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Mainstreaming Gender in Global Climate Governance: Women and Gender Constituency in the UNFCCC (Routledge Studies in Gender and Environments)
by Joanna FlavellThis book explores the role of feminist activists in The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and highlights the progress they have made in mainstreaming gender as a key issue in global climate governance. It is now commonplace for gender to be framed as a political issue in global climate politics within academic scholarship, but there is typically a lack of robust empirical analysis of existing advocacy approaches. Filling this lacuna, Joanna Flavell interrogates the political strategies of the Women and Gender Constituency (WGC) in the UNFCCC (The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Through a conceptual framework that integrates climate change with intersectional critical inquiry and political practice, Flavell analyses hundreds of historical documents, coupled with interviews and observations from two UNFCCC conferences. This research uncovers a so-far untold story about the history of the UNFCCC that foregrounds gender and feminist advocacy, highlighting the importance of the WGC in shaping dominant narratives of global climate governance through a series of rhetorical and procedural strategies. Overall, the book draws important conclusions around power in global climate governance and opens up new avenues for advancing a feminist green politics. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental justice, climate politics and governance, environmental activism, and gender studies more broadly.
Mainstreaming Gender in Local Government: A Review of Political Decision-Making in the City of Cape Town and Mangaung Metropolitan Municipalities
by Juliet JosephThis book investigates the implementation of gender mainstreaming legislation and policies in South Africa, focusing on their impact on women’s empowerment in terms of representation, participation, and influence in municipal government. The objective is to understand why women remain underrepresented in leadership roles and decision-making at the district level of municipal governance. Emphasizing how municipal councils incorporate gender mainstreaming into their decision-making processes and the resulting impact, the author focuses on understanding the developments that advance municipal governments toward equitable governance and how decision-making has evolved. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in gender studies, African studies, postcolonial feminist theory, and politics, as well as policy-makers and government representatives.
Mainstreaming Gender, Democratizing the State: Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women
by Shirin Rai"Mainstreaming Gender, Democratizing the State" reflects the commitment of the United Nations to promote mechanisms that aim to achieve equality between women and men. It identifies institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women including national machineries as one of twelve critical areas of concern. National machineries are the primary institutional mechanism entrusted with the implementation of the strategic objectives contained in the goals for equity set by the United Nations. The mandate of these national institutions has evolved from promoting women-specific projects to ensuring that equality concerns are integrated into all government legislation, policy, programs, and budgetary processes. National machineries face serious constraints in fulfilling their mandate including; inadequate financial and human resources, relatively powerless locations within government structures, and insufficient linkage with civil societies. This volume illustrates that the ability of UN-member states to subscribe to the agenda of equality between women and men has been significantly enhanced by the creation of these national-level institutions. National machineries for the advancement of women were initially conceived at the World Conference on the International Women's Year held in Mexico City in 1975 and since then have been considered systematically by world conferences on women in Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985), and Beijing (1995), as well as the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women. The twenty-third special session of the General Assembly in Beijing reiterated the significant role that national machineries play in promoting equality between women and men, gender mainstreaming, and monitoring of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action as well as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. There has been a long-standing need for a volume to bring together discussions on theory and practice as well as comparative analysis and in-depth case studies of national machineries; this book responds to that need.
Mainstreaming Midwives: The Politics of Change
by Robbie Davis-Floyd Christine Barbara JohnsonProviding insights into midwifery, a team of reputable contributors describe the development of nurse- and direct-entry midwifery in the United States, including the creation of two new direct-entry certifications, the Certified Midwife and the Certified Professional Midwife, and examine the history, purposes, complexities, and the political strife that has characterized the evolution of midwifery in America.Including detailed case studies, the book looks at the efforts of direct-entry midwives to achieve legalization and licensure in seven states: New York, Florida, Michigan, Iowa, Virginia, Colorado, and Massachusetts with varying degrees of success.
Mainstreaming Porn: Sexual Integrity and the Law Online
by Elaine CraigThe ubiquity of streaming sites such as Pornhub has transformed the social role of sexually explicit content today. Online porn is no longer a shady corner of the internet; it is mainstream. Its production, commodification, and consumption on data-driven online platforms has changed – and is changing – our personal relationships, social and legal systems, and sexual norms.Online porn platforms are shaping sexual desires and practices in the same way that Google and Facebook have affected social relationships and the circulation of information: porn is now consumed on data-driven platforms with algorithms designed to engage the attention of users, encourage the production of user-generated videos, and filter content. Through frank examination of mainstream content with themes of incest, intoxication, and so-called consensual rough sex, issues that play out in life and in court, Elaine Craig shows how the platformization of mainstream pornography is shaping our sexual culture in real time. Mainstreaming Porn maps a complicated web of legal culture and legal actors, from corporate lawyers and platform content regulation to the criminal, civil, and administrative contexts in which porn companies operate and the legal interpretation of sexual assault defences. All have profound implications for the promotion and protection of everyone’s sexual integrity, and especially that of women and girls.Mainstreaming Porn is an unflinching, carefully balanced perspective on a divisive topic. Without demonizing pornography or its consumption, Craig makes a powerful argument for applying legal mechanisms to corporate-owned online platforms while offering a sober evaluation of the limits of the law in governing pervasive cultural norms and social understandings of sexuality.
Mainstreaming and Game Journalism (Playful Thinking)
by David B. Nieborg Maxwell FoxmanWhy games are still niche and not mainstream, and how journalism can help them gain cultural credibility.Mainstreaming and Game Journalism addresses both the history and current practice of game journalism, along with the roles writers and industry play in conveying that the medium is a &“mainstream&” form of entertainment. Through interviews with reporters, David B. Nieborg and Maxwell Foxman retrace how the game industry and journalists started a subcultural spiral in the 1980s that continues to this day. Digital play became increasingly exclusionary by appealing to niche audiences, relying on hardcore fans and favoring the male gamer stereotype. At the same time, this culture pushed journalists to the margins, leaving them toiling to find freelance gigs and deeply ambivalent about their profession.Mainstreaming and Game Journalism also examines the bumpy process of what we think of as &“mainstreaming.&” The authors argue that it encompasses three overlapping factors. First, for games to become mainstream, they need to become more ubiquitous through broader media coverage. Second, an increase in ludic literacy, or how-to play games, determines whether that greater visibility translates into accessibility. Third, the mainstreaming of games must gain cultural legitimacy. The fact that games are more visible does little if only a few people take them seriously or deem them worthy of attention. Ultimately, Mainstreaming and Game Journalism provocatively questions whether games ever will—or even should—gain widespread cultural acceptance.
Mainstreaming or Maintaining: Ethnic Minorities and Their Education in Southwest China
by Wei WangThe book explores how ethnic minority culture is integrated into school practices inside and outside classrooms in Southwest China.The author investigates the challenges in teaching and administration teachers have encountered in Chinese ethnic minority regions, specifically problems faced by teachers in ethnic Dai and ethnic Tujia; and how pre-service teachers are trained in current teacher education programmes in ethnic minority regions. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of multicultural education and internal orientalism, the author contextualises multicultural education by analysing Chinese academic debates on the subject as well as investigating how political, social and cultural forces influence education for ethnic minorities in Southwest China.The book will appeal to scholars and graduate students in the fields of education, cultural studies, China studies and ethnic studies.
Mainstreaming the Marginalised: Fresh Perspectives on India’s Tribal Story
by Seemita MohantyThis book offers a comprehensive view of the relationship between the Indian tribes and the mainstream. It covers key topics such as health, education, development, livelihood, disability, and culture, and presents new insights by focusing on the perspective of the 21st-century tribal youth of the country. The volume explores inclusive education for scheduled tribes children; mainstreaming tribal children; mental health and superstition; ageing and morbidity and psychological distress among elderly tribal population; empowerment via handicraft; livelihoods via non-timber forest produce; the Forest Right Act; the tribal sub-plan approach; tribal cuisine and issues of food; identity; myths and feminism. The book combines fresh research viewpoints with ideas on implementable solutions that would facilitate a more inclusive development for one of the most marginalized communities while highlighting critical issues and concerns. An important intervention, this book will be useful to scholars and researchers of tribal studies, sociology, rural sociology, development studies, social anthropology, political sociology, politics, ethnic studies, sociolinguistics, education, and public policy and administration.
Mainstreaming the Tribal Areas (ex-FATA) of Pakistan Bordering Afghanistan: Challenges and Prospects
by Asghar KhanThe book addresses why the Pakistani state is facing persistent challenges in extending and consolidating its governance (authority) throughout its territories, especially in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (ex-FATA)? Even after the de jure merger, the question still remains valid that how Pakistani state could establish its governance in these tribal areas? Through multi-dimensional approaches and multi-pronged analysis of state-centric (top-down), society-centric (bottom-up) and state-in-society (mixed-horizontal) approaches, the book explains factors and dimensions that pose challenges to Pakistani state governance in ex-FATA. The main hypothesis is that societies, where state governance is absent, turn to informal governance and create informal institutions as a substitute for the weak central state governance thereby challenging the domination and control/authority of the state. The book presents policy recommendations for bringing these tribal areas into the mainstream governance system of Pakistan.
Mainstreaming versus Alienation: A Complexity Approach to the Governance of Migration and Diversity (Global Diversities)
by Peter ScholtenThis book explores the role of complexity in the governance of migration and diversity. Current policy processes often fail to adequately capture complexity, favouring ‘quick fix’ approaches to regulation and integration that result in various forms of alienation: problem alienation, institutional alienation, political alienation and social alienation. Scholten draws on literature from gender and environmental governance to develop ‘mainstreaming’, an approach that reframes migration as a contingent and emergent process made up of complex actor networks, rather than a one-size-fits-all policy model. By ensuring actors understand and respond to complexity, migration research can contribute to reflexivity in policy processes, help to promote mainstreaming, and prevent alienation. The result will be of interest to students and scholars of migration and governance studies, with a focus on policymaking and integration.
Maintaining the Momentum of Beijing: The Contribution of African Gender NGOs (Routledge Revivals)
by Margaret Grieco Nana Araba Apt Naana Agyemang-MensahFirst published in 1998, this volume collates essays from the perspectives of African women, this volume presents us with equality and access rights faced by African women. Whilst discussing the potential of harnessing advances in information and communication technology to support the participation and recognition of women in development policies in Africa.
Maintenance and Philosophy of Technology: Keeping Things Going (Routledge Studies in Contemporary Philosophy)
by Mark Coeckelbergh Mark Thomas YoungWhat can we learn about the nature of technology by studying practices of maintenance and repair? This volume addresses this question by bringing together scholarship from philosophers of technology working at the forefront of this emerging and exciting topic.The chapters in this volume explore how attending to maintenance and repair can challenge and complement existing ways of thinking about technology focused on use and design and introduce new philosophical perspectives on the relationship between technology, time and human practice. They examine the significance of maintenance and repair practices at different scales in relation to a diverse range of philosophical traditions and a wide variety of technologies, from urban infrastructure such as bridges and buildings to data technologies such as servers and software systems. Together, the contributions highlight common themes in the philosophical study of maintenance, including the role of skill, the significance of social values and the potential of these practices to transform the technologies to which they are applied. By reflecting on the different ways in which we keep technologies going, from the devices we use in our homes to the large technical systems which surround us, this volume reveals the philosophical significance of practices of maintenance, not only as a source of new insights but also as a resource for enriching our understanding of a variety of existing topics in philosophy.Maintenance and Philosophy of Technology will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of technology, philosophy of engineering and science & technology studies.Chapter 9 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Mainz and the Middle Rhine Valley: Medieval Art, Architecture and Archaeology (The British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions)
by Ute EngelThis book explores the medieval art, architecture, and archaeology of the city of Mainz and of the middle Rhine valley. It considers the architecture and archaeology of the early medieval and Romanesque period, including the Carolingian monastery of Lorsch and the cathedrals of Mainz and Worms.
Maithil Women's Tales: Storytelling on the Nepal-India Border
by Coralynn V. DavisConstrained by traditions restricting their movements and speech, the Maithil women of Nepal and India have long explored individual and collective life experiences by sharing stories with one another. Sometimes fantastical, sometimes including a kind of magical realism, these tales allow women to build community through a deeply personal and always evolving storytelling form. In Maithil Women's Tales, Coralynn V. Davis examines how these storytellers weave together their own life experiences--the hardships and the pleasures--with age-old themes. In so doing, Davis demonstrates, they harness folk traditions to grapple personally as well as collectively with social values, behavioral mores, relationships, and cosmological questions. Each chapter includes stories and excerpts that reveal Maithil women's gift for rich language, layered plots, and stunning allegory. In addition, Davis provides ethnographic and personal information that reveal the complexity of women's own lives, and includes works painted by Maithil storytellers to illustrate their tales. The result is a fascinating study of being and becoming that will resonate for readers in women's and Hindu studies, folklore, and anthropology.
Maize Cobs and Cultures: History of Zea mays L.
by John StallerOur perceptions and conceptions regarding the roles and importance of maize to ancient economies is largely a product of scientific research on the plant itself, developed for the most part out of botanical research, and its recent role as one of the most important economic staples in the world. Anthropological research in the early part of the last century based largely upon the historical particularistic approach of the Boasian tradition provided the first evidence that challenged the assumptions about the economic importance of maize to sociocultural developments for scholars of prehistory. Subsequent ethnobotanic and archaeological studies showed that the role of maize among Native American cultures was much more complex than just as a food staple. In Maize Cobs and Cultures, John Staller provides a survey of the ethnohistory and the scientific, botanical and biological research of maize, complemented by reviews on the ethnobotanic, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary methodologies.
Maize for the Gods
by Michael BlakeMaize is the world's most productive food and industrial crop, grown in more than 160 countries and on every continent except Antarctica. If by some catastrophe maize were to disappear from our food supply chain, vast numbers of people would starve and global economies would rapidly collapse. How did we come to be so dependent on this one plant?Maize for the Gods brings together new research by archaeologists, archaeobotanists, plant geneticists, and a host of other specialists to explore the complex ways that this single plant and the peoples who domesticated it came to be inextricably entangled with one another over the past nine millennia. Tracing maize from its first appearance and domestication in ancient campsites and settlements in Mexico to its intercontinental journey through most of North and South America, this history also tells the story of the artistic creativity, technological prowess, and social, political, and economic resilience of America's first peoples.
Major Archaeological Discoveries Along the Chinese Silk Road (Silk Road Research Series)
by Xiao LiThe book explores largely overlooked areas of Silk Road studies by searching for multidisciplinary evidence on the connotations of Silk Road culture and by rewriting social complexities along the Silk Road in different historical periods. It investigates the impacts of conflicts and communication between Silk Road civilizations, presents the latest archaeological discoveries and research findings in the field of Silk Road studies, and develops a new Silk Road archaeological system. By doing so, it defines a new direction for Silk Road archaeological studies.
Major Concepts in Spanish Feminist Theory (SUNY series in Latin American and Iberian Thought and Culture)
by Roberta JohnsonMajor Concepts in Spanish Feminist Theory is the first book in English to offer a substantial overview of Spanish feminist thought. It focuses on six concepts—solitude, personality, social class, work, difference, and equality—and distinguishes Spanish feminist theory from that of other countries. Roberta Johnson employs a chronological format to highlight continuity and polemics in Spanish feminist thinking from the eighteenth century to the present. She brings together arguments from well-known names such as Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Concepción Arenal, Emilia Pardo Bazán, María Martínez Sierra, Carmen de Burgos, and Carmen Laforet, as well as less familiar figures such as the Countess Campo Alange María Laffitte and Lilí Álvarez, who defied restrictions on feminist activity during the Franco dictatorship to publish feminist books. The topics of difference and equality are explored, and the book recounts the long tension between theorists of each persuasion—a tension that erupted publicly during Spain's democratic era. Each theorist's arguments are laid out in straightforward, non-jargonistic prose, making this book a useful classroom tool for courses on Spanish women writers, Spanish culture, and cross-cultural feminist studies.
Major Conflict: One Gay Man's Life in the Don't-ask-don't-tell Military
by Jeffrey McgowanA book that will move hearts and open minds, Jeffrey McGowan's memoir is the first personal account of a gay man's silent struggle in the don't-ask-don't-tell military, from a cadet who rose to the rank of major, left as a decorated Persian Gulf hero, and whose same-sex marriage was the first on the East Coast. Love of country and personal love combine in this groundbreaking memoir of one gay man's life in the military--and beyond. In Major Conflict, Queens-born Jeffrey McGowan tells how he enlisted in the army in the late 1980s and served with distinction for ten years. But McGowan had a secret: he was gay. In the don't-ask-don't-tell world of the Clinton-era army, being gay meant automatic expulsion. So, at the expense of his personal life and dignity, he hid his sexual identity and continued to serve the army well. Major Conflict is a moving account of his years in the military, the homophobia he encountered there, and his life afterward. McGowan presents a vivid portrait of his experience as a soldier in the Persian Gulf, where he commanded U.S. troops in Operation Desert Storm, eventually rising to the rank of major. Ultimately, however, he realized that the army held no future for gay men--even closeted ones. Desiring more of a personal life and tired of hiding his true identity, McGowan resigned from the Army he loved in 1998. In February 2004, he married his partner of six years in New Paltz, New York, making front-page news in the New York Times.
Major French Cities facing Metropolization
by Alain BourdinThis book characterizes a type of city, i.e. the metropolis, by using characteristics which have very little to do with its size. It distinguishes between metropolises and megacities and defines these different characteristics by bringing together elements related to facilities, accessibility and economic power on one hand and other elements which relate more to the capacity for innovation and, more generally, to the knowledge society and economy. All of which demonstrate the process of metropolization, as well as elements of daily life and, more generally, elements which relate to the urban experience. To live in a metropolis is not only to benefit from more urban amenities, but also to live in a different way, in particular, in a world which is much more diverse in every respect. Based on a series of metropolization criteria constructed and discussed, this book goes beyond ordinary statistical approaches to integrate the interterritorial scale of metropolitan systems as well as their qualitative dimension. Following in Simmel's footsteps, it shows that a city is also an atmosphere, a mentality, a spirit, all of which are poorly captured by statistical data. As such, the book focuses on five major themes: networks, economic development, social issues, urban form and the ecological and digital transition. The books makes an interesting read for urban planners, sociologists, planners and architects, and all specialists working in this field.
Major General George Crook’s Use Of Counterinsurgency Compound Warfare During The Great Sioux War Of 1876-77
by Major Wesley M. PirkleThis thesis will analyze Major General George Crook's performance during the Sioux War of 1876-77 and attempt to answer whether or not Crook successfully fought the Native Americans by effectively implementing the concept of counterinsurgency compound warfare. Counterinsurgency Compound Warfare is the simultaneous use of a regular or conventional force and an irregular, indigenous force in unison against a common enemy. A highly skilled conventional force fighting an insurgency will often face significant cultural, ethnic, linguistic and physical challenges. An irregular, indigenous force can meet many of these challenges by working in concert with the conventional force. Major General George Crook sought to utilize Indian allies outside their traditional roles as scouts and utilized his forces in mutually supporting roles within each force's means and capabilities. The efficacy of an indigenous, irregular force is not only military in nature but, when used appropriately and honestly, this force serves as a vehicle of influence with native populations. The mutually supporting nature of this relationship enhances the strengths of both forces while limiting their inherent weaknesses. This thesis will attempt to explain how Crook was successful when he faced ethnic divisions, interagency rivalry and political hindrances while displaying adaptability as a leader and the ability to continue to learn while fighting a difficult counterinsurgency war.
Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History
by Jon GjerdeThis unique volume explores such themes as the political and economic forces that cause immigration; the alienation and uprootedness that often follow relocation; and the difficult questions of citizenship and assimilation.
Major Problems in American Urban and Suburban History: Documents and Essays (Major Problems in American History Series)
by Howard P. Chudacoff Peter C. BaldwinThis volume offers an examination of the nation's urban development and reflects the city's pivotal role in the unfolding of American history. The Second Edition has been significantly revised to include more than 75% new content and a greater emphasis on suburbanization and historically marginalized groups. Chapters included in this edition focus on the lower classes and class relations and conditions; the evolution of technology; race relations and redevelopment in the postwar era; and significant changes in urbanization. In order to address the current urban climate, the final chapter focuses on violence and the search for security in a post-September 11th America.
Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present
by Lloyd RidgeonThis work seeks to answer questions about the great religious traditions in the contemporary age. It focuses upon those religions that continue to demand the attention of the Western world. Following an introduction on the philosophy of religion, attention is focused on Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are religions that have had (and probably continue to have) the greatest number of followers in Western society. In addition to the lasting impact that religion has had in society, we are witnesses to the development of secularism on the one hand and the revival of religious sentiment on the other, thus chapters on modernity, postmodernism, and 'fundamentalism' have also been included. The distinctive feature of the book is its modern feel. Each chapter brings the reader up-to-date with recent developments and commentaries upon recent religious thought, theology and religious-political movements. Moreover, the length of the chapters permits a detailed analysis which is so often lacking in books on world religions.
Major and Serious Crime Investigations (The Professional Policing Curriculum in Practice)
by Richard Carr Colin DaviesThis text explores the concept of major and serious crime investigations as it takes the reader through the fundamental elements of investigative theory and practice that are relevant to this area of criminality.Unlike other texts that concentrate on either bespoke areas of criminality such as homicide, terrorism or tends in concepts such as county lines, this book recognises that the reader will be new to investigative study with little practitioner experience to anchor their learning. By using the latest evidence-based policing knowledge and critical thinking, it explores the concepts of major and serious crime, detailing key areas of legislation and how investigative strategies and decision making can influence successful outcomes. Other topics examined in this text is the key areas of risk for major and serious crime investigations, the impact on investigators, the concept of disclosure, investigative interviewing and how civil orders, designed to tackle this type of criminality can provide a successful alternative to prosecution.Both students and practitioners can find this book useful with this book's contemporary approach of using case studies and contemporary investigative examples relevant to the topic. This book brings together academic theory and operational understanding of major and serious crime that provides learners with an easy to follow guide that they can keep returning to throughout their career.