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Objects to Learn about and Objects for Learning 2: Which Teaching Practices for Which Issues?
by Roselyne Le Bourgeois Joël Bisault Jean-François Thémines Mickaël Le Mentec Céline Chauvet-ChanoineResulting from a conference that took place in Amiens, France, in June 2019, this book examines the place and role of objects centered in teaching practices from kindergarten to university, both in the context of France and elsewhere. These “objects for learning” are considered in their physicality as productions, work or signs that are used for learning. They become “objects to learn about” when the object itself is the learning objective.This book offers a cross-disciplinary perspective, linking the different disciplinary fields studied and the many reference sources used by the authors. This two-volume work offers an overview of current research on the subject, with this second volume focusing on objects in representations of space and time, then on learners’ activities in the making or use of objects, before concluding with different cultural and philosophical perspectives on objects
Objects, Structures, and Logics: FilMat Studies in the Philosophy of Mathematics (Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science #339)
by Claudio Ternullo Gianluigi Oliveri Stefano BoscoloThis edited collection casts light on central issues within contemporary philosophy of mathematics such as the realism/anti-realism dispute; the relationship between logic and metaphysics; and the question of whether mathematics is a science of objects or structures.The discussions offered in the papers involve an in-depth investigation of, among other things, the notions of mathematical truth, proof, and grounding; and, often, a special emphasis is placed on considerations relating to mathematical practice. A distinguishing feature of the book is the multicultural nature of the community that has produced it. Philosophers, logicians, and mathematicians have all contributed high-quality articles which will prove valuable to researchers and students alike.
Objekte, die die Welt bedeuten: Carl Niessen und der Denkraum der Theaterwissenschaft (Szene & Horizont. Theaterwissenschaftliche Studien #4)
by Nora ProbstDas Buch widmet sich in wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Perspektive den Anfängen der Theaterwissenschaft in Köln. Es untersucht die Wissenschaftspraktiken des Kölner Institutsgründers Carl Niessen (1890–1969), der das Fach als Forscher, Dozent, Sammler und Kurator über einen Zeitraum von rund 40 Jahren geprägt hat. Besonderes Augenmerk legt diese erste wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Monografie über Niessen auf dessen erweitertes Theaterverständnis, das den Bogen von rituellen Handlungen und cultural performances bis hin zu den Phänomenen des europäischen Gegenwartstheaters spannte. – Ausgangspunkt der Studie ist das Gebäude des im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstörten Theatermuseums am Salierring in Köln. Durch das virtuelle Abschreiten der Museumsräume werden die durch Niessen initiierten Praktiken der frühen Theaterforschung und -lehre kartografiert und vor dem Hintergrund der Fachentwicklung analysiert.
Obra completa: Pack con: Sapiens | Homo Deus | 21 lecciones para el siglo XXI
by Yuval Noah HarariEste estuche es una oportunidad única para hacerse con la trilogía de Harari, el fenómeno global que ha cautivado a millones de lectores. Sapiens es un recorrido por nuestro pasado, Homo Deus, una mirada a nuestro futuro, 21 lecciones para el siglo XXI es una exploración de nuestro presente. El abrumador éxito de su trilogía ha convertido a Harari en la revelación incontestable de la literatura ensayística. Este estuche condensa su colosal obra, que proyecta la historia de la humanidad desde los albores del hombre y se aventura en nuestros días venideros, pasando por un lúcido análisis de nuestra actualidad. Un enfoque sin precedentes de la aventura humana. La crítica ha dicho...«El gran pensador de nuestra era.»The Times «Harari va más lejos que el propio Spinoza.»Teresa Giménez, El Cultural «Sapiens es un repaso absorbente de la peripecia humana.»Antonio Muñoz Molina, El País «Interesante y provocador.»Barack Obama «Homo Deus te impactará y te cautivará, pero sobre todo te hará pensar como nunca antes.»Daniel Kahneman, Premio Nobel de Economía «21 lecciones para el siglo XXI es un testimonio a su genialidad.»Moises Naim, The Washington Post
Observar las estrellas
by Grupo Astrófilo Lariano* Una verdadera guía del cielo, que se extiende (si es necesario) hasta el hemisferio austral, el más explorado en la actualidad. * Estrellas, nebulosas, galaxias, supernovas, estrellas variables y dobles, etc. Conozca las maravillas del universo no sólo por el hecho de haber leído su descripción, sino por haberlas visto con sus propios ojos, siguiendo las precisas indicaciones que encontrará en el texto y en los mapas. * El origen de las constelaciones: la historia de los más famosos grupos de estrellas * Los diversos objetos celestes: sus orígenes y características físicas. * Las características del cielo en las diversas estaciones del año. * Las constelaciones y los objetos visibles en los meses primaverales, veraniegos, otoñales, invernales y en los cielos australes. * Los alineamientos estelares: un instrumento indispensable para orientarse en el cielo. * Las fotos de los objetos celestes más espectaculares. Con tablas y datos para reconocerlos. * Un libro que amplía sus horizontes desde la Tierra hasta el infi nito, desde su ventana hasta los abismos del universo. El Grupo Astrófilo Lariano de Como, en Italia, recoge desde hace veinticinco años las observaciones de más de cien socios apasionados por la astronomía. Estas experiencias han llevado a la organización de innumerables encuentros de carácter divulgativo en escuelas, bibliotecas, círculos culturales y universidades. Además de la edición de un boletín, algunos de sus socios colaboran de forma periódica en revistas especializadas y periódicos. En Editorial De Vecchi ha publicado Curso de astronomía práctica, un manual que complementa cuanto se explica en este libro.
Observation and Control of Magnetic Order Dynamics by Terahertz Magnetic Nearfield (Springer Theses)
by Takayuki KuriharaThis book explicates the optical controls of antiferromagnetic spins by intense terahertz (THz) electromagnetic waves. The book comprises two key components: (1) the experimental demonstration of the enhancement of a THz magnetic field using a split-ring resonator (SRR) and (2) the control of the direction of magnetization by using the enhanced THz magnetic field to break the symmetry of optically-induced phase transition. These make up the first step leading to future spintronics devices.In the beginning of the book, the author reviews the basics of the ultrafast laser and nonlinear optical techniques as well as the previously achieved experiments to control spin dynamics by THz magnetic fields. In this context, a new experimental protocol is described, in which electron spins in a ferromagnetic material are redirected at the unprecedented level in cooperation with the enhanced THz magnetic field. Subsequently, the author demonstrates that the THz magnetic field is significantly amplified as a nearfield around the SRR structured metamaterial, which is implemented by measuring spin precession in a solid. At the end, the author presents the key experiment in which the amplified THz magnetic nearfield is applied to the weak ferromagnet ErFeO3 along with the femtosecond near-infrared pulse, demonstrating the successful control of symmetry breaking of the spin system due to coherent control of the optically-induced spin reorientation phase transition pathways. The comprehensive introductory review in this book allows readers to overview state-of-the-art terahertz spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the skillful description of the experiments is highly informative for readers in ultrafast magnonics, ultrafast optics, terahertz technology and plasmonic science.
Observation and Ecology: Broadening the Scope of Science to Understand a Complex World
by Rafe Sagarin Aníbal PauchardThe need to understand and address large-scale environmental problems that are difficult to study in controlled environments--issues ranging from climate change to overfishing to invasive species--is driving the field of ecology in new and important directions. Observation and Ecology documents that transformation, exploring how scientists and researchers are expanding their methodological toolbox to incorporate an array of new and reexamined observational approaches--from traditional ecological knowledge to animal-borne sensors to genomic and remote-sensing technologies--to track, study, and understand current environmental problems and their implications. The authors paint a clear picture of what observational approaches to ecology are and where they fit in the context of ecological science. They consider the full range of observational abilities we have available to us and explore the challenges and practical difficulties of using a primarily observational approach to achieve scientific understanding. They also show how observations can be a bridge from ecological science to education, environmental policy, and resource management. Observations in ecology can play a key role in understanding our changing planet and the consequences of human activities on ecological processes. This book will serve as an important resource for future scientists and conservation leaders who are seeking a more holistic and applicable approach to ecological science.
Observation and Experiment: An Introduction to Causal Inference
by Paul R. RosenbaumIn the face of conflicting claims about some treatments, behaviors, and policies, the question arises: What is the most scientifically rigorous way to draw conclusions about cause and effect in the study of humans? In this introduction to causal inference, Paul Rosenbaum explains key concepts and methods through real-world examples.
Observation and Theory in Science (Thalheimer Lectures)
by Ernest Sylvain NagelOriginally published in 1971. The three contributions collected in this volume deal with different aspects of a single theme—the logical status of scientific theories in their relation to observation. These lectures, authored by different thinkers, treat this theme in connection with some controversies in the philosophy of science. A nonspecialist who reads these lectures should realize that the theme itself is a perennial one with an ancient lineage. It has concerned philosophers from the earliest era of philosophy on down through the centuries. A central philosophical issue at stake in the lectures is the question of whether scientific theories are testable in terms of our observations such that we can know whether some theories are true and others false. Although differing in their emphases, all three contributors seek a more plausible and nonskeptical philosophical account of the status of scientific theories in relation to observation.
Observation of CP Violation in B± → DK± Decays
by Paolo GandiniCP violation is a well-established phenomenon in particle physics, but until 2001 it was only observed in kaons. In the last decade, several matter-antimatter asymmetries have been observed in neutral B mesons in line with the expectations of the Standard Model of the weak interaction. Direct CP violation is also expected in the decay rates of charged B+ mesons versus that of B- mesons, though the greatest effects are present in a decay that occurs just twice in 10 million decays. Such rarity requires huge samples to study and this is exactly what the LHC, and its dedicated B-physics experiment LHCb provide. This thesis presents an analysis of the first two years of LHCb data. The author describes the first observation of the rare decay, B- DK-, D π-K+ and the first observation of direct CP violation in this B decay. The work constitutes essential information on the experiment's measurement of a fundamental parameter of the theory and stands as a benchmark against which subsequent analyses of this type will be compared.
Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions
by Frank Flechtner Nico Sneeuw Wolf-Dieter SchuhSignificant advances in the scientific use of space based data were achieved in three joint interdisciplinary projects based on data of the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE within the R&D program GEOTECHNOLOGIEN. It was possible to explore and monitor changes related to the Earth's surface, the boundary layer between atmosphere and solid earth, and the oceans and ice shields. This boundary layer is our habitat and therefore is in the focus of our interests. The Earth's surface is subject to anthropogenetic changes, to changes driven by the Sun, Moon and planets, and by changes caused by processes in the Earth system. The state parameters and their changes are best monitored from space. The theme "Observation of the System Earth from Space" offers comprehensive insights into a broad range of research topics relevant to society including geodesy, oceanography, atmospheric science (from meteorology to climatology), hydrology and glaciology.
Observation of ν_μ ν_e Oscillation in the T2K Experiment
by Kei IekiIn this thesis theauthor contributes to the analysis of neutrino beam data collected between 2010and 2013 to identify ΝΜ⇒Νe events at the Super-Kamiokande detector. In particular,the author improves the pion-nucleus interaction uncertainty, which is one ofthe dominant systematic error sources in T2K neutrino oscillation measurement. In the thesis, the measurement of ΝΜ⇒Νe oscillation in the T2K (Tokai toKamioka) experiment is presented and a new constraint on ΔCP is obtained. Thismeasurement and the analysis establish, at greater than 5Σ significance, theobservation of ΝΜ⇒Νe oscillation for the first time in the world. Combiningthe T2K ΝΜ⇒Νe oscillation measurement with the latest findings on oscillationparameters including the world average value of &thΗ13 from reactor experiments,the constraint on the value of ΔCP at the 90% confidence level is obtained. This constraint on ΔCP is an important step towards the discovery of CPviolation in the lepton sector.
Observational Astronomy
by D. Scott Birney Guillermo Gonzalez David OesperThe long-awaited second edition of this well-received textbook gives a thorough introduction to observational astronomy. Starting with the basics of positional astronomy and systems of time, it continues with charts and catalogs covering both historically important publications and modern electronic databases. The book builds on a fundamental discussion of the basics of light and the effects of the atmosphere on astronomical observations. Chapters include discussions of optical telescopes, detectors, photometry, variable stars, astrometry, spectroscopy, and solar observations. This edition contains new discussions of measurements with CCDs and appendices give basic statistical methods, useful astronomical software and websites, and sources of accurate time-calibration signals. Observational Astronomy is the perfect textbook for upper level undergraduate or beginning graduate courses on astronomy. Examples based on real astronomical data are placed throughout the text. Each of the well-illustrated chapters is supported by a set of graduated problems and suggestions for further reading.
Observational Astrophysics
by Pierre Léna Stephen Lyle Daniel Rouan Didier Pelat François Lebrun François Mignard Laurent Mugnier,This is the updated, widely revised, restructured and expanded third edition of Léna et al.'s successful work Observational Astrophysics. It presents a synthesis on tools and methods of observational astrophysics of the early 21st century. Written specifically for astrophysicists and graduate students, this textbook focuses on fundamental and sometimes practical limitations on the ultimate performance that an astronomical system may reach, rather than presenting particular systems in detail. In little more than a decade there has been extraordinary progress in imaging and detection technologies, in the fields of adaptive optics, optical interferometry, in the sub-millimetre waveband, observation of neutrinos, discovery of exoplanets, to name but a few examples. The work deals with ground-based and space-based astronomy and their respective fields. And it also presents the ambitious concepts behind space missions aimed for the next decades. Avoiding particulars, it covers the whole of the electromagnetic spectrum, and provides an introduction to the new forms of astronomy becoming possible with gravitational waves and neutrinos. It also treats numerical aspects of observational astrophysics: signal processing, astronomical databases and virtual observatories.
Observational Constraints on the Influence of Active Galactic Nuclei on the Evolution of Galaxies
by Christopher Mark HarrisonThis prize-winning Ph. D. thesis by Chris Harrison adopts a multi-faceted approach to address the lack of decisive observational evidence, utilising large observational data sets from several world-leading telescopes. Developing several novel observational techniques, Harrison demonstrated that energetic winds driven by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are found in a large number of galaxies, with properties in agreement with model predictions. One of the key unsolved problems in astrophysics is understanding the influence of AGN, the sites of growing supermassive black holes, on the evolution of galaxies. Leading theoretical models predict that AGN drive energetic winds into galaxies, regulating the formation of stars. However, until now, we have lacked the decisive observational evidence to confirm or refute these key predictions. Careful selection of targets allowed Harrison, to reliably place these detailed observations into the context of the overall galaxy population. However, in disagreement with the model predictions, Harrison showed that AGN have little global effect on star formation in galaxies. Theoretical models are now left with the challenge of explaining these results.
Observational Imprints of Binary Evolution on B- and Be-star Populations (Springer Theses)
by Julia BodensteinerThis book presents novel observational evidence toward detecting and characterizing the products of massive, interacting binary stars. As a majority of massive stars are born in close binary systems, a large number of so-called massive binary interaction products are predicted to exist; however, few have been identified so far. Based on observations with the largest telescopes around the world, equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation, this book helps to remedy this situation. In her outstanding PhD-thesis Julia Bodensteiner identifies a new class of post-interaction binaries in a short-lived phase just briefly after the initially more massive star has been stripped of part of its envelope. She further provides new evidence for the Be phenomenon to largely result from binary interactions. These results represented a new and testable prediction for the evolution of these stars and opened up a new way forward for identifying hundreds of post-interaction products.Finally, using the MUSE integral field spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope in Chile, the author presents a novel spectroscopic campaign focusing on the 40 Myr-old star cluster NGC 330 in the Small Magellanic Clouds. Combined with photometric observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, the MUSE data allow to characterize the entire massive star population of NGC 330, revealing their multiplicity properties and rotational velocities and providing unique observational constraints on their (binary) evolution history. This is made possible by the developments of novel numerical methods allowing to extract star spectra from the MUSE integral field spectroscopic data and to characterize their properties by the simultaneous comparison of MUSE spectroscopy and Hubble photometry with atmospheric models.This book is a partly re-written version of the author's thesis offering a highly readable coherent text presenting not only new insights into the properties of binary interaction products but also giving students an excellent introduction into the field.
Observational Molecular Astronomy: Exploring the Universe Using Molecular Line Emissions
by David A. Williams Serena VitiMolecular line emissions offer researchers exciting opportunities to learn about the evolutionary state of the Milky Way and distant galaxies. This text provides a detailed introduction to molecular astrophysics and an array of useful techniques for observing astronomical phenomena at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths. After discussing the theoretical underpinnings of molecular observation, the authors catalogue suitable molecular tracers for many types of astronomical regions in local and distant parts of the Universe, including cold gas reservoirs primed for the formation of new stars, regions of active star formation, giant photon-dominated regions and near active galactic nuclei. Further chapters demonstrate how to obtain useful astronomical information from raw telescope data while providing recommendations for appropriate observing strategies. Replete with maps, charts and references for further reading, this handbook will suit research astronomers and graduate students interested in broadening their skill to take advantage of the new facilities now coming online.
Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges (Springer Theses)
by Yuuki WadaThis book presents the first simultaneous detection of neutrons and positrons after a terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF), a highest-energy transient phenomenon on the earth, triggered by a lightning discharge, based on innovative ground-based observations made in the Hokuriku area of Japan. TGFs, known to be produced by lightning discharges since the 1990s, has been theoretically predicted to react with atmospheric nuclei via photonuclear reactions because they comprise high-energy photons of more than 10 MeV, but such photonuclear reactions by lightning discharges, which produce neutrons and unstable isotopes emitting positrons, were not observationally confirmed. The reactions and propagations of their products in the atmosphere are modeled with Monte Carlo simulations to quantitatively evaluate observations of TGFs, neutrons, and positrons at ground level. The successful comparison between observation and simulation is presented, and demonstrates that lightning discharges to trigger photonuclear reactions and to even produce isotopes in the atmosphere.
Observational and Theoretical Studies on Dwarf-nova Outbursts (Springer Theses)
by Mariko KimuraAccretion disks are ubiquitous in our universe, and produce intense brightening. How does the gas in the disk lose its angular momentum to release massive amounts of gravitational energy? This is one of the biggest open questions in astronomy. This book studies four types of newly detected outbursts in dwarf novae through optical observations and/or numerical simulations and puts forward physical interpretations of these outbursts on the basis of the disk instability model, the most plausible model for dwarf-nova outbursts. It demonstrates that the disk-instability model can explain rich variety in dwarf-nova outbursts if some new aspects are taken into account (e.g. the extremely slow growth of tidal instability and thermal instability in the disk misaligned against the binary orbital plane). Moreover, it shares valuable insights on the evolution of binary systems by finding period bouncers and dwarf novae with F-type companion stars, which are rare objects.
Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 1999 Federal Science and Technology Budget
by Committee on Science Engineering Public PolicyA report on Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 1999 Federal Science and Technology Budget
Observatories and Telescopes of Modern Times
by David LeveringtonThis volume gives an historical overview of the development of professional optical and radio observatories from 1945 to today. It covers the environment in which these facilities were developed by organisations in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, often led by larger-than-life individuals, as well as exploring the financial and political factors that both constrained and encouraged progress. As ever more expensive optical facilities were built, they exploited new technologies to significantly improve their performance: CCDs, active and adaptive optics, and spun honeycomb and segmented mirrors. The second half of this volume turns to the parallel history of radio astronomy facilities throughout the world, finishing with the ALMA observatory in Chile. This is the ground-based companion to the author's previous work on space astronomy, New Cosmic Horizons (2001). It is written for both technical and non-technical readers interested in the modern history of astronomy and its observational facilities.
Observer Design for Control and Fault Diagnosis of Boolean Networks
by Zhihua ZhangBoolean control networks (BCNs) are a kind of parameter-free model, which can be used to approximate the qualitative behavior of biological systems. After converting into a model similar to the standard discrete-time state-space model, control-theoretic problems of BCNs can be studied. In control theory, state observers can provide state estimation for any other applications. Reconstructibility condition is necessary for the existence of state observers. In this thesis explicit and recursive methods have been developed for reconstructibility analysis. Then, an approach to design Luenberger-like observer has been proposed, which works in a two-step process (i.e. predict and update). If a BCN is reconstructible, then an accurate state estimate can be provided by the observer no later than the minimal reconstructibility index. For a wide range of applications the approach has been extended to enable design of unknown input observer, distributed observers and reduced-order observer. The performance of the observers has been evaluated thoroughly. Furthermore, methods for output tracking control and fault diagnosis of BCNs have been developed. Finally, the developed schemes are tested with numerical examples.
Observer Design for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Differential Geometric Methods (Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences #487)
by Gang Zheng Driss BoutatThis book presents a differential geometric method for designing nonlinear observers for multiple types of nonlinear systems, including single and multiple outputs, fully and partially observable systems, and regular and singular dynamical systems. It is an exposition of achievements in nonlinear observer normal forms. The book begins by discussing linear systems, introducing the concept of observability and observer design, and then explains the difficulty of those problems for nonlinear systems. After providing foundational information on the differential geometric method, the text shows how to use the method to address observer design problems. It presents methods for a variety of systems. The authors employ worked examples to illustrate the ideas presented. Observer Design for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems will be of interest to researchers, graduate students, and industrial professionals working with control of mechanical and dynamical systems.
Observer Design for Nonlinear Systems (Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences #479)
by Pauline BernardObserver Design for Nonlinear Systems deals with the design of observers for the large class of nonlinear continuous-time models. It contains a unified overview of a broad range of general designs, including the most recent results and their proofs, such as the homogeneous and nonlinear Luenberger design techniques. The book starts from the observation that most observer designs consist in looking for a reversible change of coordinates transforming the expression of the system dynamics into some specific structures, called normal forms, for which an observer is known. Therefore, the problem of observer design is broken down into three sub-problems: • What are the available normal forms and their associated observers?• Under which conditions can a system be transformed into one of these forms and through which transformation? • How can an inverse transformation that recovers an estimate in the given initial coordinates be achieved? This organisation allows the book to structure results within a united framework, highlighting the importance of the choice of the observer coordinates for nonlinear systems. In particular, the first part covers state-affine forms with their Luenberger or Kalman designs, and triangular forms with their homogeneous high-gain designs. The second part addresses the transformation into linear forms through linearization by output injection or in the context of a nonlinear Luenberger design, and into triangular forms under the well-known uniform and differential observability assumptions. Finally, the third part presents some recently developed methods for avoiding the numerically challenging inversion of the transformation. Observer Design for Nonlinear Systems addresses students and researchers looking for an introduction to or an overview of the state of the art in observer design for nonlinear continuous-time dynamical systems. The book gathers the most important results focusing on a large and diffuse literature on general observer designs with global convergence, and is a valuable source of information for academics and practitioners.
Observer Performance Methods for Diagnostic Imaging: Foundations, Modeling, and Applications with R-Based Examples (Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy)
by Dev P. Chakraborty"This book presents the technology evaluation methodology from the point of view of radiological physics and contrasts the purely physical evaluation of image quality with the determination of diagnostic outcome through the study of observer performance. The reader is taken through the arguments with concrete examples illustrated by code in R, an open source statistical language." – from the Foreword by Prof. Harold L. Kundel, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania "This book will benefit individuals interested in observer performance evaluations in diagnostic medical imaging and provide additional insights to those that have worked in the field for many years."– Prof. Gary T. Barnes, Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham This book provides a complete introductory overview of this growing field and its applications in medical imaging, utilizing worked examples and exercises to demystify statistics for readers of any background. It includes a tutorial on the use of the open source, widely used R software, as well as basic statistical background, before addressing localization tasks common in medical imaging. The coverage includes a discussion of study design basics and the use of the techniques in imaging system optimization, memory effects in clinical interpretations, predictions of clinical task performance, alternatives to ROC analysis, and non-medical applications. Dev P. Chakraborty, PhD, is a clinical diagnostic imaging physicist, certified by the American Board of Radiology in Diagnostic Radiological Physics and Medical Nuclear Physics. He has held faculty positions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Pennsylvania, and most recently at the University of Pittsburgh.