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Measuring the Science and Engineering Enterprise: Priorities for the Division of Science Resources Studies
by National Research CouncilThe science and engineering enterprise has continued to evolve, responding over the last decade to increased economic globalization, a post-cold war military, federal budget fluctuations, and structural changes in the way science and engineering are conducted and innovations are adopted. This report suggests ways to revise the data collection activities of the Science Resources Studies Division (SRS) of the National Science Foundation to better capture the current realities of R&D funding and S&E human resources. The report’s recommendations would improve the relevance of the data on graduate education, the labor market for scientists and engineers, and the funding and conduct of research and development, and thus better meet the data needs of policymakers, managers, and researchers.
Measuring the Subjective Well-being of Nations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well-being
by Alan B. KruegerSurely everyone wants to know the source of happiness, and indeed, economists and social scientists are increasingly interested in the study and effects of subjective well-being. Putting forward a rigorous method and new data for measuring, comparing, and analyzing the relationship between well-being and the way people spend their time-across countries, demographic groups, and history-this book will help set the agenda of research and policy for decades to come. It does so by introducing a system of National Time Accounting (NTA), which relies on individuals' own evaluations of their emotional experiences during various uses of time, a distinct departure from subjective measures such as life satisfaction and objective measures such as the Gross Domestic Product. A distinguished group of contributors here summarize the NTA method, provide illustrative findings about well-being based on NTA, and subject the approach to a rigorous conceptual and methodological critique that advances the field. As subjective well-being is topical in economics, psychology, and other social sciences, this book should have cross-disciplinary appeal.
Measuring the Universe
by George H. RiekeAstronomy is an observational science, renewed and even revolutionized by new developments in instrumentation. With the resulting growth of multiwavelength investigation as an engine of discovery, it is increasingly important for astronomers to understand the underlying physical principles and operational characteristics for a broad range of instruments. This comprehensive text is ideal for graduate students, active researchers and instrument developers. It is a thorough review of how astronomers obtain their data, covering current approaches to astronomical measurements from radio to gamma rays. The focus is on current technology rather than the history of the field, allowing each topic to be discussed in depth. Areas covered include telescopes, detectors, photometry, spectroscopy, adaptive optics and high-contrast imaging, millimeter-wave and radio receivers, radio and optical/infrared interferometry, and X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy, all at a level that bridges the gap between the basic principles of optics and the subject's abundant specialist literature. Color versions of figures and solutions to selected problems are available online at www. cambridge. org/9780521762298.
Measuring the Universe: The Historical Quest to Quantify Space
by Kitty FergusonSuppose you and I still wondered whether all of the pinpoints of light in the night sky are the same distance from us. Suppose none of our contemporaries could tell us whether the Sun orbits the Earth, or vice versa, or even how large the Earth is. Suppose no one had guessed there are mathematical laws underlying the motions of the heavens. How would - how did - anyone begin to discover these numbers and these relationships without leaving the Earth? What made anyone even think it was possible to find out “how far,” without going there? In Measuring the Universe we join our ancestors and contemporary scientists as they tease this information out of a sky full of stars. Some of the questions have turned out to be loaded, and a great deal besides mathematics and astronomy has gone into answering them. Politics, religion, philosophy and personal ambition: all have played roles in this drama. There are poignant personal stories, of people like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Herschel, and Hubble. Today scientists are attempting to determine the distance to objects near the borders of the observable universe, far beyond anything that can be seen with the naked eye in the night sky, and to measure time back to its origin. The numbers are too enormous to comprehend. Nevertheless, generations of curious people have figured them out, one resourceful step at a time. Progress has owed as much to raw ingenuity as to technology, and frontier inventiveness is still not out of date.
Measuring, Interpreting and Translating Electron Quasiparticle - Phonon Interactions on the Surfaces of the Topological Insulators Bismuth Selenide and Bismuth Telluride
by Colin HowardThe thesis presents experimental and theoretical results about the surface dynamics and the surface Dirac fermion (DF) spectral function of the strong topological insulators Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. The experimental results reveal the presence of a strong Kohn anomaly in the measured surface phonon dispersion of a low-lying optical mode, and the absence of surface Rayleigh acoustic phonons. Fitting the experimental data to theoretical models employing phonon Matsubara functions allowed the extraction of the matrix elements of the coupling Hamiltonian and the modifications to the surface phonon propagator that are encoded in the phonon self-energy. This allowed, for the first time, calculation of phonon mode-specific DF coupling λν(q) from experimental data, with average coupling significantly higher than typical values for metals, underscoring the strong coupling between optical surface phonons and surface DFs in topological insulators. Finally, to connect to experimental results obtained from photoemission spectroscopies, an electronic (DF) Matsubara function was constructed using the determined electron-phonon matrix elements and the optical phonon dispersion. This allowed calculation of the DF spectral function and density of states, allowing for comparison with photoemission and scanning tunneling spectroscopies. The results set the necessary energy resolution and extraction methodology for calculating λ from the DF perspective.
Meat Less: The Next Food Revolution (Copernicus Books)
by David Julian McClementsReducing the amount of meat in our diet would have major environmental benefits, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Moreover, it would have wide-ranging ethical benefits by decreasing the huge number of livestock animals confined and killed each year for food. For consumers, there may also be health benefits from a meat-less diet, provided it was carefully planned. Advances in modern science and technology, including plant-based, microbial, lab-grown, and insect meats, are revolutionizing the food industry and making it easier for consumers worldwide to maintain a meat-less diet. In Meat Less: The Next Food Revolution I outline my own journey as a food scientist who became a vegetarian in solidarity with my daughter. In writing this book I take the viewpoint that there are no easy answers and that everyone must make the decision to eat meat or not based on their own values. The first chapters examine the impact of meat consumption on the environment, human health, and animal welfare, including the important questions of how much does eating meat really contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and biodiversity loss, what are the ethical implications of raising and killing animals for food, and the impact of reducing meat consumption on human nutrition and health. I then discuss some of the new technologies that are being developed to create alternatives to meat, including plant-based meat, cultured (lab-grown) meat, microbial meat, and insect meat. I present the science behind these new technologies and their potential for making a difference to climate change and human health. In the final chapter, I discuss why I remain a vegetarian and have decided to dedicate the rest of my scientific career to finding sustainable and healthy alternatives to meat, presenting my vision of the human diet in 2050.
Meat Science
by Paul WarrissOutlining the core principles of the subject, this introductory-level textbook covers the production of meat, its structure and chemical composition, meat quality and hygiene, and animal welfare, handling and slaughter. The new edition has been updated to cover significant advances such as the process of conditioning, leading to the tenderisation of meat, and the new coverage of the use of molecular genetic techniques to try to select animals for improved meat quality. Key Features New larger format in two colours throughout Fully revised and updated including new coverage of genomics Carefully selected references and titles for further reading
Meccanica Analitica: Meccanica Classica, Meccanica Lagrangiana e Hamiltoniana e Teoria della Stabilità (UNITEXT #122)
by Valter MorettiIl testo parte da una rivisitazione teorica della meccanica classica newtoniana e del suo linguaggio matematico che si conclude con un'analisi critica della meccanica classica newtoniana. Si passa quindi alle formulazioni lagrangiane e hamiltoniane della meccanica classica, discutendo in particolare il rapporto tra simmetrie e costanti del moto all'interno di varie versioni del teorema di Noether e analoghi risultati. I capitoli sulla meccanica hamiltoniana, oltre al materiale standard come le parentesi di Poisson, la geometria simplettica, la formulazione di Hamilton-Jacobi e principi variazionali, includono alcuni risultati teorici importanti come il teorema di Liouville e il teorema di ricorrenza di Poincaré. La teoria della stabilità è introdotta e discussa nell'approccio di Liapunov. Il linguaggio adottato in tutto il testo è quello della geometria differenziale, che in ogni caso viene introdotta gradualmente. Un complemento finale include la teoria di base dei sistemi di equazioni differenziali ordinarie e dei sistemi con alcune generalizzazioni alla teoria sulle varietà. Diverse appendici introducono alcuni strumenti matematici come la teoria delle forme differenziali, la derivata di Lie e la teoria dell'integrazione su varietà. Il libro include diversi esercizi risolti.Il libro si rivolge agli studenti di Matematica e Fisica per i corsi di Meccanica Razionale e Meccanica Analitica.
Meccanica Analitica: Meccanica Classica, Meccanica Lagrangiana, Hamiltoniana, Teoria della Stabilità, Relatività Speciale (UNITEXT #164)
by Valter MorettiIl testo parte da una rivisitazione teorica della meccanica classica newtoniana e del suo linguaggio matematico che si conclude con un'analisi critica della meccanica classica newtoniana. Si passa quindi alle formulazioni lagrangiane e hamiltoniane della meccanica classica, discutendo in particolare il rapporto tra simmetrie e costanti del moto all'interno di varie versioni del teorema di Noether e analoghi risultati. I capitoli sulla meccanica hamiltoniana, oltre al materiale standard come le parentesi di Poisson, la geometria simplettica, la formulazione di Hamilton-Jacobi e principi variazionali, includono alcuni risultati teorici importanti come il teorema di Liouville e il teorema di ricorrenza di Poincaré. La teoria della stabilità è introdotta e discussa nell'approccio di Lyapunov. Nella seconda edizione è stata aggiunta una descrizione matematica della teoria della relatività speciale e di alcuni suoi sviluppi nell'ambito della formulazione lagrangiana ed hamiltoniana. Il linguaggio adottato in tutto il testo è quello della geometria differenziale, che in ogni caso viene introdotta gradualmente. Un primo complemento finale discute gli assiomi fisici su cui si basa la teoria della relatività speciale e come si passa da tali assiomi alla formulazione matematica. Un secondo complemento include la teoria di base dei sistemi di equazioni differenziali ordinarie e dei sistemi con alcune generalizzazioni alla teoria sulle varietà. Diverse appendici introducono alcuni strumenti matematici come la teoria delle forme differenziali, la derivata di Lie e la teoria dell'integrazione su varietà. Il libro include diversi esercizi risolti. Il libro si rivolge agli studenti di Matematica e Fisica per i corsi di Meccanica Razionale e Meccanica Analitica.
Meccanica Quantistica: L'Essenziale con Derivazioni ed Esercizi
by Gianluca StefanucciQuesto libro si basa sul corso "Elementi di Fisica Teorica" che l'autore insegna presso l'Università di Roma Tor Vergata dal 2017. Il volume serve come introduzione alla meccanica quantistica, fornendo agli studenti concetti e strumenti necessari per i corsi successivi senza fare eccessivo affidamento al livello di astrazione e rigore matematico tipicamente presenti nei programmi di fisica. La comprensione di questo libro richiede soltanto la conoscenza dei concetti matematici insegnati nei primi due anni dei corsi base. Il corso di laurea in Scienza dei Materiali mira a formare studenti con un background interdisciplinare in fisica, chimica e ingegneria. Sebbene lo studio della meccanica quantistica sia essenziale, non è necessario raggiungere lo stesso livello di profondità, astrazione e rigore matematico di un corso di laurea in Fisica. La maggior parte dei libri di testo sulla Meccanica Quantistica sono indirizzati agli studenti di Fisica, rendendo difficile trovare risorse adatte per gli studenti di Scienza dei Materiali. Per facilitare l'apprendimento, l'autore ha scelto di non rimandare gli studenti a diversi libri di testo per argomenti diversi. Ha creato invece delle dispense che si sono evolute in un libro di testo condensato sulla meccanica quantistica specificamente adattato alle esigenze del programma di Scienza dei Materiali.
Mechanica
by Betsy CornwellNicolette's awful stepsisters call her "Mechanica" to demean her, but the nickname fits: she learned to be an inventor at her mother's knee. Her mom is gone now, though, and the Steps have pushed her into a life of dreary servitude. When she discovers a secret workshop in the cellar on her sixteenth birthday--and befriends Jules, a tiny magical metal horse--Nicolette starts to imagine a new life for herself. And the timing may be perfect: There's a technological exposition and a royal ball on the horizon. Determined to invent her own happily-ever-after, Mechanica seeks to wow the prince and eager entrepreneurs alike.
Mechanical Appliances, Mechanical Movements and Novelties of Construction
by Gardner D. HiscoxFrom the devices that power ships and trains to the workings of clocks, typewriters, and guns, this engrossing visual narrative profiles the specific and unique properties of hundreds of mechanical devices. Nearly 1,000 detailed illustrations depict steam-powered appliances, spring-powered devices, hydraulic equipment, and other machines, many of which remain in common use today. Each apparatus features a detailed line drawing and an informative explanation of its workings and uses. A final chapter chronicles 400 years of impassioned but futile searching for a perpetual motion machine.The companion to Dover's 1800 Mechanical Movements, Devices and Appliances, this volume features fewer but more complex machines than its predecessor. Today's readers--especially engineers, inventors, and other mechanically inclined individuals--will find endless fascination and inspiration among the novelty and variety of these ingenious mechanical designs.
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Fundamentals, Analysis, and Calculations (Mechanical Engineering Series)
by Zainul HudaThis textbook supports a range of core courses in undergraduate materials and mechanical engineering curricula given at leading universities globally. It presents fundamentals and quantitative analysis of mechanical behavior of materials covering engineering mechanics and materials, deformation behavior, fracture mechanics, and failure design. This book provides a holistic understanding of mechanical behavior of materials, and enables critical thinking through mathematical modeling and problem solving. Each of the 15 chapters first introduces readers to the technologic importance of the topic and provides basic concepts with diagrammatic illustrations; and then its engineering analysis/mathematical modelling along with calculations are presented. Featuring 200 end-of-chapter calculations/worked examples, 120 diagrams, 260 equations on mechanics and materials, the text is ideal for students of mechanical, materials, structural, civil, and aerospace engineering.
Mechanical Behavior of Organic Matrix Composites: Effect of Thermo-oxidative Ageing
by Marco Gigliotti Marie-Christine Lafarie-Frenot Jean-Claude Grandidier Matteo MinervinoThe book focuses on the effect of ageing (thermo-oxidation, humid ageing) on the mechanical properties of organic matrix composite materials, covering: Bibliographic issues and a detailed state-of-the-art; phenomenological and experimental issues; modelling issues and models parameter identification; illustration and interpretation of experimental tests and proposal for novel test design in the light of the model predictions.
Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
by André Pineau André Zaoui Dominique FrançoisDesigning new structural materials, extending lifetimes and guarding against fracture in service are among the preoccupations of engineers, and to deal with these they need to have command of the mechanics of material behaviour. This ought to reflect in the training of students. In this respect, the first volume of this work deals with elastic, elastoplastic, elastoviscoplastic and viscoelastic behaviours; this second volume continues with fracture mechanics and damage, and with contact mechanics, friction and wear. As in Volume I, the treatment links the active mechanisms on the microscopic scale and the laws of macroscopic behaviour. Chapter I is an introduction to the various damage phenomena. Chapter II gives the essential of fracture mechanics. Chapter III is devoted to brittle fracture, chapter IV to ductile fracture and chapter V to the brittle-ductile transition. Chapter VI is a survey of fatigue damage. Chapter VII is devoted to hydrogen embrittlement and to environment assisted cracking, chapter VIII to creep damage. Chapter IX gives results of contact mechanics and a description of friction and wear mechanisms. Finally, chapter X treats damage in non metallic materials: ceramics, glass, concrete, polymers, wood and composites. The volume includes many explanatory diagrams and illustrations. A third volume will include exercises allowing deeper understanding of the subjects treated in the first two volumes.
Mechanical Circulatory Support (Handbooks Ser.)
by Wayne E. RichenbacherThis book is a concise, portable handbook that focuses on the clinical use of mechanical blood pumps. All aspects of mechanical circulatory support are addressed, including patient selection, preoperative preparation, operative management, anesthetic considerations and conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass, postop management including complications associated with blood pump use and long-term care and rehabilitation.
Mechanical Damage in Fresh Horticultural Produce: Measurement, Analysis and Control
by Pankaj B. Pathare Umezuruike Linus OparaThis book includes the impact, compression, vibration studies, and destructive and nondestructive techniques for bruise measurement. It is essential to detect bruises in the early stages of their formation and conduct a quantitative analysis of the degree of bruising, to ensure the accurate grading of bruised fruits and vegetables and reduce unnecessary economic losses. Bruise damage occurring between the point of harvest and consumption contributes the most to the decrease in fruit quality, reducing the market value and ultimately leading to significant reductions in potential revenue. SDG 12.3 aims to “by 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses.” This book presents recent technological developments in bruise measurement, detection, and analysis of fresh horticultural produce. Given the rising demand for rapid and accurate methods of quality measurement in the horticultural produce industry, this book covers destructive and nondestructive techniques for bruise measurement. Selected applications of different nondestructive methods for various fresh produce commodities are also included. This book will interest graduate and undergraduate students, researchers, academics and engineers working in different aspects of the mechanical damage affected by postharvest handling practices, professionals working in the governments, and other authorities related to fresh horticultural produce quality, regulations, and safety.
Mechanical Design
by Antonino RisitanoWith a focus on the Italian School of machine design as founded by R. Giovannozzi of Turin Polytechnic, this book provides a complete picture of the necessary components of design, along with the necessary instruments for implementation. It also explains the method of the compact modeling analysis of the mechanical problem. The book provides details from simple fundamentals, to explanation of the design of traditional mechanical components. Topics covered include the methodological statement of engineering, properties of engineering materials, and the design of mechanical components and systems. Case studies are included for the different themes.
Mechanical Energy Storage for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Resources (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)
by Abdul Hai AlamiThe available literature on energy storage technologies in general, and mechanical energy storage in particular, is lacking in terms of both quantity and quality. This edited volume focuses on novel (yet uncomplicated) ideas that are currently part of the Energy Storage curriculum at the University of Sharjah, UAE. These techniques have been extensively researched and their prototypes are central to the undergraduate Energy Storage Lab that is associated with the course. Although ideally suited for wind energy storage, the techniques described are also suitable for renewable energy storage in general, and offer high two-way efficiency ratings.
Mechanical Engineering Design: Third Edition (Mcgraw-hill Series In Mechanical Engineering)
by Ansel C. UguralMechanical Engineering Design, Third Edition strikes a balance between theory and application, and prepares students for more advanced study or professional practice. Updated throughout, it outlines basic concepts and provides the necessary theory to gain insight into mechanics with numerical methods in design. Divided into three sections, the text presents background topics, addresses failure prevention across a variety of machine elements, and covers the design of machine components as well as entire machines. Optional sections treating special and advanced topics are also included. Features: Places a strong emphasis on the fundamentals of mechanics of materials as they relate to the study of mechanical design Furnishes material selection charts and tables as an aid for specific uses Includes numerous practical case studies of various components and machines Covers applied finite element analysis in design, offering this useful tool for computer-oriented examples Addresses the ABET design criteria in a systematic manner Presents independent chapters that can be studied in any order Introduces optional MATLAB® solutions tied to the book and student learning resources Mechanical Engineering Design, Third Edition allows students to gain a grasp of the fundamentals of machine design and the ability to apply these fundamentals to various new engineering problems.
Mechanical Engineering in Uncertainties From Classical Approaches to Some Recent Developments: From Classical Approaches To Some Recent Developments
by Christian GoguConsidering the uncertainties in mechanical engineering in order to improve the performance of future products or systems is becoming a competitive advantage, sometimes even a necessity, when seeking to guarantee an increasingly high safety requirement. Mechanical Engineering in Uncertainties deals with modeling, quantification and propagation of uncertainties. It also examines how to take into account uncertainties through reliability analyses and optimization under uncertainty. The spectrum of the methods presented ranges from classical approaches to more recent developments and advanced methods. The methodologies are illustrated by concrete examples in various fields of mechanics (civil engineering, mechanical engineering and fluid mechanics). This book is intended for both (young) researchers and engineers interested in the treatment of uncertainties in mechanical engineering.
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Energy and Power
by Myer KutzThe engineer's ready reference for mechanical power and heat Mechanical Engineer's Handbook provides the most comprehensive coverage of the entire discipline, with a focus on explanation and analysis. Packaged as a modular approach, these books are designed to be used either individually or as a set, providing engineers with a thorough, detailed, ready reference on topics that may fall outside their scope of expertise. Each book provides discussion and examples as opposed to straight data and calculations, giving readers the immediate background they need while pointing them toward more in-depth information as necessary. Volume 4: Energy and Power covers the essentials of fluids, thermodynamics, entropy, and heat, with chapters dedicated to individual applications such as air heating, cryogenic engineering, indoor environmental control, and more. Readers will find detailed guidance toward fuel sources and their technologies, as well as a general overview of the mechanics of combustion. No single engineer can be a specialist in all areas that they are called on to work in the diverse industries and job functions they occupy. This book gives them a resource for finding the information they need, with a focus on topics related to the productions, transmission, and use of mechanical power and heat. Understand the nature of energy and its proper measurement and analysis Learn how the mechanics of energy apply to furnaces, refrigeration, thermal systems, and more Examine the and pros and cons of petroleum, coal, biofuel, solar, wind, and geothermal power Review the mechanical parts that generate, transmit, and store different types of power, and the applicable guidelines Engineers must frequently refer to data tables, standards, and other list-type references, but this book is different; instead of just providing the answer, it explains why the answer is what it is. Engineers will appreciate this approach, and come to find Volume 4: Energy and Power an invaluable reference.
Mechanical Fatigue of Metals: Experimental and Simulation Perspectives (Structural Integrity #7)
by António Augusto Fernandes José A.F.O. Correia Abílio M.P. De Jesus Rui CalçadaThis volume contains the proceedings of the XIX International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals, held at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal, 5-7 September 2018. This International Colloquium facilitated and encouraged the exchange of knowledge and experiences among the different communities involved in both basic and applied research in the field of the fatigue of metals, looking at the problem of fatigue exploring analytical and numerical simulative approaches. Fatigue damage represents one of the most important types of damage to which structural materials are subjected in normal industrial services that can finally result in a sudden and unexpected abrupt fracture. Since metal alloys are still today the most used materials in designing the majority of components and structures able to carry the highest service loads, the study of the different aspects of metals fatigue attracts permanent attention of scientists, engineers and designers.
Mechanical Integration of Plant Cells and Plants
by Przemyslaw WojtaszekChemical reactions and interactions between molecules are commonly considered the basis of life, and thus the biochemical nature of cells and organisms is relatively well recognized. Research conducted in recent years, however, increasingly indicates that physical forces profoundly affect the functioning of life at all levels of its organization. To detect and to respond to such forces, plant cells and plants need to be structured mechanically. This volume focuses on mechanical aspects of plant life. It starts with a consideration of the mechanical integration of supracellular structures and mechanical properties of cellular building blocks to show how the structural integrity of plant cells is achieved and maintained during growth and development. The following chapters reveal how the functioning of integrated plant cells contributes to the mechanical integration of plants, and how the latter are able to detect physical stimuli and to reorganize their own cells in response to them. The mechanical aspects of plant responses to stresses are also presented. Finally, all these aspects are placed in an evolutionary context.
Mechanical Integrity and Risk-Based Inspection of Process Equipment, Piping and Pipelines (Structural Integrity #30)
by Jorge Luis Gonzalez-VelazquezThis book explores Mechanical Integrity (MI) and Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) methodologies, specifically tailored for professionals in chemical, petrochemical, and petroleum refining plants. It starts with foundational aspects of equipment and pipe design and manufacturing within the process industry, followed by an introduction to prevalent damage mechanisms in metal components during service. The book then delves into the general methodology for mechanical integrity analysis, covering remaining life estimation and methods for assessing common defects found in in-service components. It further introduces the principles and overall methodology of Risk-Based Inspection, detailing approaches for evaluating Probability of Failure and Consequences, along with the application of risk matrices to formulate Inspection-Based Risk (IBR) plans. Lastly, it directs attention to the practical implementation of MI and IBR methodologies for managing the integrity of pipelines transporting liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, aligned with API codes and ASME standards, offering a comprehensive example illustrating the development of an integrity management plan for a real-life pipeline. Through this structured approach, professionals can gain actionable strategies and insights essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of industrial plants and pipelines.