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Language Learning and the Brain: Lexical Processing in Second Language Acquisition
by Ulf SchützeEvery person who encounters or learns another language is faced with the challenge of processing many new words in a short period of time. What are the conditions under which a learner can acquire those words successfully and process them to long-term memory? How do language and memory faculties interact? What role do the senses play in this process? Are factors such as age or individual backgrounds of learners to be considered? Taking the reader on a fascinating journey through the brain to demonstrate how language is processed, Ulf Schütze explains the dynamic environment involved in recording and producing words. The book also discusses how to use information technology, such as Apps, to make the learning of words entertaining and efficient. Describes learning words in another language as a dynamic and fluid process. Provides a strong research base in second language acquisition, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and neurophysiology. Outlines practical applications that are helpful for learners, teachers, researchers, and the general public.
Language Literacy and Science: Enhancing Engagement and Achievement in Science (SpringerBriefs in Education)
by Azra Moeed Brendan CooneyThis book presents the findings of two case studies in the 'Making Connections' two-year project funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Education. It shows how science literacy was improved in a state coeducational school with Pacific Island students from diverse linguistic backgrounds. This book details ideas and strategies relevant to schools where English literacy has an impact on the science engagement and achievement of ethnically diverse student populations. It also presents the teaching as inquiry model and its usage by teachers to improve aspects of their teaching strategies.
Language and Complex Systems
by William A. Kretzschmar Jr.An understanding of language as a complex system helps us to think differently about linguistics, and helps us to address the impact of linguistic interaction. This book demonstrates how the science of complex systems changes every area of linguistics: how to make a grammar, how to think about the history of language, how language works in the brain, and how it works in social settings. Kretzschmar argues that to construct the best grammars of languages it is necessary to understand the complex system of speech. Each chapter makes specific recommendations for how linguists should manage empirical data in order to form better generalizations about a language and its varieties. The book will be welcomed by students and scholars working in linguistics and English language, especially the study of language variation and the historical development of English.
Language and Law: A resource book for students (Routledge English Language Introductions)
by Alan Durant Janny HC LeungLanguage plays an essential role both in creating law and in governing its implementation. Providing an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this subject, Language and Law: describes the different registers and genres that make up spoken and written legal language and how they develop over time; analyses real-life examples drawn from court cases from different parts of the world, illustrating the varieties of English used in the courtroom by speakers occupying different roles; addresses the challenges presented to our notions of law and regulation by online communication; discusses the complex role of translation in bilingual and multilingual jurisdictions, including Hong Kong and Canada; and provides readings from key scholars in the discipline, including Lawrence Solan, Peter Goodrich, Marianne Constable, David Mellinkoff, and Chris Heffer. With a wide range of activities throughout, this accessible textbook is essential reading for anyone studying language and law or forensic linguistics. Sections A, B, and C of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315436258
Language and Literacy in Inquiry-Based Science Classrooms, Grades 3-8
by Zhihui Fang Linda L. Lamme Rose M. PringleThis hands-on resource offers a wealth of strategies aligned with national science education standards, including sample lessons for integrating reading instruction into inquiry-based science classrooms.
Language and Neurology: Alzheimer's Disease
by Christophe CusimanoThis book questions the relationship and compatibility between current beliefs in neurology and contemporary textual linguistic theories, interpretative semantics and discourse analysis. It begins with a critical examination of the screenings for Alzheimer's type dementia through cognitive testing, particularly screenings where language is used. It then analyzes the various linguistic properties (morphological, syntactic and semantic) of the speech of Alzheimer's patients, which can be troubling for both caregivers and their environment in general. More than a synthesis of critical linguistic reflections, Language and Neurology provokes a fruitful reflection through adjustments suggested by the acquired knowledge of textual semantics.
Language and Reality
by Michael Devitt Kim SterelnyOur philosophical approach remains realist and naturalist and that approach permeates the work.
Language and Reality from a Naturalistic Perspective: Themes from Michael Devitt (Philosophical Studies Series #142)
by Andrea BianchiThis book celebrates the many important contributions to philosophy by one of the leading philosophers in the analytic field, Michael Devitt.It collects seventeen original essays by renowned philosophers from all over the world. They all develop themes from Devitt’s work, thus discussing many fundamental issues in philosophy of linguistics, theory of reference, theory of meaning, methodology, and metaphysics.In a long final chapter, Devitt himself replies to the contributors. In so doing, he further elaborates his views on various of these issues, for example defending his claim (in opposition to Chomskyan orthodoxy) that languages are external rather than internal; his well-known causal theory of reference; his “shocking” idea that meanings can be causal, non-descriptive, modes of presentation; his methodological naturalism; his commitment to scientific realism; and his version of biological essentialism. The volume will appeal to all scholars and students interested in contemporary theoretical analytic philosophy, and will be a must-read for any serious researcher in philosophy of language. It provides a deep insight into the work of one of the most important living philosophers, and will help readers to better understand language and reality from a naturalistic perspective.
Language and Scientific Research
by Wenceslao J. GonzalezThis book analyzes the role of language in scientific research and develops the semantics of science from different angles. The philosophical investigation of the volume is divided into four parts, which covers both basic science and applied science: I) The Problem of Reference and Potentialities of the Language in Science; II) Language and Change in Scientific Research: Evolution and Historicity; III) Scientific Language in the Context of Truth and Fiction; and IV) Language in Mathematics and in Empirical Sciences. Language plays a key role in science: our access to the theoretical, practical or evaluative dimensions of scientific activity begins with the mastery of language, continues with a deepening in the use of language and reaches the level of contribution when it creates new terms or changes them in sense and reference. This reveals the compatibility between objectivity in semantic contents and historicity in the progress of science. This volume is a valuable enrichment to students, academics and other professionals interested in science in all its forms, who seek to deepen the role that language plays in its structure and dynamics.
Language and the Rise of the Algorithm
by Jeffrey M. BinderA wide-ranging history of the algorithm. Bringing together the histories of mathematics, computer science, and linguistic thought, Language and the Rise of the Algorithm reveals how recent developments in artificial intelligence are reopening an issue that troubled mathematicians well before the computer age: How do you draw the line between computational rules and the complexities of making systems comprehensible to people? By attending to this question, we come to see that the modern idea of the algorithm is implicated in a long history of attempts to maintain a disciplinary boundary separating technical knowledge from the languages people speak day to day. Here Jeffrey M. Binder offers a compelling tour of four visions of universal computation that addressed this issue in very different ways: G. W. Leibniz’s calculus ratiocinator; a universal algebra scheme Nicolas de Condorcet designed during the French Revolution; George Boole’s nineteenth-century logic system; and the early programming language ALGOL, short for algorithmic language. These episodes show that symbolic computation has repeatedly become entangled in debates about the nature of communication. Machine learning, in its increasing dependence on words, erodes the line between technical and everyday language, revealing the urgent stakes underlying this boundary. The idea of the algorithm is a levee holding back the social complexity of language, and it is about to break. This book is about the flood that inspired its construction.
Language as Evidence: Doing Forensic Linguistics
by Dieter Stein Victoria Guillén-NietoThis edited book provides a comprehensive survey of the modern state of the art in forensic linguistics. Part I of the book focuses on the role of the linguist as an expert witness in common law and civil law jurisdictions, the relation of expert witnesses and lawyers, ethics standards, and courtroom interaction. Part II deals with some of the major areas of expertise of forensic linguistics as the scientific study of language as evidence, namely authorship identification, speaker identification, text authentication, deception and lie detection, plagiarism detection, and cyber language crimes. This book is intended to be used as a reference for academics, students and practitioners of Linguistics, Forensic Linguistics, Law, Criminology, and Forensic Psychology, among other disciplines.
Language at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Can't, And What Can Be Done About It
by Mark SeidenbergAccording to a leading cognitive scientist, we've been teaching reading wrong. The latest science reveals how we can do it right. <p><p>In 2011, when an international survey reported that students in Shanghai dramatically outperformed American students in reading, math, and science, President Obama declared it a "Sputnik moment": a wake-up call about the dismal state of American education. Little has changed, however, since then: over half of our children still read at a basic level and few become highly proficient. <p><p> Many American children and adults are not functionally literate, with serious consequences. Poor readers are more likely to drop out of the educational system and as adults are unable to fully participate in the workforce, adequately manage their own health care, or advance their children's education. <p><p>In Language at the Speed of Sight, internationally renowned cognitive scientist Mark Seidenberg reveals the underexplored science of reading, which spans cognitive science, neurobiology, and linguistics. As Seidenberg shows, the disconnect between science and education is a major factor in America's chronic underachievement. <p><p>How we teach reading places many children at risk of failure, discriminates against poorer kids, and discourages even those who could have become more successful readers. Children aren't taught basic print skills because educators cling to the disproved theory that good readers guess the words in texts, a strategy that encourages skimming instead of close reading. <p><p>Interventions for children with reading disabilities are delayed because parents are mistakenly told their kids will catch up if they work harder. Learning to read is more difficult for children who speak a minority dialect in the home, but that is not reflected in classroom practices. By building on science's insights, we can improve how our children read, and take real steps toward solving the inequality that illiteracy breeds. <p><p>Both an expert look at our relationship with the written word and a rousing call to action, Language at the Speed of Sight is essential for parents, educators, policy makers, and all others who want to understand why so many fail to read, and how to change that.
Language in Our Brain: The Origins of a Uniquely Human Capacity (The\mit Press Ser.)
by Angela D. FriedericiA comprehensive account of the neurobiological basis of language, arguing that species-specific brain differences may be at the root of the human capacity for language.Language makes us human. It is an intrinsic part of us, although we seldom think about it. Language is also an extremely complex entity with subcomponents responsible for its phonological, syntactic, and semantic aspects. In this landmark work, Angela Friederici offers a comprehensive account of these subcomponents and how they are integrated. Tracing the neurobiological basis of language across brain regions in humans and other primate species, she argues that species-specific brain differences may be at the root of the human capacity for language.Friederici shows which brain regions support the different language processes and, more important, how these brain regions are connected structurally and functionally to make language processes that take place in milliseconds possible. She finds that one particular brain structure (a white matter dorsal tract), connecting syntax-relevant brain regions, is present only in the mature human brain and only weakly present in other primate brains. Is this the “missing link” that explains humans' capacity for language?Friederici describes the basic language functions and their brain basis; the language networks connecting different language-related brain regions; the brain basis of language acquisition during early childhood and when learning a second language, proposing a neurocognitive model of the ontogeny of language; and the evolution of language and underlying neural constraints. She finds that it is the information exchange between the relevant brain regions, supported by the white matter tract, that is the crucial factor in both language development and evolution.
Language in Thought and Action
by Alan R. Hayakawa S. I. HayakawaA revised, updated edition of S. I. Hayakawa's classic work on semantics. He discusses the role of language, its many functions, and how language shapes our thinking. Introduction by Robert MacNeil; Index.
Language, Development Aid and Human Rights in Education: Curriculum Policies In Africa And Asia (Palgrave Studies In Global Citizenship Education And Democracy Ser.)
by Zehlia Babaci-WilhiteThe debate about languages of instruction in Africa and Asia involves an analysis of both the historical thrust of national government and also development aid policies. Using case studies from Tanzania, Nigeria, South Africa, Rwanda, India, Bangladesh and Malaysia, Zehlia Babaci-Wilhite argues that the colonial legacy is perpetuated when global languages are promoted in education. The use of local languages in instruction not only offers an effective means to contextualize the curriculum and improve student comprehension, but also to achieve quality education and rights in education.
Language, Mind and Computation
by Prakash MondalThis book explores how and in what ways the relationship between language, mind and computation can be conceived of, given that a number of foundational assumptions about this relationship remain unacknowledged in mainstream linguistic theory, yet continue to be the basis of theoretical developments and empirical advances.
Language, Pharmacy and Society: The Sounds of Local Knowledges and the Linguistic Logistics of Science (Routledge Studies in Health Humanities)
by Milton Fernando RodriguezThis book explores the vital role language plays in shaping how we understand and discuss medicines, making for a more detailed study of pharmaceutical and pharmacological language to more clearly understand the intersection of language, health, and culture.Gonzalez Rodriguez charts the development of the language of pharmacy from the mid-19th century onward, drawing on data from Icelandic and Spanish natural language corpora, historical sources, and contemporary data. The book brings together scholarship from sociolinguistics, media, and cultural studies, and the history of science to highlight the possibilities afforded by an interdisciplinary approach to pharmacy-related language.The book will benefit readers by providing a deeper understanding of the intersection between language, science, and culture, making it especially valuable for students and scholars in sociolinguistics, history of science, medical humanities, and cultural studies.
Language, Speech and Mind: Studies in Honour of Victoria A. Fromkin (Routledge Revivals)
by Charles N. Li Larry M. HymanFirst published in 1988, Language, Speech and Mind consists of 18 specially invited contributions to mark Professor Fromkin’s 65th birthday in 1988. It reflects her very special interdisciplinary interests and flair, thereby celebrating her own important contributions in the areas of phonetics, phonology, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and the philosophy of science.
Lanthanide Luminescence
by Pekka Hänninen Harri HärmäLanthanides have fascinated scientists for more than two centuries now, and since efficient separation techniques were established roughly 50 years ago, they have increasingly found their way into industrial exploitation and our everyday lives. Numerous applications are based on their unique luminescent properties, which are highlighted in this volume. It presents established knowledge about the photophysical basics, relevant lanthanide probes or materials, and describes instrumentation-related aspects including chemical and physical sensors. The uses of lanthanides in bioanalysis and medicine are outlined, such as assays for in vitro diagnostics and research. All chapters were compiled by renowned scientists with a broad audience in mind, providing both beginners in the field and advanced researchers with comprehensive information on on the given subject.
Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks
by Peng ChengThe series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience. Thus each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. A description of the physical basis of the experimental techniques that have been used to provide the primary data may also be appropriate, if it has not been covered in detail elsewhere. The coverage need not be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the new principles being developed that will allow the reader, who is not a specialist in the area covered, to understand the data presented. Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcomed. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research scientists at universities or in industry, graduate students.
Lanthanide Single Molecule Magnets
by Peng Zhang Jinkui TangThis book begins by providing basic information on single-molecule magnets (SMMs), covering the magnetism of lanthanide, the characterization and relaxation dynamics of SMMs and advanced means of studying lanthanide SMMs. It then systematically introduces lanthanide SMMs ranging from mononuclear and dinuclear to polynuclear complexes, classifying them and highlighting those SMMs with high barrier and blocking temperatures - an approach that provides some very valuable indicators for the structural features needed to optimize the contribution of an Ising type spin to a molecular magnet. The final chapter presents some of the newest developments in the lanthanide SMM field, such as the design of multifunctional and stimuli-responsive magnetic materials as well as the anchoring and organization of the SMMs on surfaces. In addition, the crystal structure and magnetic data are clearly presented with a wealth of illustrations in each chapter, helping newcomers and experts alike to better grasp ongoing trends and explore new directions. Jinkui Tang is a professor at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Peng Zhang is currently pursuing his PhD at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, with a specific focus on the molecular magnetism of lanthanide compounds under the supervision of Prof. Jinkui Tang.
Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry
by Simon CottonThe only introduction into the exciting chemistry of Lanthanides and Actinides. The book is based on a number of courses on "f elements" The author has a long experience in teaching this field of chemistry Lanthanides have become very common elements in research and technology applications; this book offers the basic knowledge The book offers insights into a vast range of applications, from lasers to synthesis The Inorganic Chemistry: A Textbook series reflects the pivotal role of modern inorganic and physical chemistry in a whole range of emerging areas, such as materials chemistry, green chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, as well as providing a solid grounding in established areas such as solid state chemistry, coordination chemistry, main group chemistry and physical inorganic chemistry. Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry is a one-volume account of the Lanthanides (including scandium and yttrium), the Actinides and the Transactinide elements, intended as an introductory treatment for undergraduate and postgraduate students. The principal features of these elements are set out in detail, enabling clear comparison and contrast with the Transition Elements and Main Group metals. The book covers the extraction of the elements from their ores and their purification, as well as the synthesis of the man-made elements; the properties of the elements and principal binary compounds; detailed accounts of their coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry, from both preparative and structural viewpoints, with a clear explanation of the factors responsible for the adoption of particular coordination numbers; spectroscopy and magnetism, especially for the lanthanides, with case studies and accounts of applications in areas like magnetic resonance imaging, lasers and luminescence; nuclear separations and problems in waste disposal for the radioactive elements, particularly in the context of plutonium. Latest developments are covered in areas like the synthesis of the latest man-made elements, whilst there is a whole chapter on the application of lanthanide compounds in synthetic organic chemistry. End-of-chapter questions suitable for tutorial discussions are provided, whilst there is a very comprehensive bibliography providing ready access to further reading on all topics.
Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry (Inorganic Chemistry: A Textbook Series)
by Simon CottonLANTHANIDE AND ACTINIDE CHEMISTRY Lanthanides and actinides, also known as “f elements,” are a group of metals which share certain important properties and aspects of electronic structure. They have a huge range of applications in the production of electronic devices, magnets, superconductors, fuel cells, sensors, and more. The cursory treatment of these important metals in most inorganic chemistry textbooks makes a book-length treatment essential. Since 2006, Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry has met this need with a thorough, accessible overview. With in-depth accounts of the lanthanides, actinides, and transactinides, this book is ideal for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in inorganic chemistry or chemical engineering courses. Now updated to reflect groundbreaking recent research, this promises to continue as the essential introductory volume on the subject. Readers of the second edition of Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry will also find: New and expanded subject areas including lanthanide enzymes, single-molecule magnets, luminescence and upconversion, organometallic and coordination chemistry; and many more. Up-to-date information on the myriad modern applications of f-elements Lists of objectives and learning goals at the start of each chapter Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry is ideal for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in f-element chemistry, inorganic chemistry, or any related field. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ADVANCED TEXTBOOK This series reflects the pivotal role of modern inorganic and physical chemistry in a whole range of emerging areas, such as materials chemistry, green chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, as well as providing a solid grounding in established areas such as solid state chemistry, coordination chemistry, main group chemistry and physical inorganic chemistry.
Lanthanide and Other Transition Metal Ion Complexes and Nanoparticles in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ISSN)
by Geraldes, Carlos F. G. C.Since the development of the first clinical MRI contrast agent, Gd(DTPA) (or Magnevist®) in the early 1980s, another three linear and three macrocyclic (eg. Gd(DOTA) (Dotarem®) have been introduced in the clinic and inspired a huge number of researchers worldwide to perform preclinical research to obtain contrast agents for many kinds of clinical applications, which are described in this book. The most current research has been assembled here and can be used by the scientific community to continue increasing the relevance of metal-containing molecules and nanomaterials for MRI-based diagnosis and thus increase the practical use of these systems. Presents the importance of metal-containing molecules and nanomaterials for MRI-based diagnosis and the practical use of these systems. Discusses the structure and dynamics of Ln-based contrast agents as well as computational studies related to these agents. Endorses and stimulates research in the vibrant field of biological inorganic chemistry. Reviews the most current research supporting the relevance of metal-containing molecules and nanomaterials for diagnosis and therapy. The authors are preeminent bioinorganic and medicinal inorganic chemists and review the most current research in this field.
Lanthanide-Based Wavelength Conversion Materials
by Yasuchika Hasegawa Yuichi Kitagawa Sunao ShojiThis book introduces optical wavelength conversion materials using luminescent lanthanide complexes. Their optical wavelength conversion properties are applied to color-tuning LED materials, UV photon-energy conversion for solar cells, and plant growth acceleration for future green-house application. In this book, the fundamental wavelength-conversion mechanism, recent trends and advanced research progress of optical wavelength conversion materials are explained and discussed using historical and recent academic reports. Furthermore, advanced future applications using luminescent lanthanide complexes, are introduced.