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Algorithms of Education: How Datafication and Artificial Intelligence Shape Policy
by Kalervo N. Gulson Sam Sellar P. Taylor WebbA critique of what lies behind the use of data in contemporary education policy While the science fiction tales of artificial intelligence eclipsing humanity are still very much fantasies, in Algorithms of Education the authors tell real stories of how algorithms and machines are transforming education governance, providing a fascinating discussion and critique of data and its role in education policy.Algorithms of Education explores how, for policy makers, today&’s ever-growing amount of data creates the illusion of greater control over the educational futures of students and the work of school leaders and teachers. In fact, the increased datafication of education, the authors argue, offers less and less control, as algorithms and artificial intelligence further abstract the educational experience and distance policy makers from teaching and learning. Focusing on the changing conditions for education policy and governance, Algorithms of Education proposes that schools and governments are increasingly turning to &“synthetic governance&”—a governance where what is human and machine becomes less clear—as a strategy for optimizing education.Exploring case studies of data infrastructures, facial recognition, and the growing use of data science in education, Algorithms of Education draws on a wide variety of fields—from critical theory and media studies to science and technology studies and education policy studies—mapping the political and methodological directions for engaging with datafication and artificial intelligence in education governance. According to the authors, we must go beyond the debates that separate humans and machines in order to develop new strategies for, and a new politics of, education.
Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism
by Safiya Umoja NobleA revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms Run a Google search for “black girls”—what will you find? “Big Booty” and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in “white girls,” the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about “why black women are so sassy” or “why black women are so angry” presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society.In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color.Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance—operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond—understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance.An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.
Algorithms To Live By: What Computers Can Teach Us About Solving Human Problems
by Brian Christian Tom GriffithsA fascinating exploration of how insights from computer algorithms can be applied to our everyday lives, helping to solve common decision-making problems and illuminate the workings of the human mind All our lives are constrained by limited space and time, limits that give rise to a particular set of problems. What should we do, or leave undone, in a day or a lifetime? How much messiness should we accept? What balance of new activities and familiar favorites is the most fulfilling? These may seem like uniquely human quandaries, but they are not: computers, too, face the same constraints, so computer scientists have been grappling with their version of such issues for decades. And the solutions they've found have much to teach us. In a dazzlingly interdisciplinary work, acclaimed author Brian Christian and cognitive scientist Tom Griffiths show how the algorithms used by computers can also untangle very human questions. They explain how to have better hunches and when to leave things to chance, how to deal with overwhelming choices and how best to connect with others. From finding a spouse to finding a parking spot, from organizing one's inbox to understanding the workings of memory, Algorithms to Live By transforms the wisdom of computer science into strategies for human living.
Alice in Pornoland: Hardcore Encounters with the Victorian Gothic (Feminist Media Studies #21)
by Laura Helen MarksThe unquenchable thirst of Dracula. The animal lust of Mr. Hyde. The acquiescence of Lewis Carroll's Alice. Victorian literature--with its overtones of prudishness, respectability, and Old World hypocrisy--belies a subverted eroticism. The Victorian Gothic is monstrous but restrained, repressed but perverse, static but transformative, and preoccupied by gender and sexuality in both regressive and progressive ways. Laura Helen Marks investigates the contradictions and seesawing gender dynamics in Victorian-inspired adult films and looks at why pornographers persist in drawing substance and meaning from the era's Gothic tales. She focuses on the particular Victorianness that pornography prefers, and the mythologies of the Victorian era that fuel today's pornographic fantasies. In turn, she exposes what porning the Victorians shows us about pornography as a genre. A bold foray into theory and other forbidden places, Alice in Pornoland reveals how modern-day Victorian Gothic pornography constantly emphasizes, navigates, transgresses, and renegotiates issues of gender, sexuality, and race.
The Alien Communication Handbook: So We Received a Signal—Now What? (Astronomers' Universe)
by Brian S. McConnellScientists have been searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations since Frank Drake’s first radio survey in 1960. But what would actually happen if SETI’s search succeeds? Is there any way we could even make sense of the signal we receive? Written by an expert in communication systems and translation technology, this book explores the science of interstellar communication. It explains how this process may unfold, how an ET communication link would work, the types of information it could convey and how professionals, amateurs and ordinary people like you would participate in the effort to understand what another civilization has to say. Along the way, the book introduces readers to many aspects of modern-day communication systems and computing. Featured as well are dozens of illustrations, photos and real-world examples, rounding out this compelling foray into the mechanics of interstellar communication. “Scientists, policy makers, and all interested in the likely future discovery of alien life will want to read this book.” - Steven J. Dick, Former NASA Chief Historian
The Alien Jew in the British Imagination, 1881–1905: Space, Mobility and Territoriality
by Hannah EwenceThis book explores how fin de siècle Britain and Britons displaced spatially-charged apprehensions about imperial decline, urban decay and unpoliced borders onto Jews from Eastern Europe migrating westwards. The myriad of representations of the ‘alien Jew’ that emerged were the product of, but also a catalyst for, a decisive moment in Britain’s legal history: the fight for the 1905 Aliens Act. Drawing upon a richly diverse collection of social and political commentary, including fiction, political testimony, ethnography, travel writing, journalism and cartography, this volume traces the shifting rhetoric around alien Jews as they journeyed from the Russian Pale of Settlement to London’s East End. By employing a unique and innovative reading of both the aliens debate and racialized discourse concerned with ‘the Jew’, Hannah Ewence demonstrates that ideas about ‘space’ and 'place’ critically informed how migrants were viewed; an argument which remains valid in today’s world.
The Alienated Academic: The Struggle for Autonomy Inside the University (Marxism and Education)
by Richard HallHigher education is increasingly unable to engage usefully with global emergencies, as its functions are repurposed for value. Discourses of entrepreneurship, impact and excellence, realised through competition and the market, mean that academics and students are increasingly alienated from themselves and their work. This book applies Marx’s concept of alienation to the realities of academic life in the Global North, in order to explore how the idea of public education is subsumed under the law of value. In a landscape of increased commodification of higher education, the book explores the relationship between alienation and crisis, before analysing how academic knowledge, work, identity and life are themselves alienated. Finally, it argues that through indignant struggle, another world is possible, grounded in alternative forms of organising life and producing socially-useful knowledge, ultimately requiring the abolition of academic labour. This pioneering work will be of interest and value to all those working in the higher education sector, as well as those concerned with the rise of neoliberalism and marketization within universities.
The Alienated Mind: The Sociology of Knowledge in Germany 1918-1933 (Routledge Revivals)
by David FrisbyThis book, first published in 1983, with a second edition in 1992, investigates the emergence of the sociology of knowledge in Germany in the critical period from 1918 to 1933. These years witnessed the development of distinctive paradigms centred on the works of Max Scheler, Georg Lukács and Karl Mannheim. Each theorist sought to confront the base-superstructure models of the relationship between knowledge and society, which originated in Orthodox Marxism. David Frisbsy illustrates how these and other themes in the sociology of knowledge were contested through a detailed account of the central sociological debates in Weimar Germany. This reissue of The Alienated Mind will be of particular interest to students and academics concerned with the development of an important tradition in the sociology of knowledge and culture, social theory and German history.
Alienated Minority: The Jews Of Medieval Latin Europe
by Kenneth R. StowThis narrative history surveying 1000 years of Jewish life, integrated the Jewish experience into the context of the overall culture and society of medieval Europe. It presents a new picture of the interaction between Christians and Jews in this tumultuous era.
Alienation (Psychology Library Editions: Social Psychology)
by Richard SchachtFirst published in 1970, original blurb: ‘Alienation’ is the catchword of our time. It has been applied to everything from the new politics to the anti-heroes of today’s films. But what does it mean to say that someone is alienated? Is alienation a state of mind, or a relationship? If modern man is indeed alienated, is it from his work, his government, his society, or himself – or from all of these? Richard Schacht, in this intelligent analysis, gets to the root of these questions. Examining the concept of alienation in the works of Hegel and Marx, he gives a clear account of the origins of the modern usage of the term. Among the many insights to be gained from this analysis is a clear understanding of Hegel’s influence on Marx in this most crucial area. Mr Schacht goes on to discuss the concept of alienation in recent philosophical and sociological literature, particularly in the writings of Erich Fromm. Here he finds a great deal of confusion, which has resulted in a series of almost universally unquestioned misconceptions. This, then, is a book for all of us who use – and mis-use – the term ‘alienation’, and who are interested in the concepts it brings to mind. The arguments of Professor Walter Kaufmann’s introductory essay provide a useful background for Mr Schacht’s analysis. In this essay, Professor Kaufmann states that ‘henceforth nobody should write about alienation without first reading Schacht’s book.’
Alienation and Affect (Routledge Advances in Sociology)
by Warren D. TenHoutenAlienation has objective, social-structural determinants, yet is experienced subjectively as a psychological state involving both emotion and cognition. Part I considers conceptualizations of alienation and affect in historical context, emphasizing Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, Simmel, and Weber. Part II develops a theory of the affective bases of Seeman’s original five varieties of alienation – normlessness, meaninglessness, self-estrangement, cultural estrangement, and powerlessness. The book argues that both normlessness and cultural estrangement manifest in two distinct forms and involve distinct emotions. Thus it develops the affective bases of seven distinct varieties of alienation. This work synthesizes classical and contemporary alienation theory and the sociology of emotions. It contributes to political sociology, and finds application in social psychiatry and related health and social-service fields that treat traumatized and highly alienated individuals.
Alienation and the Carnivalization of Society (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought)
by Jerome Braun Lauren LangmanThis book examines alienation from both a sociological and psychoanalytic perspective, revisiting classic treatments of the topic (Marx, Simmel, Weber) and exploring its relevance to understanding post-modern consumer society. It examines the escapist potentials for good and for ill in modern society - those fostered by commercial interests, and those maintained by individuals and groups as their form of resisting alienation.
Alienation and Value-Neutrality (Routledge Revivals)
by A.J LoughlinFirst published in 1998, Loughlin examines the conception of rationality through the gazes of science, philosophy and political philosophy to further explain the concept of rational reasoning, the effects it has on the development on natural and social science and its implications on how we think about morals and politics.
Alienation and Wellbeing
by Chris YuillMarx argued that capitalist society acts against the core capacities, skills and talents of human beings, and that it also limits their realisation or channels them into activities related to profit rather than need. Bringing Marx’s theory of alienation forward to the present day, this book uniquely links it to health and well-being. Using case studies and vignettes of workers across different industries, it reveals their lived experiences, offering crucial insights into the insidious ways in which capitalism continues to damage human well-being. This is a resounding call for how society can change for the better.
Alienation Studies: Collected Papers of Melvin Seeman
by Paul Seeman Teresa SeemanThis book compiles cross-cultural studies on alienation undertaken by the late Dr. Melvin Seeman, including relevant historical and theoretical contexts and analyses related to the ongoing development of the alienation model and its counterparts in the behavioral sciences. Chapters track the development of this model across a half-century of interdisciplinary research, encompassing various research partnerships over the years.
Aligned Influence: Beyond Governance
by Ken SchuetzFor board members and executives, a clear path to organizational improvement.Within every organization is an “ecosystem” of influencers. In organizations with boards of directors and executives, that ecosystem is even more complex, and it is even more important to understand it for the benefit of everyone, including investors and donors.To date, governance models have provided little to no understanding of this ecosystem of influence, leaving this as an ongoing problem in organizations with the complexity of a board and executive. Governance experts have applied a number of inadequate solutions to a problem they still do not grasp. In Aligned Influence®, Ken Schuetz presents the Aligned Influence® model, which offers a unique perspective on this central problem—and a solution that addresses organizational alignment as a necessary prerequisite to effectiveness.
Aligning Perspectives in Gender Mainstreaming: Gender, Health, Safety, and Wellbeing (Aligning Perspectives on Health, Safety and Well-Being)
by Juliet Hassard Luis D. TorresThis book brings together various threads of research in the field of gender mainstreaming. It aids in further supporting and understanding the role of gender in health and safety research, practice, and policy. It looks at gender mainstreaming as being recognised as key in cultivating sustainable worker health and working systems due to it being a central component of many international policy initiatives. This book deals with gender mainstreaming being advocated at a policy level, while focusing on the limited recognition and discourse on the issue of gender and its direct and indirect association to workers’ health in the field of occupational health and safety. This book addresses problems facing gender-sensitive policies and outlines and reflects upon current best practice principles and practices to support the development and implementation of policies, interventions, and research initiatives.
The Alignment Advantage: Transform Your Strategy, Culture and Customers to Succeed
by Richard NugentStrategy, culture and customers are the key elements of any business. But to truly succeed, they need to be effectively built, refined and aligned.Studies show that organizations which are highly aligned are 72% more profitable than their competition. The Alignment Advantage shows how you can achieve this through a practical and proven framework which can be adapted to all businesses, whether it's a small start-up, multinational organization or somewhere in between.Arguing that Simon Sinek's "start with why" approach is compelling yet flawed and Peter Drucker's claim that "culture eats strategy for breakfast" is a myth, Richard Nugent creates a clear, accessible blueprint for a more successful, collaborative and efficient organization. Illustrated with fascinating case studies from the likes of LEGOLAND, Wagamama and The Empire State Building, The Alignment Advantage cuts through organizational silos and inter-departmental tensions to provide an aligned and strategic approach that will allow you to build your success, refine your processes and align your efforts to target your customers and clients.
The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning And Human Values
by Brian ChristianA jaw-dropping exploration of everything that goes wrong when we build AI systems and the movement to fix them. Today’s “machine-learning” systems, trained by data, are so effective that we’ve invited them to see and hear for us—and to make decisions on our behalf. But alarm bells are ringing. Recent years have seen an eruption of concern as the field of machine learning advances. When the systems we attempt to teach will not, in the end, do what we want or what we expect, ethical and potentially existential risks emerge. Researchers call this the alignment problem. Systems cull résumés until, years later, we discover that they have inherent gender biases. Algorithms decide bail and parole—and appear to assess Black and White defendants differently. We can no longer assume that our mortgage application, or even our medical tests, will be seen by human eyes. And as autonomous vehicles share our streets, we are increasingly putting our lives in their hands. The mathematical and computational models driving these changes range in complexity from something that can fit on a spreadsheet to a complex system that might credibly be called “artificial intelligence.” They are steadily replacing both human judgment and explicitly programmed software. In best-selling author Brian Christian’s riveting account, we meet the alignment problem’s “first-responders,” and learn their ambitious plan to solve it before our hands are completely off the wheel. In a masterful blend of history and on-the ground reporting, Christian traces the explosive growth in the field of machine learning and surveys its current, sprawling frontier. Readers encounter a discipline finding its legs amid exhilarating and sometimes terrifying progress. Whether they—and we—succeed or fail in solving the alignment problem will be a defining human story. The Alignment Problem offers an unflinching reckoning with humanity’s biases and blind spots, our own unstated assumptions and often contradictory goals. A dazzlingly interdisciplinary work, it takes a hard look not only at our technology but at our culture—and finds a story by turns harrowing and hopeful.
All About the Girl: Culture, Power, and Identity
by Anita Harris Michelle FineThis groundbreaking collection offers a complicated portrait of girls in the 21st Century. These are the riot grrls and the Spice Girls, the good girls and the bad girls who are creating their own "girl" culture and giving a whole new meaning to "grrl" power. Featuring provocative essays from leaders in the field like Michelle Fine, Angela McRobbie, Valerie Walkerdine, Nancy Lesko, Niobe Way and Deborah Tolman, this work brings to life the ever-changing identities of today's young women. The contributors cover all aspects of girlhood from around the world and strike upon such key areas as schooling, sexuality, popular culture and identity. This is new scholarship at its best.
All Alone in the World: Children Of The Incarcerated
by Nell BernsteinA San Francisco Chronicle Best Book of the Year. &“An urgent invitation to care for all children as our own.&” —Adrian Nicole LeBlanc, author of Random Family In this &“moving condemnation of the U.S. penal system and its effect on families&”, award-winning journalist Nell Bernstein takes an intimate look at parents and children—over two million of them—torn apart by our current incarceration policy (Parents&’ Press). Described as &“meticulously reported and sensitively written&” by Salon, the book is &“brimming with compelling case studies . . . and recommendations for change&” (Orlando Sentinel). Our Weekly Los Angeles calls it &“a must-read for lawmakers as well as for lawbreakers.&” &“In terms of elegance, breadth and persuasiveness, All Alone in the World deserves to be placed alongside other classics of the genre such as Jonathan Kozol&’s Savage Inequalities, Alex Kotlowitz&’s There Are No Children Here and Adrian Nicole LeBlanc&’s Random Family. But to praise the book&’s considerable literary or sociological merit seems beside the point. This book belongs not only on shelves but also in the hands of judges and lawmakers.&” —San Francisco Chronicle &“Well researched and smoothly written, Bernstein&’s book pumps up awareness of the problems, provides a checklist for what needs to be done and also cites organizations like the Osborne Society that provide parenting and literacy classes, counseling and support. The message is clear: taking family connections into account &‘holds particular promise for restoring a social fabric rent by both crime and punishment.&’&” —Publishers Weekly, starred review
All-Attainment Teaching in Secondary Mathematics: Philosophy, Practice and Social Justice
by Colin JacksonThis book is about the promotion of all-attainment teaching in the mathematics classroom. The book contains the individual stories of six teachers working in three different schools: an inner London comprehensive with a largely working class intake, a comprehensive on the south coast and a rural comprehensive in Cambridgeshire. Each story describes and explains in brief the background of the teacher and how each came to teach all-attainment groups in mathematics. The research reported in this book is the only close examination and analysis of the practices and methodologies of successful all-attainment educators in the modern age. Three major themes are identified and examined: what sustains the teachers; how they introduce, develop and maintain all-attainment teaching; and how they make all-attainment work in the classroom.From an analysis of these findings, the book presents two interrelated models of the knowledge and understandings the research has generated. The first one is an overarching model of situation and horizon. Used as a means of visualizing and understanding the current situation for teachers, it can aid in encouraging change for the better. The second model offers teachers a way to think of all-attainment teaching as an enabler for all students, most especially for disadvantaged students. Both models have original and explanatory power and offer new ways of conceptualizing how mathematics teaching for social justice might be understood and implemented, offering fresh perspectives and unique insights. As such it will be of help to students at undergraduate, Masters and doctoral level and to education researchers more widely.
All Business Is Personal: One Medical's Human-Centered, Technology-Powered Approach to Customer Engagement
by Joseph A. MichelliFrom organizational consultant and bestselling author Joseph Michelli, a close look at the groundbreaking practices at Amazon&’s One Medical, revealing the key strategies that make them a revolutionary force in healthcare and an inspiration for all industries.What if every business owner or manager could combine cutting-edge technology with the warmth of personal connection to keep customers coming back for more and sending their friends and family? Drawing lessons from the industry-leading business practices at One Medical, a brand transforming the customer experience in healthcare, All Business Is Personal gives readers tools to blend the powerful benefits of today&’s rapidly improving technology with individuals&’ unique talents, all in the name of providing only the best for their customers. Readers will learn: How to increase the value provided to colleagues, customers, and business partners Examples of how to make the customer experience easier, more accessible, and more successful An iterative process for thoughtfully designing the customer experience The importance of growing your people first before growing your business to develop a sustainable and high-performing organization All Business Is Personal is your roadmap for blending people and technology to elevate the employee and customer experiences, drive repeat business, garner word-of-mouth referrals, and ensure sustainable organic growth.
All Connected Now: Life In The First Global Civilization
by Walter Truett AndersonGoing beyond the narrow economic focus common to most books about globalization, All Together Now describes four kinds of global change-economic, political, cultural, biological-all of which are now accelerating, driven by the increasing mobility of symbols, goods, people, and non-human life forms. Anderson describes how we are entering an age of o
All Customers Are Irrational: Understanding What They Think, What They Feel, and What Keeps Them Coming Back
by William J. CUSICKAs many businesses are discovering, customer behavior doesn’t always make sense. That really shouldn’t be surprising. As recent studies have shown, people tend to base their decisions on more subconscious, emotional desires than on rational, practical choices. What’s more, customers aren’t able to tell you accurately why they do what they do. Combining recent research findings with real-world examples from his consulting practice on customer experience, William J. Cusick examines how the subconscious part of the brain drives the decisions and behavior of every customer on a daily basis and introduces the concept of "the irrational customer." All Customers Are Irrational shows why businesses must change their approach to attracting and retaining customers, and proposes ways they can alter their strategies on everything from customer research, product design and website development to call center management, employee recruitment, and retail store layouts, by focusing on what customers are actually doing instead of what they’re saying. Honest, direct and insightful, All Customers Are Irrational will help businesses tap into the impulses and motivations that both attract and retain consumers for the long haul.