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Non-coding RNAs and Inter-kingdom Communication
by Ana Lúcia Leitão Francisco J. EnguitaThis book presents a state-of-the-art compilation of articles on the role of non-coding RNAs as pivotal molecules for establishing functional relationships between different organisms. It also describes how non-coding RNA molecules can act as dynamic communication devices and how they modulate the interaction between different kingdoms. It describes examples including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and higher organisms such as protozoa that are involved in pathogenic or symbiotic interactions, and the roles of different families of non-coding RNAs within these relationships. Each chapter provides readers molecular and functional insights, breaking down the subjacent mechanisms and exploring their functional implications and future applications. More than sixty years after the foundation of the "RNA tie club" by George Gamow, new roles for non-coding RNA molecules are starting to be revealed.
Non-coding RNAs at the Cross-Road of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Cancer
by Paul HolvoetThis book gives insight into the functional role of non-coding RNAs in central pathways contributing to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. It also sheds light on the relationship of this cluster with cancer. Tumor cells, in contrast to cells in cardiometabolic tissues, can regulate this cluster of non-coding RNAs to escape from oxidative stress and anti-tumor immunity and maintain insulin sensitivity, facilitating cancer progression. The book presents a cluster of non-coding RNAs that may be prospectively analyzed in extensive cohort studies to determine their value in risk-predicting machine learning algorithms. In addition, it emphasizes the role of microvesicles in communication between tumor-adjacent tissue, inflammatory cells, and tumor cells, with a special focus on the role of miR-155. The book intends to promote interdisciplinary research. Due to the comprehensive background information provided in each chapter, it is suitable for researchers in academia and industry and for graduate students in biology, bioengineering, and medicine.
Non-coding RNAs for Crop Improvement: Concepts and Applications
by Kavita Goswami Temesgen Assefa Gelaw Neeti Sanan-MishraThis edited book covers all aspects of non-coding RNAs analysis. Non-coding RNAs are critical genetic regulators that have evolved as game-changers in modifying plant responses to stress conditions. The book explores potential relationships between different classes of non-coding RNAs and response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. The chapters are organized into three sections. Section 1 provides a basic understanding of the various aspects and roles of RNA silencing. Section 2 includes an overview of the molecular techniques and computational methodologies used for identification and analysis of small RNAs. Discovery timelines are also provided to highlight the significance of next-generation sequencing over time. Section 3 of the book covers the applications of RNAi techniques to improve crops and develop stress-tolerant varieties. This book compiles all available data and computational approaches to analyze non-coding RNAs. It describes the general characteristics, categorization, functional analysis, and advancements in RNAi and its role in developing stress-resilient plants. This book is helpful for students and researchers to understand the role of non-coding RNAs, which opens new insights into next-generation sequencing. It serves as excellent reading material for undergraduate and graduate students studying molecular biology, bioinformatics, agriculture, and environmental sciences.
Non-coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1229)
by Junjie XiaoThis book presents the latest research on non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular disease, a major cause of death worldwide. Non-coding RNAs play a significant role in development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Since altered non-coding RNA expression is often associated with various diseases, their potential use in diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics is an important current area of study. The book consists of six parts: 1) An overview of non-coding RNAs and cardiovascular system, 2) Bioinformatics and interactions, 3) Non-coding RNA regulation in cardiovascular system, 4) Non-coding RNAs and cardiovascular diseases, 5) Potential biomarkers and therapeutic implications, 6) Future prospects. It is particularly useful for researchers and students in the field of non-coding RNA and cardiovascular biology, as well as for cardiologists, pharmacologists and physiologists.
Non-coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
by Ondrej Slaby George A. CalinThis is the first book to provide a broad framework for obtaining an in depth understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on abnormalities of non-coding RNAs found to be associated with colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Readers will discover possible mechanisms underlying the substantial roles played by non-coding RNAs in molecular hallmarks of colorectal cancer. This work further provides the comprehensive overview and novel insights into using of non-coding RNAs as colorectal cancer biomarkers enabling early detection of the disease, prognostic stratification of the patients and prediction of therapeutic response. The reader is introduced to the overview of modern non-coding RNAs-based therapeutic strategies, and summary of their preclinical testing performed in colorectal cancer. The work is written for researchers who want to explore current state of the knowledge in this interesting field of molecular oncology.
Non-coding RNAs in Complex Diseases: A Bioinformatics Perspective (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1094)
by Xia Li Juan Xu Yun Xiao Shangwei Ning Yunpeng ZhangThis book offers an in-depth and comprehensive review on current understanding of regulatory ncRNAs in complex diseases from a view of bioinformatics. It conveys state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools and methods for ncRNAs from computational detection, functional prediction, to their roles in diseases. Computational methods used to investigate uncharacterised ncRNAs in diseases are mainly summarized in seven aspects: DNA variation of ncRNAs in diseases, prioritization of disease-related ncRNAs, dysregulation epigenetic factors that regulate ncRNA misexpression (DNA methylation and histone-modification), complex crosstalk across ncRNAs, ncRNAs acted as competing regulators to mediate the expression of protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs mediated risk pathways,and their contributions to drug target predictions. The generally used data resources of ncRNAs are also listed in the end. This book provides important information on the current progress in the fast-moving fields of bioinformatics for regulatory ncRNAs. It provides a timely and useful reference for computational biologists, specifically with RNA interests, and other related areas.Prof. Xia Li is a Professor and the Dean of College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China. Dr. Yun Xiao, Dr. Juan Xu, Dr. Shangwei Ning and Dr. Yunpeng Zhang are from College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China.
Non-coding RNAs in the Vasculature
by Thomas Thum Stefanie DimmelerThis book focuses on the importance of regulatory RNAs in the vasculature. The main topics discussed include the role of regRNAs in vascular development and angiogenesis, ischemic cardiovascular disease and repair mechanisms, diabetic and metabolic vascular disease, atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation, as well as diagnostics of vascular disease using circulating miRNAs. Lastly, it offers an overview of emerging topics such as microvesicle-mediated miRNA cellular trafficking and the vascular importance of long non-coding RNAs. It is an invaluable resource for academics, researchers and students working in the field of vascular biology.
Non-coding RNAs in the Vasculature (Cardiac and Vascular Biology #2)
by Thomas Thum Stefanie DimmelerThis book focuses on the importance of regulatory RNAs in the vasculature. The main topics discussed include the role of regRNAs in vascular development and angiogenesis, ischemic cardiovascular disease and repair mechanisms, diabetic and metabolic vascular disease, atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation, as well as diagnostics of vascular disease using circulating miRNAs. Lastly, it offers an overview of emerging topics such as microvesicle-mediated miRNA cellular trafficking and the vascular importance of long non-coding RNAs. It is an invaluable resource for academics, researchers and students working in the field of vascular biology.
Non-conventional Unit Operations: Solving Practical Issues (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Flavio Manenti Alessandro Di PretoroThis volume presents both methodologies and numerical applications for the design of non-conventional unit operations in chemical processes and plants, which are rarely studied in depth at an academic level but have wide applications in the industrial sector. The first part discusses the design, comparison and optimization of heating and cooling operations that are different from simple heat exchange. The second and larger part offers a brief but effective overview of non-conventional separation processes, mainly focusing on the heterogeneous phases. Based on sample case studies, it extrapolates the process model equations and includes the numerical solution in order to provide a straightforward application example. The end of each chapter features a C++ code implementation to solve the ODE or nonlinear equations system using the BzzMath library.
Non-conventional Yeasts: from Basic Research to Application
by Andriy SibirnyThis volume scopes several aspects of non-conventional yeast research prepared by the leading specialists in the field. An introduction on taxonomy and systematics enhances the reader’s knowledge on yeasts beyond established ones such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnological approaches that involve fungal utilization of unusual substrates, production of biofuels and useful chemicals as citric acid, glutathione or erythritol are discussed. Further, strategies for metabolic engineering based on knowledge on regulation of gene expression as well as sensing and signaling pathways are presented. The book targets researchers and advanced students working in Microbiology, Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemistry.
Non-covalent Interactions in the Synthesis and Design of New Compounds
by Armando J. Pombeiro Maximilian N. Kopylovich Kamran T. Mahmudov Abel M. MaharramovThis book aims to overview the role of non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen and halogen bonding, π-π, π-anion and electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic effects and van der Waals forces in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds, as well as in design of new crystals and function materials. The proposed book should allow to combine, in a systematic way, recent advances on the application of non-covalent interactions in synthesis and design of new compounds and functional materials with significance in Inorganic, Organic, Coordination, Organometallic, Pharmaceutical, Biological and Material Chemistries. Therefore, it should present a multi- and interdisciplinary character assuring a rather broad scope. We believe it will be of interest to a wide range of academic and research staff concerning the synthesis of new compounds, catalysis and materials. Each chapter will be written by authors who are well known experts in their respective fields
Non-destructive Materials Characterization and Evaluation (Springer Series in Materials Science #329)
by Walter Arnold Klaus Goebbels Anish KumarThis book is devoted to non-destructive materials characterization (NDMC) using different non-destructive evaluation techniques. It presents theoretical basis, physical understanding, and technological developments in the field of NDMC with suitable examples for engineering and materials science applications. It is written for engineers and researchers in R&D, design, production, quality assurance, and non-destructive testing and evaluation. The relevance of NDMC is to achieve higher reliability, safety, and productivity for monitoring production processes and also for in-service inspections for detection of degradations, which are often precursors of macro-defects and failure of components. Ultrasonic, magnetic, electromagnetic and X-rays based NDMC techniques are discussed in detail with brief discussions on electron and positron based techniques.
Non-diffracting Waves
by Erasmo Recami Hugo E. Hernández-Figueroa Michel Zamboni-RachedThis continuation and extension of the successful book "Localized Waves" by the same editors brings together leading researchers in non-diffractive waves to cover the most important results in their field and as such is the first to present the current state.The well-balanced presentation of theory and experiments guides readers through the background of different types of non-diffractive waves, their generation, propagation, and possible applications. The authors include a historical account of the development of the field, and cover different types of non-diffractive waves, including Airy waves and realistic, finite-energy solutions suitable for experimental realization. Apart from basic research, the concepts explained here have promising applications in a wide range of technologies, from wireless communication to acoustics and bio-medical imaging.
Non-driven Micromechanical Gyroscopes and Their Applications
by Wei Zhang Fuxue Zhang Guosheng WangThis book comprehensively and systematically introduces readers to the theories, structures, performance and applications of non-driven mechanical and non-driven micromechanical gyroscopes. The book is divided into three parts, the first of which mainly addresses mathematic models, precision, performance and operating error in non-driven mechanical gyroscopes. The second part focuses on the operating theory, error, phase shift and performance experiments involving non-driven micromechanical gyroscopes in rotating flight carriers, while the third part shares insights into the application of non-driven micromechanical gyroscopes in control systems for rotating flight carriers. The book offers a unique resource for all researchers and engineers who are interested in the use of inertial devices and automatic control systems for rotating flight carriers. It can also serve as a reference book for undergraduates, graduates and instructors in related fields at colleges and universities.
Non-equilibrium Dynamics of One-Dimensional Bose Gases
by Tim LangenThis work presents a series of experiments with ultracold one-dimensional Bose gases, which establish said gases as an ideal model system for exploring a wide range of non-equilibrium phenomena. With the help of newly developed tools, like full distributions functions and phase correlation functions, the book reveals the emergence of thermal-like transient states, the light-cone-like emergence of thermal correlations and the observation of generalized thermodynamic ensembles. This points to a natural emergence of classical statistical properties from the microscopic unitary quantum evolution, and lays the groundwork for a universal framework of non-equilibrium physics. The thesis investigates a central question that is highly contested in quantum physics: how and to which extent does an isolated quantum many-body system relax? This question arises in many diverse areas of physics, and many of the open problems appear at vastly different energy, time and length scales, ranging from high-energy physics and cosmology to condensed matter and quantum information. A key challenge in attempting to answer this question is the scarcity of quantum many-body systems that are both well isolated from the environment and accessible for experimental study.
Non-equilibrium Dynamics of Tunnel-Coupled Superfluids: Relaxation to a Phase-Locked Equilibrium State in a One-Dimensional Bosonic Josephson Junction (Springer Theses)
by Marine PigneurThe relaxation of isolated quantum many-body systems is a major unsolved problem of modern physics, which is connected to many fundamental questions. However, realizations of quantum many-body systems which are both well isolated from their environment and accessible to experimental study are scarce. In recent years, the field has experienced rapid progress, partly attributed to ultra-cold atoms. This book presents the experimental study of a relaxation phenomenon occurring in a one-dimensional bosonic Josephson junction. The system consists of two 1D quasi Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb, magnetically trapped on an atom chip. Using radio-frequency dressing, the author deforms a single harmonic trap, in which the atoms are initially condensed, into a double-well potential and realizes a splitting of the wave function. A large spatial separation and a tilt of the double-well enable the preparation of a broad variety of initial states by precisely adjusting the initial population and relative phase of the two wave packets, while preserving the phase coherence. By re-coupling the two wave packets, the author investigates tunneling regimes such as Josephson (plasma) oscillations and macroscopic quantum self-trapping. In both regimes, the tunneling dynamics exhibits a relaxation to a phase-locked equilibrium state contradicting theoretical predictions. The experimental results are supported with an empirical model that allows quantitative discussions according to various experimental parameters. These results illustrate how strongly the non-equilibrium dynamics differ from the equilibrium one, which is well described by thermodynamics and statistical physics.
Non-equilibrium Energy Transformation Processes
by Viktor HolubecVarious experimental techniques have been advanced in recent years to measure non-equilibrium energy transformations on the microscopic scale of single molecules. In general, the systems studied in the corresponding experiments are exposed to strong thermal fluctuations and thus the relevant energetic variables such as work and heat become stochastic. This thesis addresses challenging theoretical problems in this active field of current research: 1) Exact analytical solutions of work and heat distributions for isothermal non-equilibrium processes in suitable models are obtained; 2) Corresponding solutions for cyclic processes involving two different heat reservoirs are found; 3) Optimization of periodic driving protocols for such cyclic processes with respect to maximal output power, efficiency and minimal power fluctuations is studied. The exact solutions for work and heat distributions provide a reference for theoretical investigations of more complicated models, giving insight into the structure of the tail of work distributions and serving as valuable test cases for simulations of the underlying stochastic processes.
Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes: Analytical Solutions (Mathematical Engineering)
by Yuri B. ZudinThis monograph is focused mostly on the exposition of analytical methods for the solution of problems of strong phase change. A new theoretical model is proved useful in describing, with acceptable accuracy, problems of strong evaporation and condensation. The book is the first to treat the problem of asymmetry for evaporation/condensation. A semi-empirical model for the process is proposed for purposes of practical calculation of the process of strong evaporation. The “limiting schemes” of the vapor bubble growth are analyzed. The thermo-hydrodynamic problem of evaporating meniscus of a thin liquid film on a heated surface is considered. A theoretical analysis of the problem of evaporation of a drop levitating over a vapor cushion is performed. The problem of vapor condensation upon a transversal flow around a horizontal cylinder is considered. The second edition is extended by (i) the conjugate “strong evaporation - heat conduction” problem, (ii) the influence of accommodation coefficients on intensive processes of evaporation and condensation, (iii) the problem of supersonic condensation. This book is the first to present a comprehensive theoretical approach of boiling problems: nucleate boiling, superfluid helium phase transition, similarity between pseudo-boiling and subcritical pressure nucleate boiling. The target audience primarily comprises research experts in the field of thermodynamics and fluid dynamics, but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.
Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes: Analytical Solutions (Mathematical Engineering)
by Yuri B. ZudinThis present book is concerned with analytical approaches to statement and solution of problems of non-equilibrium evaporation and condensation. From analytical solutions, one is capable to understand and represent in a transparent form the principal laws, especially in the study of a new phenomenon or a process. This is why analytical methods are always employed on the first stage of mathematical modeling. Analytical solutions are also used as test models for validation of results numerical solutions. Non-equilibrium evaporation and condensation processes play an important role in a number of fundamental and applied problems: laser methods for processing of materials, depressurization of the protection cover of nuclear propulsion units, solar radiation on a comet surface, explosive boiling of superheated liquid, thermodynamic principles of superfluid helium. Analytical relations provide an adequate description of the essence of a physical phenomenon.
Non-equilibrium Many-body States in Carbon Nanotube Quantum Dots (Springer Theses)
by Tokuro HataThis book presents the first experiment revealing several unexplored non-equilibrium properties of quantum many-body states, and addresses the interplay between the Kondo effect and superconductivity by probing shot noise. In addition, it describes in detail nano-fabrication techniques for carbon nanotube quantum dots, and a measurement protocol and principle that probes both equilibrium and non-equilibrium quantum states of electrons. The book offers various reviews of topics in mesoscopic systems: shot noise measurement, carbon nanotube quantum dots, the Kondo effect in quantum dots, and quantum dots with superconducting leads, which are relevant to probing non-equilibrium physics. These reviews offer particularly valuable resources for readers interested in non-equilibrium physics in mesoscopic systems. Further, the cutting-edge experimental results presented will allow reader to catch up on a vital new trend in the field.
Non-equilibrium Phenomena in Confined Soft Matter
by Simone NapolitanoThis book deals with those properties of non-equilibrium soft matter that deviate greatly from the bulk properties as a result of nanoscale confinement. The ultimate physical origin of these confinement effects is not yet fully understood. At the state of the art, the discussion on confinement effects focuses on equilibrium properties, finite size effects and interfacial interactions. However this is a limited vision which does not fully capture the peculiar behaviour of soft matter under confinement and some exotic phenomena that are displayed. This volume will be organized in the following three main themes. Equilibration and physical aging: treating non-equilibrium via the formal methodology of statistical physics in bulk, we analyse physical origin of the non-equilibrium character of thin polymer. We then focus on the impact of nanoconfinement on the equilibration of glasses of soft matter (a process of tremendous technological interest, commonly known as physical aging), comparing the latest trends of polymers in experiments, simulations with those of low-molecular weight glass formers. Irreversible adsorption: the formation of stable adsorbed layers occurs at timescales much larger than the time necessary to equilibrate soft matter in bulk. Recent experimental evidence show a strong correlation between the behaviour of polymers under confinement and the presence of a layer irreversibly adsorbed onto the substrate. This correlation hints at the possibility to tailor the properties of ultrathin films by controlling the adsorption kinetics. The book reports physical aspects of irreversible chain adsorption, such as the dynamics, structure, morphology, and crystallization of adsorbed layers. Glass transition and material properties: this section of the book focuses on the spread of absolute values in materials properties of confined systems, when measured by different experimental and computation techniques and a new method to quantify the effects of confinement in thin films and nanocomposites independently on the investigation procedure will be presented.
Non-equilibrium Statistical Physics with Application to Disordered Systems
by Manuel Osvaldo CáceresThis textbook is the result of the enhancement of several courses on non-equilibrium statistics, stochastic processes, stochastic differential equations, anomalous diffusion and disorder. The target audience includes students of physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, and engineering at undergraduate and graduate level with a grasp of the basic elements of mathematics and physics of the fourth year of a typical undergraduate course. The little-known physical and mathematical concepts are described in sections and specific exercises throughout the text, as well as in appendices. Physical-mathematical motivation is the main driving force for the development of this text. It presents the academic topics of probability theory and stochastic processes as well as new educational aspects in the presentation of non-equilibrium statistical theory and stochastic differential equations.. In particular it discusses the problem of irreversibility in that context and the dynamics of Fokker-Planck. An introduction on fluctuations around metastable and unstable points are given. It also describes relaxation theory of non-stationary Markov periodic in time systems. The theory of finite and infinite transport in disordered networks, with a discussion of the issue of anomalous diffusion is introduced. Further, it provides the basis for establishing the relationship between quantum aspects of the theory of linear response and the calculation of diffusion coefficients in amorphous systems.
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (Lecture Notes in Physics #1007)
by Andrea Di VitaThe importance of thermodynamics, particularly its Second Principle, to all branches of science in which systems with very large numbers of particles are involved cannot be overstated. This book offers a panoramic view of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Perhaps the two most attractive aspects of thermodynamic equilibrium are its stability and its independence from the specifics of the particular system involved. Does an equivalent exist for non-equilibrium thermodynamics? Many researchers have tried to describe such stability in the same way that the Second Principle describes the stability of thermodynamic equilibrium - and failed. Most of them invoked either entropy, or its production rate, or some modified version of it. In their efforts, however, those researchers have found a lot of useful stability criteria for far-from-equilibrium states. These criteria usually take the form of variational principles, in terms of the minimization or maximization of some quantity. The aim of this book is to discuss these variational principles by highlighting the role of macroscopic quantities. This book is aimed at a wider audience than those most often exposed to the criteria described, i.e., undergraduates in STEM, as well as the usual interested and invested professionals.
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Superfluid Helium and Quantum Turbulence: The Richness of Non-Fourier Heat Transport (UNIPA Springer Series)
by David Jou Maria Stella Mongiovì Michele SciaccaThis book puts together non-equilibrium thermodynamics, heat transport properties of superfluid He II, and thermodynamic and dynamic aspects of quantum turbulence. A one-fluid extended model of superfluid helium, with heat flux as an additional independent variable, is presented and compared with the two-fluid model, to explore how both models complement each other. Important features arise in rotating situations and in superfluid turbulence, characterized by quantized vortices leading to strong nonlinearities between heat flux and temperature gradient. The dynamics of vortex lines and their interaction with heat dynamics, a central topic in superfluid turbulence, is dealt with by introducing the vortex line density as an independent variable and writing its dynamical equations, considering the transitions from laminar to turbulent flows and from diffusive to ballistic regimes. Classical and quantum turbulence are compared from a mesoscopic view and from their energy spectra. The work also explores some parallelisms of quantum vortex thermodynamics with cosmic string thermodynamics and black-hole thermodynamics, exhibiting duality connections amongst them. It emphasizes didactical views over specialistic details, and may be used as an introduction to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of superfluid helium and its heat transport properties (second sound, nonlocal transport, nonlinear connections with quantum turbulence). The book is useful to researchers in superfluid helium, in heat transport, and in thermodynamics of cosmic strings and black holes. The diversity and complexity of its several physical equations will be inspiring for researchers in mathematical physics.
Non-fibrillar Amyloidogenic Protein Assemblies - Common Cytotoxins Underlying Degenerative Diseases
by Gal Bitan Farid RahimiAmyloid-forming proteins are implicated in over 30 human diseases. The proteins involved in each disease have unrelated sequences and dissimilar native structures, but they all undergo conformational alterations to form fibrillar polymers. The fibrillar assemblies accumulate progressively into disease-specific lesions in vivo. Substantial evidence suggests these lesions are the end state of aberrant protein folding whereas the actual disease-causing culprits likely are soluble, non-fibrillar assemblies preceding the aggregates. The non-fibrillar protein assemblies range from small, low-order oligomers to spherical, annular, and protofibrillar species. Oligomeric species are believed to mediate various pathogenic mechanisms that lead to cellular dysfunction, cytotoxicity, and cell loss, eventuating in disease-specific degeneration and systemic morbidity. The particular pathologies thus are determined by the afflicted cell types, organs, systems, and the proteins involved. Evidence suggests that the oligomeric species may share structural features and possibly common mechanisms of action. In many cases, the structure-function interrelationships amongst the various protein assemblies described in vitro are still elusive. Deciphering these intricate structure-function correlations will help understanding a complex array of pathogenic mechanisms, some of which may be common across different diseases albeit affecting different cell types and systems.