth of metal forming topics, from fundamental science to industrial application.
Forms of Becoming: The Evolutionary Biology of Development
by Alessandro MinelliWhat comes first, form or function? Trumpeted as the future of biological science, evolutionary developmental biology (or "evo-devo") answers this fundamental question by showing how evolution controls the development of organisms. In Forms of Becoming, Alessandro Minelli, a leading international figure in the field, takes an in-depth and comprehensive look at the history and key issues of evo-devo. Spirited and insightful, this book focuses on the innovative ways animal organisms evolve through competition and cooperation. Minelli provides a complete overview of conceptual developments--from the fierce nineteenth-century debates between the French biologists Geoffroy and Cuvier, who fought over questions of form versus function--to modern theories of how genes dictate body formation. The book's wide-ranging topics include expression patterns of genes, developmental bias, the role of developmental genes, and genetic determinism. Drawing from diverse examples, such as the anatomy of butterflies, giraffes, Siamese twins, and corals, Minelli extends and reformulates important concepts from development, evolution, and the interplay between the two. Presenting the accessible and cutting-edge ideas of evolutionary developmental biology, Forms of Becoming is fascinating reading for anyone interested in genetics and the animal form.
Forms of Energy (Sci-hi: Physical Science Ser. #4)
by Anna Claybourne Heinemann StaffHigh-interest magazine-like design and approach that teaches science with clear introductions and content.
Formulas, Ingredients and Production of Cosmetics
by Hiroshi Iwata Kunio ShimadaToday, young cosmetics researchers who have completed their graduate studies and have entered a cosmetics company are put through several years of training before they become qualified to design cosmetics formulations themselves. They are trained so that they can design formulas not by a process of logic but by heart, like craftsmen, chefs, or carpenters. This kind of training seems a terrible waste of labor and time. To address this issue and allow young scientists to design novel cosmetics formulations, effectively bringing greater diversity of innovation to the industry, this book provides a key set of skills and the knowledge necessary for such pursuits. The volume provides the comprehensive knowledge and instruction necessary for researchers to design and create cosmetics products. The book's chapters cover a comprehensive list of topics, which include, among others, the basics of cosmetics, such as the raw materials of cosmetics and their application; practical techniques and technologies for designing and manufacturing cosmetics, as well as theoretical knowledge; emulsification; sensory evaluations of cosmetic ingredients; and how to create products such as soap-based cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, creams, and others. The potential for innovation is great in Japan's cosmetics industry. This book expresses the hope that the high level of dedicated research continues and proliferates, especially among those who are innovators at heart.
Formulating Pharma-, Nutra-, and Cosmeceutical Products from Herbal Substances: Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
by Anupama Singh Vikas Anand Saharan Hitesh KulhariA practical and up-to-date discussion of the formulation and design of dosage forms and delivery systems containing herbal ingredients In Formulating Pharma-, Nutra-, and Cosmeceutical Products from Herbal Substances: Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a step-by-step approach to preparing and manufacturing dosage forms and delivery systems. Intuitively organized with comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals, functional materials, manufacturing, and marketing of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical products, the book also examines regulatory issues of quality, safety, and efficacy. The authors discuss essential formulation development and delivery information for novel and controlled delivery systems of herbal ingredients. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the basic principles of developing modern pharma-, nutra-, and cosmeceutical products from herbal substancesComprehensive explorations of conventional formulations, including issues of stabilityPractical discussions of advanced formulations, including chronotherapeutic delivery systems, liposome-based delivery of phytoconstituents, and nanoparticle mediated delivery of herbal activesComplete treatments of regulatory challenges, including nonclinical characterization and documentation for marketing authorizations of herbal formulations Perfect for professionals working in the herbal drug, natural product, and dietary supplement industries, Formulating Pharma-, Nutra-, and Cosmeceutical Products from Herbal Substances will also benefit academic researchers and graduate students studying herbal research, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sciences.
Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs (AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series #50)
by Robert O. Williams III Dave A. Miller Daniel A. Davis Jr.The objective of this third edition is to consolidate within a single text the most current knowledge, practical methods, and regulatory considerations pertaining to formulations development with poorly water-soluble molecules. A pharmaceutical scientist’s approach toward solubility enhancement of a poorly water-soluble molecule typically includes detailed characterization of the compound’s physiochemical properties, solid-state modifications, advanced formulation design, non-conventional process technologies, advanced analytical characterization, and specialized product performance analysis techniques. The scientist must also be aware of the unique regulatory considerations pertaining to the non-conventional approaches often utilized for poorly water-soluble drugs. One faced with the challenge of developing a drug product from a poorly soluble compound must possess at a minimum a working knowledge of each of the above mentioned facets and detailed knowledge of most. In light of the magnitude of the growing solubility problem to drug development, this is a significant burden especially when considering that knowledge in most of these areas is relatively new and continues to develop.
Formulating, Packaging, and Marketing of Natural Cosmetic Products
by Nava Dayan Lambros KromidasBalanced coverage of natural cosmetics, and what it really means to be "green"The use of natural ingredients and functional botanical compounds in cosmetic products is on the rise. According to industry estimates, sales of natural personal care products have exceeded $7 billion in recent years. Nonetheless, many misconceptions about natural products-for instance, what "green" and "organic" really mean-continue to exist within the industry. Formulating, Packaging, and Marketing of Natural Cosmetic Products addresses this confusion head-on, exploring and detailing the sources, processing, safety, efficacy, stability, and formulation aspects of natural compounds in cosmetic and personal care products. Designed to provide industry professionals and natural product development experts with the essential perspective and market information needed to develop truly "green" cosmetics, the book covers timely issues like biodegradable packaging and the potential microbial risks they present, the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to identify biomarkers, and chromatographic methods of analyzing natural products. A must-read for industry insiders, Formulating, Packaging, and Marketing of Natural Cosmetic Products provides the reader with basic tools and concepts to develop naturally derived formulas.
Formulation As A Basis For Planning Psychotherapy Treatment
by Mardi J. HorowitzTo help their patients, clinicians must make accurate diagnoses and devise effective treatment plans. These plans often involve psychotherapy with goals that include symptom reduction, the prevention of relapse, and helping patients recognize and remove impediments to more effective functioning. Formulation as a Basis for Planning Psychotherapy Treatment presents a formulation system that combines concepts derived from psychodynamic, interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral, and family system approaches. In a step-by-step manner, illustrated by plentiful case examples, this useful guide shows psychiatrists, residents in psychiatry and psychology, social workers, and marriage and family counselors how to plan treatment after the initial diagnosis. After an overview of psychological change processes, each of the five steps in the formulation process are covered systematically. Case formulation is begun by the careful selection and description of a patient's symptoms and problems. This information is then grouped into states of mind, an approach that allows for multiple presentations of a patient, avoids static descriptions of observations, and places many observable features into meaningful clusters of co-occurrence. Subsequent chapters explain how all of this information can be used to focus the treatment and identify defensive controls that may interfere with treatment. The author describes how to infer deep beliefs about the self in terms of views of relationships with others. The book teaches how to formulate plans for interventions during psychotherapy.
Formulation of Disperse Systems
by Tharwat F. TadrosThis book presents comprehensively the science and technology behind the formulation of disperse systems like emulsions, suspensions, foams and others. Starting with a general introduction, the book covers a broad range of topics like the role of different classes of surfactants, stability of disperse systems, formulation of different dispersions, evaluation of formulations and many more. Many examples are included, too. Written by the experienced author and editor Tharwart Tadros, this book is indispensable for every scientist working in the field.
Formulation of Statistical Mechanics Based on Thermal Pure Quantum States
by Sho SugiuraThis thesis introduces the concept of "thermal pure quantum (TPQ) states", which are pure quantum states in equilibrium. The author establishes a new formulation of statistical mechanics based on the TPQ states. This formulation allows us to obtain not only mechanical variables but also thermodynamic variables such as entropy and free energy from a single TPQ state. Furthermore, the formulation provides a new physical description in which all fluctuations including thermally driven ones are uniquely identified to be quantum fluctuations. The use of TPQ formulation has practical advantages in its application to numerical computations and allows for significant reduction in computation cost in numerics. For demonstration purposes, a numerical computation based on TPQ formulation is applied to a frustrated two-dimensional quantum spin model, and the result is also included in this book.
Formulations of General Relativity: Gravity, Spinors and Differential Forms (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics)
by Kirill KrasnovThis monograph carefully documents the different formulations of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and gives valuable insight into the very nature of gravity. Cartan's geometry of fibre bundles and differential forms are placed at the forefront, and a detailed review of the relevant differential geometry is also presented. Particular emphasis is given to general relativity in 4D space-time, in which the concepts of chirality and self-duality begin to play a key role. Associated chiral formulations are catalogued, allowing many practical simplifications. In addition to the chiral gravitational perturbation theory the book also presents in detail the twistor description of gravity, as well as its generalisation based on geometry of 3-forms in seven dimensions. Joining the highly prestigious Cambridge Monographs in Mathematical Physics series, this book will interest graduate students and researchers in the fields of general relativity and gravitational physics.
Forrest Mims' Science Experiments: DIY Projects from the Pages of Make:
by Forrest M. Mims IIIForrest M. Mims is a revered contributor to Make: magazine, where his popular columns about science-related topics and projects for Makers are evergreen treasures. Collected together here for the first time, these columns range from such simple projects as building an LED tracker for hand-launched night rockets to such challenging builds as transforming strings of data into unique musical compositions.A variety of photography and imaging projects are featured, including an ultra-sensitive twilight photometer that measures the elevation of layers of dust, smoke, and smog from around 3,000 feet to the top of the stratosphere at 31 miles! Most of the projects can be done with a collection of simple electronic components, such as LEDs, transistors, resistors, and batteries. To inspire and motivate readers, the book also includes profiles of such famous Makers as President Thomas Jefferson and Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.
Forschen – Patentieren – Lizenzieren: Aus der Wissenschaft über Patentschutz bis zur Spin-off-Gründung
by Kirstin SchillingDieser Ratgeber erklärt, wie Forschungsergebnisse aus Universitäten und Hochschulen patentiert und lizenziert oder verkauft werden können. Wichtige Aspekte des Erfindungs-, Patent- und Lizenzrechts werden anhand von Beispielen erläutert.Im ersten Teil werden Fragen beantwortet, was eine patentierbare Erfindung ist und welche Erfindervergütung Forschenden an Hochschulen zusteht. Ausführlich behandelt wird u.a. das Thema, wie Forschungsergebnisse publiziert und trotzdem patentiert werden können.Im zweiten Teil, speziell zum Patentieren, wird gezeigt, wie eine Patentanmeldung aufgebaut ist, wie Patentprüfverfahren ablaufen und was sie kosten. Mit vielen Praxistipps wird erklärt, wie man eine Patentrecherche durchführt und ermittelt, ob ein Patent noch aktiv ist. Zudem wird erläutert, welche Besonderheiten beim Schutz von Erfindungen für medizinische Anwendungen zu beachten sind.Im dritten Teil werden verschiedene vertragliche Lösungen zur Anbahnung sowie zum Abschluss von Lizenz- und anderen Verwertungsvereinbarungen vorgestellt. Häufige Probleme bei der Finanzierung der Weiterentwicklung von Projekten werden adressiert und Lösungen aufgezeigt. Der Schlussteil ist speziell dem Thema der Gründung von akademischen Spin-off-Unternehmen gewidmet. Die aktualisierte und erweiterte 2. Auflage enthält neue Beiträge zu den Themen Software-Schutz und -Lizenzierung und zu den Möglichkeiten, patentgeschützte Technologien weiterzuentwickeln. Neue Beispiele sowie verlinkte Interviews mit Experten illustrieren Best-practice-Fälle.Das Buch eignet sich sowohl als Übersicht für Einsteiger als auch zum gelegentlichen Nachschlagen für gestandene Erfinder. Es richtet sich grundsätzlich an alle Forschenden in den Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin sowie Mitarbeitende des Technologietransfers an Universitäten, Universitätskliniken und Hochschulen. Videos per App: einfach die SN More Media App kostenfrei herunterladen, ein Bild oder einen Link mit dem Play-Button scannen und sofort das Video auf Smartphone oder Tablet ausspielen.
Forschen – Patentieren – Verwerten: Ein Praxisbuch für Naturwissenschaftler mit Schwerpunkt Life Sciences
by Kirstin SchillingDieses Praxisbuch erklärt, wie Forschungsergebnisse von Wissenschaftlern aus Universitäten und Hochschulen patentiert und kommerziell verwertet werden können. Wichtige Aspekte des Erfinder- und Patentrechts werden anhand von Beispielen erläutert und es finden sich praktische Tipps, etwa zur Durchführung von Patentrecherchen oder zur Gründung von Spin-off-Unternehmen.Aus dem Inhalt:Was ist ein Patent und wie sieht es aus?Neuheits- und PatentrechercheWelche Forschungsergebnisse können patentiert werden?Patentieren und PublizierenAblauf und Kosten von PatentverfahrenErfinderrechte, Erfinderpflichten & ErfindervergütungIP-Rechte in ForschungskooperationenGeheimhaltungsvereinbarung & MaterialaustauschvereinbarungLizensieren oder Verkaufen von PatentenDas Buch eignet sowohl als Übersicht für Einsteiger, als auch zum gelegentlichen Nachschlagen für gestandene Erfinder. Es richtet sich grundsätzlich an alle Naturwissenschaftler und Mediziner an Universitäten, Universitätskliniken und Hochschulen. Viele Beispiele entstammen dem Life-Science-Bereich, so dass besonders Biologen, Chemiker, Pharmazeuten und Mediziner angesprochen werden.
Forschend durch Haus und Garten: Mathematische und naturwissenschaftliche Experimente für die ganze Familie
by Matthias Müller Christina WaltherDieses Buch lädt mit 20 „alltäglichen“ Experimenten die ganze Familie zum Forschen und Entdecken im häuslichen Umfeld ein: Die teils offenen Fragen fordern zu genauem Beobachten und systematischer Auseinandersetzung mit den mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Zusammenhängen auf; die Erkenntnisse und die dazugehörigen wissenschaftlichen Konzepte werden im Anschluss beschrieben und eingeordnet, regen aber zugleich dazu an, eigenständig weitere Fragestellungen zu entwickeln. Den erzählerischen Rahmen bilden liebevoll geschilderte Geschichten, die Menschen jeden Alters zu einem aufmerksamen und forschenden Blick im eigenen Alltag ermutigen. Denn ob in Küche, Bad oder Garten: Wer mit offenen Augen durch die Welt geht, wird überall spannende Forschungsobjekte finden und entsprechende Fragen stellen – egal, ob es um perfekte Stöpsel, leuchtende Pflanzen oder nimmervolle Fässer geht. Die beschriebenen Experimente können zuhause mit alltäglichen bzw. leicht zu beschaffenden Gegenständen und Materialien durchgeführt werden; sie wurden im Rahmen des Schülerforschungszentrums in Jena praktisch erprobt und evaluiert. Die vorgeschlagene Entdeckungsreise kann allein oder auch gemeinsam mit der Familie (Geschwister, Eltern, Großeltern etc.) unternommen werden.