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Mechanobiology: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mechanobiology. 6th - 9th November 2022. Sydney, Australia. (Springer Series in Biophysics #25)
by Boris Martinac Charles D. Cox Kate Poole Sara Baratchi Daryan KempeThe 4th International Symposium on Mechanobiology (ISMB) organized by the Australian Society for Mechanobiology (AuSMB) took place at the Sydney Nanoscience Hub at the University of Sydney, Australia, from the 6th to the 9th of November 2022. This conference started in 2011 with the founding of the Society in Shanghai, China, and has occurred every three years also visiting Okayama (2014) and more recently Singapore (2017). This is the first time this conference was held in Australia. The primary purpose of the 4th International Symposium on Mechanobiology (ISMB) was to act as a forum for dissemination of cutting-edge research and innovation in the field of mechanobiology. It brought together 200+ delegates from both the Australian and International communities (students, scientists, clinicians, engineers and stakeholders from academia, industry and other organisations) working in the broader field of mechanobiology to discuss new and exciting advances in the field. This collection reflects the diverse and multidisciplinary nature of mechanobiology research spanning length scales and organ systems. Chapter 4 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Mechanochemical Processes in Energetic Materials: A Computational and Experimental Investigation (Springer Theses)
by Adam A. MichalchukThis book uses experimental and computational methods to rationalize and predict for the first time the relative impact sensitivities of a range of energetic materials. Using knowledge of crystal structures, vibrational properties, energy-transfer mechanisms, and experimentally measured sensitivities, it describes a model that leads to excellent correlation with experimental results in all cases. As such, the book paves the way for a new, fully ab initio approach for the design of safer energetic materials based solely on knowledge of their solid-state structures. Energetic materials (explosives, propellants, gas generators, and pyrotechnics) are defined as materials that release heat and/or gaseous products at a high rate upon stimulus by heat, impact, shock, sparks, etc. They have widespread military and civilian uses, including munitions, mining, quarrying, demolition, emergency signaling, automotive safety, and space exploration. One of their most important properties is sensitivity to accidental initiation during manufacture, transport, storage, and operation, which has important implications for their safe use.
Mechanochemistry and Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing
by Evelina Colacino and Felipe GarcíaThis unique volume describes advances in the field of mechanochemistry, in particular the scaling up of mechanochemical processes. Scalable techniques employed to carry out solvent-free synthesis are evaluated. Comparability to continuous flow chemistry, the current industrial benchmark for continuous efficient chemical synthesis, is presented.The book concludes that mechanochemical synthesis can be scaled up into a continuous, sustainable process. It demonstrates that large-scale mechanochemistry can meet industrial demands, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Features Mechanochemistry is rapidly developing as a multidisciplinary science on the borderline between chemistry, materials science and environmental science. This unique text focuses on mechanochemistry with the ability to scale up and illustrates how mechanochemical synthesis is no longer an obstacle. This timely book highlights recent advancements describing what can be achieved in chemical synthesis. Mechanochemistry enables the synthesis of multiple polymorphic crystalline forms in the production of drugs in the form of tablets or granules in capsules.
Mechanosensing Biology
by Masaki NodaMechanical stress is vital to the functioning of the body, especially for tissues such as bone, muscle, heart, and vessels. It is well known that astronauts and bedridden patients suffer muscle and bone loss from lack of use. Even the heart, in pumping blood, causes mechanical stress to itself and to vascular tissue. With the loss of mechanical stress, homeostasis becomes impaired and leads to pathological conditions such as osteopenia, muscle atrophy, and vascular tissue dysfunction. In elderly populations, such mechanical pathophysiology, as well as the mechanical activities of locomotor and cardiovascular systems, is important because skeletal and heart functions decline and cause diseases in other organs. In this monograph, mechanical stress is discussed by experts in the field with respect to molecular, cellular, and tissue aspects in relation to medicine. Covering topics such as gravity and tissues and disuse osteoporosis, the book provides the most up-to-date information on cutting-edge advancements in the field of mechanobiology and is a timely contribution to research into locomotor and circulatory diseases that are major problems in contemporary society.
Mechanosensitivity and Mechanotransduction
by Irina Kiseleva Andre KamkinThis book presents the latest findings in the field of research of mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction in different cells and tissues. Mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction of the heart and vascular cells, in the lung, in bone and joint tissues, in sensor systems and in blood cells are described in detail. This Volume focuses on molecular mechanisms of mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction via cytoskeleton. Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction, the role of actin cytoskeleton and the role of other cytoskeletal elements are discussed. It contains a detailed description of several stretch-induced signaling cascades with multiple levels of crosstalk between different pathways. It contains a description of the role of nitric oxide in regulation of cardiac activity and in regulation of mechanically gated channels in the heart. In the heart mechanical signals are propagated into the intracellular space primarily via integrin-linked complexes, and are subsequently transmitted from cell to cell via paracrine signaling. Biochemical signals derived from mechanical stimuli activate both acute phosphorylation of signaling cascades, such as in the PI3K, FAK, and ILK pathways, and long-term morphological modii cations via intracellular cytoskeletal reorganization and extracellular matrix remodelling. Cellular and molecular effects of mechanical stretch on vascular cells are also discussed. This Volume highlights the role of mechanotransduction in the lung, in bone and joint tissues. For the first time mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction in blood cells are discussed. It contains new insights into mechanosensitive K+ channels functioning in mouse B lymphocytes. This book is a unique collection of reviews outlining current knowledge and future developments in this rapidly growing field. Currently, investigations of the molecular mechanisms of mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction are focused on several issues. The majority of studies investigate intracellular signaling pathways. Knowledge of the mechanisms which underlie these processes is necessary for understanding of the normal functioning of different organs and tissues and allows to predict changes, which arise due to alterations of their environment. Possibly such knowledge will allow the development of new methods of artificial intervention and therapies. This book brings up the problem closer to the experts in related medical and biological sciences as well as practicing doctors besides just presenting the latest achievements in the field.
Mechanosensitivity of the Heart
by Irina Kiseleva Andre KamkinThis book presents the latest findings in field of research of mechanosensitivity of the heart. The Volume focuses on molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in cardiac cells. It contains a detailed description of several stretch-induced signaling cascades with multiple levels of crosstalk between different pathways. It highlights the role of cardiac stretch-activated channels and their contribution to cardiac performance. This book provides justification of scientific significance and potential for clinical applications of findings of fundamental investigations in the field of mechanosensitivity, which is stressed by description of reported increased sensitivity of cardiac cells to mechanical stress under various pathological conditions. It contains new insights into mechanoelectrical feedback on the level of the whole heart and results of experimental investigations of electromechanical properties of cardiac tissue. This book is a unique collection of reviews outlining current knowledge and future developments in this rapidly growing field. Currently, investigations of the effects of mechanical stress on the heart are focused on several issues. The majority of studies investigate the effects of mechanical stimulation on mechanosensitive channels, as its primary target and interactive agent, and aim on description of downstream intracellular signaling pathways together with addressing general issues of biomechanics of the heart. Knowledge of biomechanics, and mechanisms which underlie it on molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and organism, is necessary for understanding of the normal functioning of living organisms and allows to predict changes, which arise due to alterations of their environment, and possibly will allow to develop new methods of artificial intervention. The book brings up the problem closer to the experts in related medical and biological sciences as well as practicing doctors besides just presenting the latest achievements in the field.
Mechanothermodynamics
by Leonid Sosnovskiy Sergei SherbakovThis monograph addresses the foundations of mechanothermodynamics and analyzes two of its key principles--damage of everything that exists has no conceivable limits, and effective energy (entropy) flows caused by loads of a different nature do not have a cumulative property; they interact dialectically. The authors examine a generalized model of energy and entropy states of a mechanothermodynamical medium, which generally is a continuum (liquid, gaseous) containing distributed solid deformable, and, therefore, damageable bodies, as a problem of information states of movable and damageable systems and express a solution in the first approximation. The book goes on to analyze some directions of further research in its conclusion. It is ideal for scientists, engineers, post graduate and master students of mechanics, mathematics and physics.
Mechanotransduction of the Hair Cell (Springerbriefs In Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Ser.)
by Wei Xiong Zhigang XuThis book summarizes the emerging experimental evidence on hair-cell mechanotransduction, and covers hair’s cellular structure, biophysical properties, molecular components and functions. Auditory hair cells convert sound-induced vibration into electrical signals. This biological process, mechanotransduction, is what allows us to hear and communicate in our daily lives. However, our grasp of hair-cell mechanotransduction is still far from complete. Recent advances in molecular genetics and biophysics have helped us gain deeper insights into this process, especially the molecular constituent and operation of the channel complex. This book provides a cutting-edge snapshot for all readers who are interested in or studying how auditory hair cells detect sound.
Mechatronic Systems and Process Automation: Model-Driven Approach and Practical Design Guidelines
by Patrick O.J. KaltjobThe book discusses the concept of process automation and mechatronic system design, while offering a unified approach and methodology for the modeling, analysis, automation and control, networking, monitoring, and sensing of various machines and processes from single electrical-driven machines to large-scale industrial process operations. This step-by-step guide covers design applications from various engineering disciplines (mechanical, chemical, electrical, computer, biomedical) through real-life mechatronics problems and industrial automation case studies with topics such as manufacturing, power grid, cement production, wind generator, oil refining, incubator, etc. Provides step-by-step procedures for the modeling, analysis, control and automation, networking, monitoring, and sensing of single electrical-driven machines to large-scale industrial process operations. Presents model-based theory and practice guidelines for mechatronics system and process automation design. Includes worked examples in every chapter and numerous end-of-chapter real-life exercises, problems, and case studies.
Mechatronics for Complex Products and Systems: Project-Based Design Approaches for Robots, Cyber-Physical Systems, Digital Twins, and Other Emerging Technologies
by Zhuming BiA project-based approach to designing mechatronic systems with new and emerging technologies In Mechatronics for Complex Products and Systems: Project-Based Designs for Cyber-Physical Systems, Digital Twins, and Other Emerging Technologies, distinguished researcher Dr. Zhuming Bi delivers an expert discussion of real-world mechatronics skills that students will need in their engineering careers. The book explains the characteristics and innovation principles underlying mechatronic systems, including modularization, adaptability, predictability, sustainability, and concurrent engineering. A mechatronic system is decomposed into a set of mechatronic functional modules such as power systems, actuating systems, sensing systems, systems of signal conditioning and processing, and control systems. The author also offers: A thorough introduction from classic integration of mechanical, electronic and electrical systems to more complex products and systems, including cyber-physical systems, robotics, human-robot interactions, digital twins, and Internet of Things applications Insightful project assignments that help reinforce a practical understanding of a learning subject Practical discussions of real-world engineering problems Comprehensive guidance on how to select the right type of sensors, motors, and controllers for a variety of mechatronic functional modules Perfect for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of mechatronics, Mechatronics for Complex Products and Systems will also benefit professional engineers working on interdisciplinary projects enabled by digital technologies, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Mechatronics in Engineering Design and Product Development
by Dobrivojie PopovichThis work presents a systematic and comprehensive overview to the theory and applications of mechatronic processes, emphasizing the adaptation and incorporation of this important tool in fulfilling desired performance and quality requirements. The authors address the core technologies needed for the design and development of the mechatronic product
Mechatronics: An Introduction (Electrical Engineering Handbook Ser.)
by Robert H. BishopMechatronics has evolved into a way of life in engineering practice, and it pervades virtually every aspect of the modern world. In chapters drawn from the bestselling and now standard engineering reference, The Mechatronics Handbook, this book introduces the vibrant field of mechatronics and its key elements: physical system modeling; sensors and actuators; signals and systems; computers and logic systems; and software and data acquisition. These chapters, written by leading academics and practitioners, were carefully selected and organized to provide an accessible, general outline of the subject ideal for non-specialists.Mechatronics: An Introduction first defines and organizes the key elements of mechatronics, exploring design approach, system interfacing, instrumentation, control systems, and microprocessor-based controllers and microelectronics. It then surveys physical system modeling, introducing MEMS along with modeling and simulation. Coverage then moves to essential elements of sensors and actuators, including characteristics and fundamentals of time and frequency, followed by control systems and subsystems, computer hardware, logic, system interfaces, communication and computer networking, data acquisition, and computer-based instrumentation systems. Clear explanations and nearly 200 illustrations help bring the subject to life.Providing a broad overview of the fundamental aspects of the field, Mechatronics: An Introduction is an ideal primer for those new to the field, a handy review for those already familiar with the technology, and a friendly introduction for anyone who is curious about mechatronics.
Mechatronics: Fundamentals and Applications (Emerging Trends in Mechatronics)
by Md. Mizanur Rahman Farhan Mahbub Rumana Tasnim Rezwan Us SaleheenThis book emphasizes on the relevant methodologies that encompass modelling, design approaches, and control of mechatronic systems. In addition, state-of-the-art technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computational intelligence in mechatronics are explored in this book, illustrating various examples, recent advancements, and case studies from real-world implementations. This book further investigates and unleashes the power of the Internet of Things (IoT), showcasing how it transforms today’s rapidly changing industries by impeccably integrating smart devices and creating interconnected systems. This book serves as a reference tool for students, academics, practitioners, researchers, and industrial leaders in the respective fields.
Medaka
by Hiroyuki Takeda Kiyoshi Naruse Minoru TanakaOryzias latipes, known as medaka, is a model organism from East Asia. Breeding of this small, egg-laying freshwater teleost fish has long been popular among hobbyists in Japan. Now, as biological science has entered the genome era, the medaka provides significant advantages that make it one of the most valuable vertebrate models: a large collection of spontaneous mutants collected over a century, the presence of highly polymorphic inbred lines established over decades, and a recently completed genome sequence. This book is the first comprehensive monograph to cover a variety of medaka research. It opens with a historical view of medaka, followed by a series of research topics in the four major areas where the medaka is increasingly important: genomics, genetics, and resources; organogenesis and disease models; germ cells, sex determination, and reproduction; and evolution. Readers will find state-of-the-art information on medaka genetics and genomics such as the first isolation of active transposons in vertebrates, the influence of chromatin structure on sequence variation, fine QTL analysis, and versatile mutants as human disease models.
Media Art and the Urban Environment
by Francis T. MarcheseThis text formally appraises the innovative ways new media artists engage urban ecology. Highlighting the role of artists as agents of technological change, the work reviews new modes of seeing, representing and connecting within the urban setting. The book describes how technology can be exploited in order to create artworks that transcend the technology's original purpose, thus expanding the language of environmental engagement whilst also demonstrating a clear understanding of the societal issues and values being addressed. Features: assesses how data from smart cities may be used to create artworks that can recast residents' understanding of urban space; examines transformations of urban space through the reimagining of urban information; discusses the engagement of urban residents with street art, including collaborative community art projects and public digital media installations; presents perspectives from a diverse range of practicing artists, architects, urban planners and critical theorists.
Media Hot and Cold (Elements)
by Nicole StarosielskiIn Media Hot and Cold Nicole Starosielski examines the cultural dimensions of temperature to theorize the ways heat and cold can be used as a means of communication, subjugation, and control. Diving into the history of thermal media, from infrared cameras to thermostats to torture sweatboxes, Starosielski explores the many meanings and messages of temperature. During the twentieth century, heat and cold were broadcast through mass thermal media. Today, digital thermal media such as bodily air conditioners offer personalized forms of thermal communication and comfort. Although these new media promise to help mitigate the uneven effects of climate change, Starosielski shows how they can operate as a form of biopower by determining who has the ability to control their own thermal environment. In this way, thermal media can enact thermal violence in ways that reinforce racialized, colonial, gendered, and sexualized hierarchies. By outlining how the control of temperature reveals power relations, Starosielski offers a framework to better understand the dramatic transformations of hot and cold media in the twenty-first century.
Media Research on Climate Change: Where have we been and where are we heading?
by Ulrika Olausson and Peter BerglezResearch on media coverage of climate change, as a particular subfield of environmental communication research, has proliferated over the past decade. This book sets out to consider what conclusions can be drawn in light of the existing body of work, what lessons can be learnt, what are the challenges to be met, and what are the directions to be taken in order to further develop media research on climate change. The mixture of articles in this volume serve well to illustrate the range of empirical, theoretical, and methodological approaches subsumed under the broad heading of "media studies on climate change." Some contributions focus on the past—how the subfield has developed and what we can learn from that—and some look toward the future. Either way, all the authors share the ambition to suggest important avenues of research, be they centered on media, context, applicability of results, or theoretical advancement. As such they make a valuable contribution to identifying important directions for future research on the role of the media in communicating climate change. This book was previously published as a special issue of Environmental Communication.
Media and Global Climate Knowledge: Journalism and the IPCC
by Risto Kunelius Elisabeth Eide Matthew Tegelberg Dmitry YagodinThis book is a broad and detailed case study of how journalists in more than 20 countries worldwide covered the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment (AR5) reports on the state of scientific knowledge relevant to climate change. Journalism, it demonstrates, is a key element in the transnational communication infrastructure of climate politics. It examines variations of coverage in different countries and locations all over the world. It looks at how IPCC scientists review the role of media, reflects on how media relate to decision-making structures and cultures, analyzes how key journalists reflect on the challenges of covering climate change, and shows how the message of IPCC was distributed in the global networks of social media.
Media and Science-Religion Conflict: Mass Persuasion in the Evolution Wars (Routledge Studies in Religion)
by Thomas AechtnerThis book examines why the religion-science skirmishes known as the Evolution Wars have persisted into the 21st century. It does so by considering the influences of mass media in relation to decision-making research and the Elaboration Likelihood Model, one of the most authoritative persuasion theories. The book’s analysis concentrates on the expression of cues, or cognitive mental shortcuts, in Darwin-sceptic and counter-creationist broadcasts. A multiyear collection of media generated by the most prominent Darwin-sceptic organizations is surveyed, along with rival publications from supporters of evolutionary theory described as the pro-evolutionists. The analysed materials include works produced by Young Earth Creationist and Intelligent Design media makers, New Atheist pacesetters, as well as both agnostic and religious supporters of evolution. These cues are shown to function as subtle but effective means of shaping public opinion, including appeals to expertise, claims that ideas are being censored, and the tactical use of statistics and technical jargon. Contending that persuasive mass media is a decisive component of science-religion controversies, this book will be of keen interest to scholars of Religion, Science and Religion interactions, as well as researchers of Media and Communication Studies more generally.
Media and the Mind: Art, Science, and Notebooks as Paper Machines, 1700-1830
by Matthew Daniel EddyA beautifully illustrated argument that reveals notebooks as extraordinary paper machines that transformed knowledge on the page and in the mind. We often think of reason as a fixed entity, as a definitive body of facts that do not change over time. But during the Enlightenment, reason also was seen as a process, as a set of skills enacted on a daily basis. How, why, and where were these skills learned? Concentrating on Scottish students living during the long eighteenth century, this book argues that notebooks were paper machines and that notekeeping was a capability-building exercise that enabled young notekeepers to mobilize everyday handwritten and printed forms of material and visual media in a way that empowered them to judge and enact the enlightened principles they encountered in the classroom. Covering a rich selection of material ranging from simple scribbles to intricate watercolor diagrams, the book reinterprets John Locke’s comparison of the mind to a blank piece of paper, the tabula rasa. Although one of the most recognizable metaphors of the British Enlightenment, scholars seldom consider why it was so successful for those who used it. Each chapter uses one core notekeeping skill to reveal the fascinating world of material culture that enabled students in the arts, sciences, and humanities to transform the tabula rasa metaphor into a dynamic cognitive model. Starting in the home, moving to schools, and ending with universities, the book reconstructs the relationship between media and the mind from the bottom up. It reveals that the cognitive skills required to make and use notebooks were not simply aids to reason; rather, they were part of reason itself.
Mediastinal Lesions
by Anja C. Roden Andre L. MoreiraThis book addresses the current concepts in tissue acquisition, diagnosis, and classification of mediastinal lesions in small biopsies including cytology. Examples of mediastinal diseases that are either more common, more challenging to diagnose, or have a differential diagnosis that is important and might require different modes of treatment are highlighted. The knowledge of some key morphologic features and immunohistochemical pitfalls will be helpful for the practicing pathologist to tackle this challenge. The general workup of a mediastinal biopsy and the workup of major disease groups in mediastinal pathology which the general pathologist should be familiar with is discussed. Morphologic and, if applicable, immunophenotypic and molecular features that can help to distinguish these disease entities are highlighted. Furthermore, the reader will learn about the pertinent clinical implications of the diseases. Mediastinal Lesions: Diagnostic Pearls for Interpretation of Small Biopsies and Cytology will be a reference guide for pathologists, pathologists-in-training, and allied professionals, including oncologists, pulmonologists, surgeons, and radiologists.
Mediation in Collective Labor Conflicts (Industrial Relations & Conflict Management)
by Ana Belén García Martin C. Euwema Francisco J. Medina Erica Romero PenderThis open access book opens up the black box of mediation in collective conflicts through the analyses and comparisons of various systems. Mediation and related third party interventions such as conciliation and facilitation are discussed as effective prevention and regulation tools for different types of collective labor conflicts. These interventions fit in a new developed five-phase model of collective conflicts in organizations, going from capacity building in latent conflicts, through conciliation, mediation and arbitration in escalating phases, to rebuilding of trust after hot conflicts. The authors promote understanding and discussion with regards to labor mediation systems, presenting comparative research on the perspectives of mediators and users of mediation. This book describes and analyses laws, regulations and practices of mediation in seventeen countries, with a relative strong emphasis on Europe. Part 1 presents theoretical frameworks on conciliation and mediation in collective labor conflicts. Part 2 presents regulations and practices in 12 European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Part 3 discusses mediation in these collective conflicts in Australia, China, India, South Africa and the USA. Part 4 offers conclusions and ways forward. This book offers analyses, good practices and developments for third party intervention in collective labor conflicts in global and local changing environments. This book is a must-read for policy makers, , social partners at different levels, as well as scholars and practitioners in industrial relations, human resources management and conflict management, particularly conciliators and mediators.
Medical Affairs: The Roles, Value and Practice of Medical Affairs in the Biopharmaceutical and Medical Technology Industries
by Kirk Shepard, Charlotte Kremer, Garth SundemMedical Affairs is one of the three strategic pillars of the pharmaceutical and MedTech industries, but while clear career paths exist for Commercial and Research and Development, there is no formal training structure for Medical Affairs professionals. Medical and scientific expertise is a prerequisite for entry into the function, and many people transitioning into Medical Affairs have advanced degrees such as PhD, MD, or PharmD. However, these clinical/scientific experts may not be especially well-versed in aspects of industry such as the drug development lifecycle, crossfunctional collaborations within industry, and digital tools that are transforming the ways Medical Affairs generates and disseminates knowledge. This primer for aspiring and early-career Medical Affairs professionals equips readers with the baseline skills and understanding to excel across roles.Features: Defines the purpose and value of Medical Affairs and provides clear career paths for scientific experts seeking their place within the pharmaceutical and MedTech industries. Provides guideance and baseline competencies for roles within Medical Affairs including Medical Communications, Evidence Generation, Field Medical, Compliance, and many others. Specifies the "true north" of the Medical Affairs profession as ensuring patients receive maximum benefit from industry innovations including drugs, diagnostics and devices. Presents the purpose and specific roles of Medical Affairs roles across organization types including biotechs, small/medium/large pharma and device/diagnostic companies, taking into account adjustments in the practic of Medical Affairs to meet the needs of developing fields such as rare disease and gene therapy. Leverages the expertise of over 60 Medical Affairs leaders across companies, representing the first unified, global understanding of the Medical Affairs profession.
Medical Applications for Biomaterials in Bolivia
by Sujata K. Bhatia Susan AriasThis book investigates the potential medical benefits natural biomaterials can offer in developing countries by analyzing the case of Bolivia. The book explores the medical and health related applications of Bolivian commodities: quinoa, barley, sugarcane, corn, sorghum and sunflower seeds. This book helps readers better understand some of the key health concerns facing countries like Bolivia and how naturally derived biomaterials and therapeutics could help substantially alleviate many of their problems.
Medical Applications of Artificial Intelligence
by Arvin AgahEnhanced, more reliable, and better understood than in the past, artificial intelligence (AI) systems can make providing healthcare more accurate, affordable, accessible, consistent, and efficient. However, AI technologies have not been as well integrated into medicine as predicted. In order to succeed, medical and computational scientists must dev