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High-Density Helicon Plasma Science: From Basics To Applications (Springer Series In Plasma Science And Technology Series)
by Shunjiro Shinohara<p>This book highlights a high-density helicon plasma source produced by radio frequency excitation in the presence of magnetic fields, which has attracted considerable attention thanks to its wide applicability in various fields, from basic science to industrial use. Presenting specific applications such as plasma thrusters, nuclear fusion, and plasma processing, it offers a review of modern helicon plasma science for a broad readership.<p> <p>The book covers a wide range of topics, including the fundamental physics of helicon plasma and their cutting-edge applications, based on his abundant and broad experience from low to high temperature plasmas, using various linear magnetized machines and nuclear fusion ones such as tokamaks and reversed field pinches. It first provides a brief overview of the field and a crash course on the fundamentals of plasma, including miscellaneous diagnostics, for advanced undergraduate and early graduate students in plasma science, and presents the basics of helicon plasma for beginners in the field. Further, digesting advanced application topics is also useful for experts to have a quick overview of extensive helicon plasma science research.<p>
High Density Lipoproteins
by Arnold Von Eckardstein Dimitris KardassisIn this Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology on "High Density Lipoproteins - from biological understanding to clinical exploitation" contributing authors (members of COST Action BM0904/HDLnet) summarize in more than 20 chapters our current knowledge on the structure, function, metabolism and regulation of HDL in health and several diseases as well as the status of past and ongoing attempts of therapeutic exploitation. The book is of interest to researchers in academia and industry focusing on lipoprotein metabolism, cardiovascular diseases and immunology as well as clinical pharmacologists, cardiologists, diabetologists, nephrologists and other clinicians interested in metabolic or inflammatory diseases.
High-density lipoproteins
by Anatol Kontush M. John Chapman Alexander MarienkoA complete guide to the role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in new and emerging therapies With high-density lipoproteins (HDL) playing an increasing role in cardiovascular disease prevention, there is a growing need for an in-depth look at HDL and its clinical value. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field, providing for the first time a comprehensive, systematic, stylistically coherent, and up-to-date review of the composition, structure, heterogeneity, metabolism, epidemiology, genetics, and function of HDL. Divided into three main parts, High-Density Lipoproteins first examines normal HDL particles, then describes defective HDL, and finally addresses the therapeutic normalization of subnormal levels and defective biological activities of this lipoprotein class. The book highlights the functional properties of HDL, which are relevant to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, and discusses the compositional and metabolic heterogeneity of HDL particles. Readers will come away with a clear understanding of the role of HDL in biological processes, the potential value of functional HDL as a therapeutic target, and how current and emerging therapies are poised to influence the treatment of heart disease in the future.
High-Density Lipoproteins as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools: Volume 2. Improvement and Enhancement of HDL and Clinical Applications
by Kyung-Hyun ChoThis book is the second of two volumes that offer a comprehensive, up-to-date account of current knowledge regarding high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the changes that occur in HDL under different conditions, the clinical applications of HDL, and means of enhancing HDL functionality. In this volume, the focus is on the improvement of HDL, enhancement of its functionality, and the use of HDL for therapeutic purposes. In the first section, up-to-date information is provided on such topics as the tumor regression-promoting and antidiabetic activities of reconstituted HDL containing V156K apolipoprotein A-I, the enhancement of HDL effects by high doses of vitamin C, the benefits derived from incorporation of growth hormones 1 and 2 into rHDL, and the biological functions of omega-3 linolenic acid in rHDL. The enhancement of HDL functionality by policosanol and the resultant benefits are thoroughly examined in a separate section. Readers will also find the latest information on clinical applications of HDL. Here, specific topics include the enhancement of adenoviral gene delivery and the delivery of rapamycin. In documenting the latest knowledge in this field, this volume will be of interest to both researchers and clinicians.
High-Density Lipoproteins as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools: Volume 1. Impacts of Lifestyle, Diseases, and Environmental Stressors on HDL
by Kyung-Hyun ChoThis book is the first of two volumes that offer a comprehensive, up-to-date account of current knowledge regarding high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the changes that occur in HDL under different conditions, the clinical applications of HDL, and means of enhancing HDL functionality. HDL comprises a diverse group of lipoproteins and its composition and metabolism are dynamic. In this volume, the focus is on the changes observed in HDL under different health statuses, with particular attention to the functional and structural correlations of HDL and apolipoprotein A-1. The impacts of a wide variety of factors on HDL are examined in depth, covering, for example, diet, exercise, smoking, age, diverse diseases, and different forms of environmental pollution. It has long been known that HDL has anti-atherosclerotic and antidiabetic properties, and more recently its anti-aging activities have been recognized. These benefits of HDL are highly dependent on its lipids, proteins, apolipoproteins, and enzymes, and specifically their composition and ratios. In documenting the latest knowledge in this field, this volume will be of interest to both researchers and clinicians.
High-dimensional Microarray Data Analysis: Cancer Gene Diagnosis and Malignancy Indexes by Microarray
by Shuichi ShinmuraThis book shows how to decompose high-dimensional microarrays into small subspaces (Small Matryoshkas, SMs), statistically analyze them, and perform cancer gene diagnosis. The information is useful for genetic experts, anyone who analyzes genetic data, and students to use as practical textbooks.Discriminant analysis is the best approach for microarray consisting of normal and cancer classes. Microarrays are linearly separable data (LSD, Fact 3). However, because most linear discriminant function (LDF) cannot discriminate LSD theoretically and error rates are high, no one had discovered Fact 3 until now. Hard-margin SVM (H-SVM) and Revised IP-OLDF (RIP) can find Fact3 easily. LSD has the Matryoshka structure and is easily decomposed into many SMs (Fact 4). Because all SMs are small samples and LSD, statistical methods analyze SMs easily. However, useful results cannot be obtained. On the other hand, H-SVM and RIP can discriminate two classes in SM entirely. RatioSV is the ratio of SV distance and discriminant range. The maximum RatioSVs of six microarrays is over 11.67%. This fact shows that SV separates two classes by window width (11.67%). Such easy discrimination has been unresolved since 1970. The reason is revealed by facts presented here, so this book can be read and enjoyed like a mystery novel. Many studies point out that it is difficult to separate signal and noise in a high-dimensional gene space. However, the definition of the signal is not clear. Convincing evidence is presented that LSD is a signal. Statistical analysis of the genes contained in the SM cannot provide useful information, but it shows that the discriminant score (DS) discriminated by RIP or H-SVM is easily LSD. For example, the Alon microarray has 2,000 genes which can be divided into 66 SMs. If 66 DSs are used as variables, the result is a 66-dimensional data. These signal data can be analyzed to find malignancy indicators by principal component analysis and cluster analysis.
High-Dimensional Single Cell Analysis
by Harris G. Fienberg Garry P. NolanThis volume highlights the most interesting biomedical and clinical applications of high-dimensional flow and mass cytometry. It reviews current practical approaches used to perform high-dimensional experiments and addresses key bioinformatic techniques for the analysis of data sets involving dozens of parameters in millions of single cells. Topics include single cell cancer biology; studies of the human immunome; exploration of immunological cell types such as CD8+ T cells; decipherment of signaling processes of cancer; mass-tag cellular barcoding; analysis of protein interactions by proximity ligation assays; Cytobank, a platform for the analysis of cytometry data; computational analysis of high-dimensional flow cytometric data; computational deconvolution approaches for the description of intracellular signaling dynamics and hyperspectral cytometry. All 10 chapters of this book have been written by respected experts in their fields. It is an invaluable reference book for both basic and clinical researchers.
High Dimensional Space to Formulate Marriage and Birth Functions
by Shuichirou IkeWith the collapse of Demographic Transition Theory, new theories of population must not just be explanations, but should be falsifiable theories which can compute the number of occurrences of marriages and births. This book reviews computable marriage and birth function using dynamic properties. To do that, the functions are defined in high dimensional space. The reaction-diffusion equation of the number of children in a space is applied to these phenomena, providing solutions to many problems concerning a decline in fertility. The functions are developed as stochastic maps based on the present behaviors of successive behaviors in a geographical space. As we assume that there is an inter-dependence of human behaviors, we use the law of dynamics concerning the function of marriage and birth. The exact mathematical definition of interactions in a space naturally implies a causal relation. For the function concerning the number of children of parents, two geographical-dimensional spaces are required. The decline in fertility in Belgium due to different languages is explained, and the longer fertility period in Brittany is explained by the Laplacian of the diffusion equation. Depending on the degree of symbolic control over behaviors, we need to add the degree of the dimension of the space. For the marriage function, we add age as a biological dimension to the geographical space. In this higher dimensional space, the mapping from neighboring present marriages to neighboring successive marriages is no less than that of the marriage function. These chain reactions caused the baby boom as an exothermal reaction-diffusion. Birth functions require one to add the marriage-age dimension to two geographical and age dimensions so that it is a five dimensional hypersurface. It can, thus, determine birth probabilities of a female who married at a certain age. The phenomenon of modern fertility decline may only be the result of these chain reactions. These processes are solely dependent upon time-space, and not on socioeconomic conditions. This is the very reason why we are able to predict it mathematically. The book provides a new thinking in fertility decline for demographic research. Readers need to be aware that the fertility decline experienced throughout the modern era is a spatial pattern formation (as a reaction-diffusion). The author hopes new mathematical applications in human activities are developed through these new models.
High-Efficient Low-Cost Photovoltaics: Recent Developments (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #140)
by Vesselinka Petrova-Koch Rudolf Hezel Adolf GoetzbergerThis book offers a bird’s-eye view of the recent development trends in photovoltaics – a big business field that is rapidly growing and well on its way to maturity. The book describes current efforts to develop highly efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices based on crystalline silicon, III–V compounds, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskite photovoltaic cells along with innovative, cost-competitive glass/ flexible tubular glass concentrator modules and systems, highlighting recent attempts to develop highly efficient, low-cost, flexible photovoltaic cells based on CIGS and perovskite thin films. This second edition presents, for the first time, the possible applications of perovskite modules together with Augsburger Tubular photovoltaics.
High Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos (SpringerBriefs in Astronomy)
by Debanjan Bose Subhendu RakshitThis book provides a pedagogical introduction to the likely sources of these neutrinos, their propagation and detection mechanisms. Detection of high energy neutrinos of extragalactic origin has led to an interdisciplinary field of research, involving astronomy, astrophysics and particle physics. An extensive review of various detectors and the observations is provided that consolidates the latest findings. Above a few tens of TeVs, neutrinos are conceived as more reliable messengers for astronomy than photons as these photons get absorbed in the background photon field. Determining the neutrino spectrum not only helps in exploring astrophysical objects like AGN, GRB, etc. but also allows us to study particle physics at unprecedented energies. This introductory book is intended to help advanced undergraduate and graduate students to get into the subject with ease, and it simultaneously caters to practicing theoretical or experimental physicists as a reference book.
High Energy Astrophysical Techniques
by Rosa PoggianiThis textbook presents ultraviolet and X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, cosmic ray astronomy, neutrino astronomy, and gravitational wave astronomy as distinct research areas, focusing on the astrophysics targets and the requirements with respect to instrumentation and observation methods. The purpose of the book is to bridge the gap between the reference books and the specialized literature. For each type of astronomy, the discussion proceeds from the orders of magnitude for observable quantities. The physical principles of photon and particle detectors are then addressed, and the specific telescopes and combinations of detectors, presented. Finally the instruments and their limits are discussed with a view to assisting readers in the planning and execution of observations. Astronomical observations with high-energy photons and particles represent the newest additions to multimessenger astronomy and this book will be of value to all with an interest in the field.
High-Energy Astrophysics: A Primer (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)
by Jorge Ernesto HorvathThis textbook is designed to serve as a link between the basic disciplines of physics and the frontier topics within high energy astrophysics, aiming at a level of difficulty congruent with that of other physics topics studied at undergraduate level. Therefore, this preparatory and introductory text serves as a gateway to a more detailed study of many of the most interesting and complex phenomena being investigated by contemporary astrophysics. Among others, these include: the evolution of stars, supernovae, neutron stars, black holes, solar neutrinos, and - importantly - the exciting new field of gravitational wave astronomy.The book is supplemented by a collection of problems with which students can test their understanding of the material presented.
High Energy Astrophysics
by Malcolm S. LongairProviding students with an in-depth account of the astrophysics of high energy phenomena in the Universe, the third edition of this well-established textbook is ideal for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in high energy astrophysics. Building on the concepts and techniques taught in standard undergraduate courses, this textbook provides the astronomical and astrophysical background for students to explore more advanced topics. Special emphasis is given to the underlying physical principles of high energy astrophysics, helping students understand the essential physics. The third edition has been completely rewritten, consolidating the previous editions into one volume. It covers the most recent discoveries in areas such as gamma-ray bursts, ultra-high energy cosmic rays and ultra-high energy gamma rays. The topics have been rearranged and streamlined to make them more applicable to a wide range of different astrophysical problems.
High-Energy Astrophysics
by Fulvio MeliaHigh-Energy Astrophysics provides graduate and advanced undergraduate students with the most complete, self-contained introduction to the subject available. This textbook covers all the essentials, weaving together the latest theory with the experimental techniques, instrumentation, and observational methods astronomers use to study high-energy radiation from space.
High-Energy Atomic Physics
by Evgeny G. Drukarev A. I. MikhailovThis self-contained text introduces readers tothe field of high-energy atomic physics - a new regime of photon-atominteractions in which the photon energies significantly exceed the atomic ormolecular binding energies, and which opened up with the recent advent of newsynchrotron sources. From a theoretical point of view, a small-parametercharacteristic of the bound system emerged, making it possible to performanalytic perturbative calculations that can in turn serve as benchmarks formore powerful numerical computations. The first part of the book introduces readersto the foundations of this new regime and its theoretical treatment. Inparticular, the validity of the small-parameter perturbation expansion and ofthe lowest-order approximation is critically reviewed. The following chaptersthen apply these insights to various atomic processes, such as photoionizationas a many-body problem, dominant mechanisms for the production of ions athigher energies, Compton scattering and ionization accompanied by creation ofe-e+ pairs, and the photoionization of endohedral atoms (e. g. fullerene). Lastbut not least, the computationally challenging transitions in the electronshell during certain types of nuclear decays are investigated in detail.
High-Energy Charged Particles
by Shu Seki Tsuneaki Sakurai Masaaki Omichi Akinori Saeki Daisuke SakamakiThis book features comprehensive explanations from the classical theory of high-energy particle interactions with matter to their use for a novel nanofabrication technique for various organic soft materials. Potential readers include scientists and engineers in both academia and industry, as well as students of materials science, nanotechnology, and nuclear power engineering. Readers will learn about the historical research background of radiation chemistry and interactions of an accelerated particle with matter, and then move on to recent research topics having to do with nanofabrication of soft materials by using single charged particles with high energy. Target materials of the highlighted novel technique include proteins, thermo-responsive and photo-responsive polymers, semiconducting polymers, and even small organic molecules. The descriptions of these various newly developed nanomaterials will interest a broad spectrum of readers and provide them with a new perspective. The many conceptual illustrations and microscopic images of nanomaterials that are included will help readers to easily understand the contents of the book.
High-Energy Chemistry and Processing in Liquids
by Yoshie Ishikawa Takahiro Nakamura Morihisa Saeki Tadatake Sato Teruki Sugiyama Hiroyuki Wada Tomoyuki YatsuhashiThis book focuses on chemical reactions and processing under extreme conditions—how materials react with highly concentrated active species and/or in a very confined high-temperature and high-pressure volume. Those ultimate reaction environments created by a focused laser beam, discharges, ion bombardments, or microwaves provide characteristic nano- and submicron-sized products and functional nanostructures. The book explores the chemistry and processing of metals and non-metals as well as molecules that are strongly dependent on the energy deposition processes and character of the materials. Descriptions of a wide range of topics are given from the perspective of a variety of research methodologies, material preparations, and applications. The reader is led to consider and review how a high-energy source interacts with materials, and what the key factors are that determine the quality and quantity of nanoproducts and nano-processing.
High Energy Cosmic Rays (Astrophysics and Space Science Library #462)
by Todor StanevOffers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models
High Energy Costs: Uneven, Unfair, Unavoidable? (Routledge Revivals)
by Joseph M. Dukert Hans H. LandsbergHigh energy prices affect nearly the whole of the American population, arguably affecting some consumer groups more than others. Although originally published in 1981, the issues explored in this study such as who is affected most by energy price increases, regional differences and what can or should be done in the United States in regards to energy costs are still as relevant today as they were then. These papers attempt to directly address these concerns in the wake of the 1979-80 price shock in America and to advise what action can be taken to allay these concerns. This title will be of interest to students of environmental studies and economics.
High Energy Costs: Assessing the Burden (Routledge Revivals)
by Hans H. LandsbergThe two major concerns in the energy policy debate relate to economic efficiency and whether the price should indicate to each consumer the true cost to the economy of using more energy, and the second is that of economic equity where it is argued that energy is a basic necessity for survival and the government has the responsibility to provide assistance for lower-income families. Originally published in 1982, this volume focuses on the uneven impact of rising energy costs on different income groups, regions, and household locations. This collection of papers helps to fill the knowledge gaps about the amount and distribution of household energy expenditure. The volume is organised with a paper introducing each topic followed by one or two discussants’ remarks further examining the issues at hand. It is a valuable title for students interested in environmental studies and national policy.
High-Energy-Density Physics
by R Paul DrakeThis book has two goals. One goal is to provide a means for those new to high-energy-density physics to gain a broad foundation from one text. The second goal is to provide a useful working reference for those in the ?eld. This book has at least four possible applications in an academic c- text. It can be used for training in high-energy-density physics, in support of the growing number of university and laboratory research groups working in this area. It also can be used by schools with an emphasis on ultrafast lasers, to provide some introduction to issues present in all laser-target - perimentswithhigh-powerlasers,andwiththoroughcoverageofthematerial in Chap. 11 on relativistic systems. In addition, it could be used by physics, applied physics, or engineering departments to provide in a single course an introduction to the basics of ?uid mechanics and radiative transfer, with d- matic applications. Finally, it could be used by astrophysics departments for a similar purpose, with the parallel bene?t of training the students in the similarities and di?erences between laboratory and astrophysical systems. The notation in this text is deliberately sparse and when possible a given symbol has only one meaning. A de?nition of the symbols used is given in Appendix A. In various cases, additional subscripts are added to distinguish among cases of the same quantity, as for example in the use of ? and ? 1 2 to distinguish the mass density in two di?erent regions.
High-Energy Ecologically Safe HF/DF Lasers: Physics of Self-Initiated Volume Discharge-Based HF/DF Lasers
by Victor V. Apollonov Sergey Yu. KazantsevThis book explores new principles of Self-Initiating Volume Discharge for creating high-energy non-chain HF(DF) lasers, as well as the creation of highly efficient lasers with output energy and radiation power in the spectral region of 2.6–5 μm. Today, sources of high-power lasing in this spectral region are in demand in various fields of science and technology including remote sensing of the atmosphere, medicine, biological imaging, precision machining and other special applications. These applications require efficient laser sources with high pulse energy, pulsed and average power, which makes the development of physical fundamentals of high-power laser creation and laser complexes of crucial importance. High-Energy Ecologically Safe HF/DF Lasers: Physics of Self-Initiated Volume Discharge-Based HF/DF Lasers examines the conditions of formation of SSVD, gas composition and the mode of energy input into the gas on the efficiency and radiation energy of non-chain HF(DF) lasers. Key Features: Shares research results on SSVD in mixtures of non-chain HF(DF) lasers Studies the stability and dynamics of the development of SSVD Discusses the effect of the gas composition and geometry of the discharge gap (DG) on its characteristics Proposes recommendations for gas composition and for the method of obtaining SSVD in non-chain HF(DF) lasers Develops simple and reliable wide-aperture non-chain HF(DF) lasers and investigates their characteristics Investigates the possibilities of expanding the lasing spectrum of non-chain HF(DF) lasers
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
by Jai Prakash AgrawalAuthored by an insider with over 40 years of high energy materials (HEMs) experience in academia, industry and defense organizations, this handbook and ready reference covers all important HEMs from the 1950s to the present with their respective properties and intended purposes. Written at an attainable level for professionals, engineers and technicians alike, the book provides a comprehensive view of the current status and suggests further directions for research and development. An introductory chapter on the chemical and thermodynamic basics allows the reader to become acquainted with the fundamental features of explosives, before moving on to the important safety aspects in processing, handling, transportation and storage of high energy materials. With its collation of results and formulation strategies hitherto scattered in the literature, this should be on the shelf of every HEM researcher and developer.
High Entropy Materials: Processing, Properties, and Applications (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)
by Krishanu Biswas Nilesh Prakash Gurao Tanmoy Maiti Rajiv S. MishraThis book provides a detailed overview of high entropy materials and alloys, discussing their structure, the processing of bulk and nanostructured alloys as well as their mechanical and functional properties and applications. It covers the exponential growth in research which has occurred over the last decade, discussing novel processing techniques, estimation of mechanical, functional and physical properties, and utility of these novel materials for various applications. Given the expanding scope of HEAs in ceramics, polymers, thin films and coating, this book will be of interest to material scientists and engineers alike.
High-Entropy Materials: From Basics to Applications
by Huimin Xiang Fu-Zhi Dai Yanchun ZhouHigh-Entropy Materials Significant update of knowledge in the field of high-entropy materials, including promising new high-entropy ceramics High-Entropy Materials provides information on state-of-the-art development in the field of high-entropy materials, including high-entropy alloys, high-entropy ceramics, and a variety of their applications, covering many core topics to provide a thorough and detailed overview of the subject. The book also thoroughly explores the applications of high-entropy materials in various areas, such as EBC/TBC coating, superhard and wear resistance coating, nuclear energy, batteries, catalysts, thermoelectric, supercapacitors, biocompatible structure, and microelectronics. In High-Entropy Materials, readers can expect to find specific information on: Basics of high entropy materials, structural features and thermodynamics of high-entropy materials, and theoretical design in high-entropy materials Synthesis and processing of high-entropy materials and characterization of high-entropy materials, as well as their mechanical and functional properties Challenges and future directions of high-entropy materials, a relatively new type of material that has been in development only since the early 2000s How high-entropy materials are a horizon-broadening class of materials that can significantly further humanity’s pursuit of progress Focusing on the fundamentals and developments of high-entropy alloys and ceramics as well as on their microstructure and properties for a wide range of applications, High-Entropy Materials is an essential resource on the subject for materials scientists, metallurgists, mechanical engineers, and professionals in the aerospace industries.