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An Operator Semigroup in Mathematical Genetics: Lyapunov Equation Model Of Drift And Mutation: Population Dependence And Asymptotic Behavior (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Marek Kimmel Adam BobrowskiThis authored monograph presents a mathematical description of the time evolution of neutral genomic regions in terms of the differential Lyapunov equation. The qualitative behavior of its solutions, with respect to different mutation models and demographic patterns, can be characterized using operator semi group theory. Mutation and drift are two of the main genetic forces, which act on genes of individuals in populations. Their effects are influenced by population dynamics. This book covers the application to two mutation models: single step mutation for microsatellite loci and single-base substitutions. The effects of demographic change to the asymptotic of the distribution are also covered. The target audience primarily covers researchers and experts in the field but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.
An Orchard Invisible: A Natural History of Seeds
by Jonathan SilvertownThe story of seeds, in a nutshell, is a tale of evolution. From the tiny sesame that we sprinkle on our bagels to the forty-five-pound double coconut borne by the coco de mer tree, seeds are a perpetual reminder of the complexity and diversity of life on earth. With An Orchard Invisible, Jonathan Silvertown presents the oft-ignored seed with the natural history it deserves, one nearly as varied and surprising as the earth's flora itself.Beginning with the evolution of the first seed plant from fernlike ancestors more than 360 million years ago, Silvertown carries his tale through epochs and around the globe. In a clear and engaging style, he delves into the science of seeds: How and why do some lie dormant for years on end? How did seeds evolve? The wide variety of uses that humans have developed for seeds of all sorts also receives a fascinating look, studded with examples, including foods, oils, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. An able guide with an eye for the unusual, Silvertown is happy to take readers on unexpected--but always interesting--tangents, from Lyme disease to human color vision to the Salem witch trials. But he never lets us forget that the driving force behind the story of seeds-- its theme, even-- is evolution, with its irrepressible habit of stumbling upon new solutions to the challenges of life. "I have great faith in a seed," Thoreau wrote. "Convince me that you have a seed there, and I am prepared to expect wonders." Written with a scientist's knowledge and a gardener's delight, An Orchard Invisible offers those wonders in a package that will be irresistible to science buffs and green thumbs alike.
An Outsider's Guide to Humans: What Science Taught Me About What We Do and Who We Are
by Camilla PangWINNER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY SCIENCE BOOK PRIZEAn instruction manual for life, love, and relationships by a brilliant young scientist whose Asperger's syndrome allows her--and us--to see ourselves in a different way...and to be better at being humanDiagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder at the age of eight, Camilla Pang struggled to understand the world around her. Desperate for a solution, she asked her mother if there was an instruction manual for humans that she could consult. With no blueprint to life, Pang began to create her own, using the language she understands best: science. That lifelong project eventually resulted in An Outsider's Guide to Humans, an original and incisive exploration of human nature and the strangeness of social norms, written from the outside looking in--which is helpful to even the most neurotypical thinker. Camilla Pang uses a set of scientific principles to examine life's everyday interactions:- How machine learning can help us sift through data and make more rational decisions- How proteins form strong bonds, and what they teach us about embracing individual differences to form diverse groups- Why understanding thermodynamics is the key to seeking balance over seeking perfection- How prisms refracting light can keep us from getting overwhelmed by our fears and anxieties, breaking them into manageable and separate "wavelengths"Pang's unique perspective of the world tells us so much about ourselves--who we are and why we do the things we do--and is a fascinating guide to living a happier and more connected life.
An Overall Account of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
by Nikhil Ranjan JanaThis book covers all the aspects of surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) including a brief history of the discovery of SERS and development of the field, basic principles and enhancement mechanism of SERS. It covers first generation (plasmonic nanomaterials) /second generation (plasmonic hot spots)/third generation (via plasmonic engineering) substrate nanomaterials that are developed for SERS, single molecule SERS and designed SERS probes for ultrasensitive detection applications. It further discusses different SERS detection platforms, highlight the issues of poor signal reproducibility and how to minimize it.Features: Provides understanding on the role of electromagnetic hot spots in surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Reviews all types of surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy substrates. Covers surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-based detection platforms and signal reproducibility issues. Includes development of single molecule detection via surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Discusses chemical analysis, biomedical application, and all other related applications. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in spectroscopy, materials science, and engineering.
An Overview of Biomedical Implants: Biomaterials for the Human Body
by Tolou ShokuhfarUnderstand the core materials that create biomedical innovation Some of the greatest medical advances in recent decades have come in the form of biomedical implants. Whether in the form of traditional orthopedic implants, medical devices for the cardiovascular system, or polymer-based ocular implants, biomedical implants can be lifesaving or life-transforming interventions. The biomaterials which comprise these implants are a vital area of ongoing research, but no prior volume has ever taken comprehensive stock of this subject and its growing applications. An Overview of Biomedical Implants fills this gap with a thorough overview of all major biomaterials and their role in biomedical implants. Composed for an interdisciplinary audience, the book addresses all scales and areas of application. The result is an essential resource in this critical ongoing area of biomedical research. An Overview of Biomedical Implants readers will also find: Description of the relationship between every specific biomaterial and its role in each major implant categoryDetailed discussion of nanoscale to molecular-scale to industrial-scale biomaterialsConcrete examples in every chapter, along with a list of pertinent references An Overview of Biomedical Implants is ideal for physicians, scientists, and engineers—those working in the area of biomaterials, medical, biological and chemical and applied physics, pharmaceutical science and as a reference for professors and students in these areas.
An Overview of General Relativity and Space-Time (Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics)
by Nicola VittorioThis textbook equips Masters’ students studying Physics and Astronomy with the necessary mathematical tools to understand the basics of General Relativity and its applications. It begins by reviewing classical mechanics with a more geometrically oriented language, continues with Special Relativity and, then onto a discussion on the pseudo-Riemannian space-times. Applications span from the inner and outer Schwarzschild solutions to gravitational wave, black holes, spherical relativistic hydrodynamics, and Cosmology. The goal is to limit the abstract formalization of the problems, to favor a hands-on approach with a number of exercises, without renouncing to a pedagogical derivation of the main mathematical tools and findings.
An Overview of High-energy Ball Milled Nanocrystalline Aluminum Alloys (SpringerBriefs in Materials)
by Nick Birbilis Rajeev Kumar Gupta B. S. MurtyThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the nanocrystalline Al based alloys as prepared using high-energy ball milling (HEBM). It discusses the influence of HEBM parameters on grain refinement and examines methods for the consolidation of nanocrystalline Al powders; further, it reviews the effects of various processing parameters on the final microstructure and the impact of microstructure on corrosion and mechanical properties. The book also provides guidelines for choosing appropriate HEBM parameters for the production of nanocrystalline Al powders and methods for consolidating them in net-shaped components. Future challenges and possible applications of high-energy ball milled Al alloys are also discussed. The book is intended for researchers and professionals interested in aluminium alloy development, manufacturing technologies, light metals and nanocrystalline metallic materials.
An Overview of the SIGMA Research Project: A European Approach to Seismic Hazard Analysis (Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering #42)
by Alain Pecker Ezio Faccioli Aybars Gurpinar Christophe Martin Philippe RenaultThis book presents a summary of the important outcomes of the SIGMA project related to all aspects of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment: source characterization, rock motion characterization, site response characterization, and hazard calculations, with for all of them emphasis on the treatment of uncertainties. In recent years, attempts have been made to identify and quantify uncertainties in seismic hazard estimations for regions with moderate seismicity. These uncertainties, for which no estimation standards exist, create major difficulties and can lead to different interpretations and divergent opinions among experts. To address this matter, an international research project was launched in January 2011, by an industrial consortium composed of French and Italian organizations. This program, named SIGMA (Seismic Ground Motion Assessment) lasted for five years and involved a large number of international institutions. This book is intended for instructors running courses on engineering seismology, graduate students in the same field and practicing engineers involved in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analyses.
An Owl at Sea
by Susan Vande GriekThe extraordinary, true story of an owl stranded on the deck of an oil rig one hundred miles from shore, and the Good Samaritans who shepherded it home.This is the true story of a Short-eared Owl that plummeted onto the deck of an oil rig in the North Sea, one hundred miles from shore. Weak and tired, it huddled on the deck until riggers provided it with a makeshift shelter and fresh meat to eat. When a helicopter arrived to transport some of the workers back home, they took the owl with them, handing it over to the Scottish SPCA. A few weeks later the owl was strong enough to be released into the countryside.Susan Vande Griek’s gentle prose poem describes this unusual encounter with a creature from the wild with curiosity and wonder. Ian Wallace’s stunning watercolors show gorgeous seascapes, the subtle beauty of the owl, and the oil rig and its workers, creating compelling visual contrasts.An author’s note includes information about the Short-eared Owl, a bird found in the Americas, Europe and Asia, whose numbers may be in decline due to loss of habitat.Key Text Featuresauthor’s notefurther readingsourcesCorrelates to the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts:CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1.2Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1.4Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.1.5Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of a range of text types.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.3Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.4Describe how words and phrases (e.g., regular beats, alliteration, rhymes, repeated lines) supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.2.7Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.
An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination
by Sheera Frenkel Cecilia Kang'The ultimate takedown' New York Times'The problem of Facebook is Zuckerberg. And the question posed by this splendid book is: what are we going to do about him?' Observer'A comprehensive account . . . drawn from first-hand testimonies. Thoroughly engaging' The Times'What marks this book out is how it gets under the corporate bonnet . . . to build a picture of astounding corporate arrogance and irresponsibility' Sunday Times'An explosive new book' Daily Mail__________________________________________Award-winning New York Times reporters Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang unveil the tech story of our times in a riveting, behind-the-scenes exposé that offers the definitive account of Facebook's fall from grace. Once one of Silicon Valley's greatest success stories, for the past five years, Facebook has been under constant fire, roiled by controversies and crises. It turns out that while the tech giant was connecting the world, they were also mishandling users' data, allowing the spread of fake news, and the amplification of dangerous, polarising hate speech. Critics framed the narrative as the irreconcilable conflict between the platform's lofty mission to advance society by bringing people together while also profiting off of them. The company, many said, had simply lost its way. But the truth is far more complex. Drawing on their unrivalled sources, Frenkel and Kang take readers inside the complex court politics, alliances and rivalries within the company, its growing political influence as well as its skirmishes with privacy groups and the FTC, to shine a light on the fatal cracks in the architecture of the tech behemoth. Their explosive, exclusive reporting led them to a shocking conclusion: The missteps of the last five years were not an anomaly but an inevitability - this is how the platform was built to perform. In a period of great upheaval, growth has remained the one constant under the leadership of Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg. Each has stood by as their technology is co-opted by hate-mongers, criminals and corrupt political regimes across the globe, with devastating consequences. In An Ugly Truth, they are at last held accountable.
An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination (Language Acts and Worldmaking #29)
by Sheera Frenkel Cecilia Kang'The ultimate takedown' New York Times'The problem of Facebook is Zuckerberg. And the question posed by this splendid book is: what are we going to do about him?' Observer'A comprehensive account . . . drawn from first-hand testimonies. Thoroughly engaging' The Times'What marks this book out is how it gets under the corporate bonnet . . . to build a picture of astounding corporate arrogance and irresponsibility' Sunday Times'An explosive new book' Daily Mail__________________________________________Award-winning New York Times reporters Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang unveil the tech story of our times in a riveting, behind-the-scenes exposé that offers the definitive account of Facebook's fall from grace. Once one of Silicon Valley's greatest success stories, for the past five years, Facebook has been under constant fire, roiled by controversies and crises. It turns out that while the tech giant was connecting the world, they were also mishandling users' data, allowing the spread of fake news, and the amplification of dangerous, polarising hate speech. Critics framed the narrative as the irreconcilable conflict between the platform's lofty mission to advance society by bringing people together while also profiting off of them. The company, many said, had simply lost its way. But the truth is far more complex. Drawing on their unrivalled sources, Frenkel and Kang take readers inside the complex court politics, alliances and rivalries within the company, its growing political influence as well as its skirmishes with privacy groups and the FTC, to shine a light on the fatal cracks in the architecture of the tech behemoth. Their explosive, exclusive reporting led them to a shocking conclusion: The missteps of the last five years were not an anomaly but an inevitability - this is how the platform was built to perform. In a period of great upheaval, growth has remained the one constant under the leadership of Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg. Each has stood by as their technology is co-opted by hate-mongers, criminals and corrupt political regimes across the globe, with devastating consequences. In An Ugly Truth, they are at last held accountable.
An Unlikely Vineyard
by Alice Feiring Deirdre HeekinAn Unlikely Vineyard tells the evolutionary story of Deirdre Heekin's farm from overgrown fields to a fertile, productive, and beautiful landscape that melds with its natural environment. Is it possible to capture landscape in a bottle? To express its terroir, its essence of place--geology, geography, climate, and soil--as well as the skill of the winegrower? That's what Heekin and her chef/husband, Caleb Barber, set out to accomplish on their tiny, eight-acre hillside farm and vineyard in Vermont. But An Unlikely Vineyard involves much more. It also presents, through the example of their farming journey and winegrowing endeavors, an impressive amount of information on how to think about almost every aspect of gardening: from composting to trellising; from cider and perry making to growing old garden roses, keeping bees, and raising livestock; from pruning (or not) to dealing naturally with pests and diseases. Challenged by cold winters, wet summers, and other factors, Deirdre and Caleb set about to grow not only a vineyard, but an orchard of heirloom apples, pears, and plums, as well as gardens filled with vegetables, herbs, roses, and wildflowers destined for their own table and for the kitchen of their small restaurant. They wanted to create, or rediscover, a sense of place, and to grow food naturally using the philosophy and techniques gleaned from organic gardening, permaculture, and biodynamic farming. Accompanied throughout by lush photos, this gentle narrative will appeal to anyone who loves food, farms, and living well.
An Unnatural Metropolis: Wresting New Orleans from Nature
by Craig E. ColtenStrategically situated at the gateway to the Mississippi River yet standing atop a former swamp, New Orleans was from the first what geographer Peirce Lewis called an "impossible but inevitable city." How New Orleans came to be, taking shape between the mutual and often contradictory forces of nature and urban development, is the subject of An Unnatural Metropolis. Craig E. Colten traces engineered modifications to New Orleans's natural environment from 1800 to 2000 and demonstrates that, though all cities must contend with their physical settings, New Orleans may be the city most dependent on human-induced transformations of its precarious site. In a new preface, Colten shows how Hurricane Katrina exemplifies the inability of human artifice to exclude nature from cities and he urges city planners to keep the environment in mind as they contemplate New Orleans's future. Urban geographers frequently have portrayed cities as the antithesis of nature, but in An Unnatural Metropolis, Colten introduces a critical environmental perspective to the history of urban areas. His amply illustrated work offers an in-depth look at a city and society uniquely shaped by the natural forces it has sought to harness.
An Unreasonable Woman: A True Story of Shrimpers, Políticos, Polluters, and the Fight for Seadrift, Texas
by Diane WilsonFor her activism on behalf of Texas Gulf Coast bays, Wilson has been recognized with awards including Mother Jones' Hellraiser of the Month. In her first book, this fourth-generation shrimper relates her battles against a plastics company (and their political allies) whose dumping of toxic chemicals resulted in her county's designation as the nation's most polluted in the late 1980s. Annotation ©2005 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
An Urchin in the Storm: Essays about Books and Ideas
by Stephen Jay Gould"What pleasure to see the dishonest, the inept, and the misguided deftly given their due, while praise is lavished on the deserving--for reasons well and truly stated."--Kirkus Reviews<P><P> Ranging as far as the fox and as deep as the hedgehog (the urchin of his title), Stephen Jay Gould expands on geology, biological determinism, "cardboard Darwinism," and evolutionary theory in this sparkling collection.
An den Grenzen des Endlichen: Das Hilbertprogramm im Kontext von Formalismus und Finitismus (Mathematik im Kontext)
by Christian TappDer Mathematiker David Hilbert entwickelte mit seiner Beweistheorie ein Programm zur Grundlegung der Mathematik. In der ersten deutschsprachigen Monographie zum Thema bietet der Autor neue Deutungen des Hilbertprogramms. Ausgehend von den historischen Quellen stellt er die Frage neu, ob Hilbert eine formalistische Philosophie der Mathematik voraussetzte. Er macht die Fülle der Ideen sichtbar, die Hilbert und seine Schüler formulierten, diskutiert anspruchsvolle philosophische Implikationen und räumt mit einer Reihe von Fehlinterpretationen auf.
An der Hochschule lehren: Praktische Ratschläge, Tricks und Lehrmethoden
by Markus BrauerWenn es Ihnen wie den meisten Ihrer Kollegen geht, erhalten Sie als Dozent oder Doktorand keine Grundausbildung in Didaktik und Pädagogik für Ihre Hochschullehre. Es scheint als ob die Fähigkeit, Studierende zu unterrichten und sie in ihrem Lernen zu fördern, eine Selbstverständlichkeit wäre. Das ist natürlich falsch, und das Ziel dieses Buch ist es, diese Lücke zu füllen und Sie in Ihrer Lehre zu unterstützen.Forschungen über die Aufmerksamkeit, das Gedächtnis und die Motivation haben es ermöglicht, Lehrmethoden zu entwickeln, die das Verstehen und Lernen der Studierenden maximieren. Diese Lehrmethoden integrieren unter anderem das "aktive Lernen", das sich durch eine aktive Teilnahme der Studierenden am Lernprozess auszeichnet.Pragmatisch und praktisch werden in diesem Buch die didaktischen Methoden vorgestellt, die "funktionieren". Sie erfahren, wie Sie diese in großen Veranstaltungen (Vorlesungen) und kleinen Veranstaltungen (Seminare, Übungen) anwenden können. Dieses Buch enthält viele praktische und konkrete Hinweise für die Lehre, behandelt aber auch andere für Sie wichtige Themen wie Prüfungen, das "Schwätzen", die Motivation der Studierenden, und Zeitmanagement.Wenn Sie Lehrender an Universitäten oder Fachhochschulen sind, dann ist dieses Buch unentbehrlich für Sie. Aber auch jene, die in der Erwachsenenbildung tätig sind, werden die vielen pädagogischen Hinweise nützlich finden. Nach dem Lesen dieses Buches werden Sie nicht nur besser unterrichten, Sie werden auch mehr Spaß an Ihrem Beruf haben.
An introduction to the invertebrates, Second Edition
by Janet MooreThis book is an introductory guide to invertebrate evolution for university students and others. It is designed to be read as a whole to interest and orientate students who encounter invertebrates. The text is illustrated throughout by specially prepared figures, many of them new for this edition.
Anabolic Steroids: And Other Performance-enhancing Drugs
by Patrick LenehanAnabolic steroids have traditionally been controversial in the sporting arena. Today, research indicates a dramatic increase in the use of anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs outside of competitive sports. With evidence of widespread steroid abuse among the general population, health professionals are citing the emergence of an
Anabolic Treatments for Osteoporosis (Handbooks in Pharmacology and Toxicology)
by Paul Morley James F. WhitfieldOsteoporosis, a growing epidemic among women in North America, Europe, and Japan, is a painful, costly disease that has presented a treatment challenge to healthcare professionals. Until recently, therapies have focused on agents that slow bone resorption, and have had only limited success at increasing bone mass.
Anaerobes and Waste Conversion Technologies (Microorganisms for Sustainability #44)
by Vasudeo Zambare Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan Santhana KrishnanThis book covers all aspects of anaerobic waste conversion technologies using anaerobes, particularly in anaerobic digestion and fermentation processes. It provides the latest advances in waste-to-energy techniques for converting solid and liquid wastes to valuable fuel and energy. It goes beyond traditional municipal waste, including energy recovery from various industrial wastewater and biomass. Topics include biomass pretreatment, metabolic pathways, anaerobic reactor design, product recovery, and conversion technology applications. Essential information is provided, and individual chapters are dedicated to each topic. The book assists academicians, postgraduate students, biochemical engineers, environmental engineers, analysts, chemical engineers, and industrial entrepreneurs in acquiring the skills needed for real-time implementation of anaerobic digestion technologies.
Anaerobes in Biotechnology (Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology #156)
by Rajni Hatti-Kaul Bo Mattiasson Gashaw MamoThis book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification. In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English.
Anaerobic Biodigesters for Human Waste Treatment (Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology)
by Mukesh Kumar Meghvansi A. K. GoelThe edited book brings out a comprehensive synthesis of latest scientific literature covering various important aspects of anaerobic biodigesters for human waste management that ranges from latest understanding on fundamental concepts/mechanisms of anaerobic biodigestion, modern tools and techniques used in process evaluation, current strategies being recruited for the performance enhancement, and case studies/ success stories across the world on applications of biodigesters used in human waste treatment. The anaerobic biodigestion is a process of break-down of organic waste by anaerobic microorganisms in absence of the oxygen. This process has been conventionally used for treating various types of organic waste including sewage sludge. After optimizing various process parameters, researchers have developed anaerobic biodigesters that have been successfully used for human waste (nigh soil) treatment. The topic of human waste treatment assumes global significance in the wake of UN sustainable Development Goals (SDG) wherein SDG-6 specifically highlights the Sanitation for all by 2030. The anaerobic Biodigester technology has the potential to manage the human waste as well and can contribute immensely in achieving targets of UN-SDG-6. This book is of interest to researchers, academicians, scientists, policy officials and capacity builders. Also the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental Biotechnology. National and international biotechnologists, environmental engineers and sanitation experts also find this to be a useful read.
Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: Principles and Applications
by Samir Kumar KhanalAnaerobic biotechnology is a cost-effective and sustainable means of treating waste and wastewaters that couples treatment processes with the reclamation of useful by-products and renewable biofuels. This means of treating municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes allows waste products to be converted to value-added products such as biofuels, biofertilizers, and other chemicals. Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: Principles and Applications provides the reader with basic principles of anaerobic processes alongside practical uses of anaerobic biotechnology options. This book will be a valuable reference to any professional currently considering or working with anaerobic biotechnology options.
Anaerobic Digestion: Fundamentals, Modelling, and Applications (Green Energy and Technology)
by Guangxue WuAnaerobic digestion is a core technology for sustainable waste(water) management and renewable energy recovery from waste sources. This book introduces and brings readers up to date with anaerobic digestion and its applications. It refreshes readers on the fundamentals of anaerobic digestion processes for normal and stressed scenarios, introduces techniques for stable system operation and predication, and explains the innovation in technology applications for waste valorization. By providing scientific and engineering fundamentals, the book equips professionals with the knowledge of knowing why and how to solve the problems in the application of anaerobic digestion.