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Rational Choice and Democratic Government: A Sociological Approach (Routledge Studies in Political Sociology)
by Tibor RutarDrawing on a range of data from across disciplines, this book explores a series of fundamental questions surrounding the nature, working and effects of democracy, considering the reasons for the emergence and spread of democratic government, the conditions under which it endures or collapses – and the role of wealth in this process – and the peaceful nature of dealings between democracies. With emphasis on the ‘ordinary’ voter, the author employs rational choice theory to examine the motivations of voters and their levels of political knowledge and rationality, as well as the special interests, incentives and corruption of politicians. A theoretically informed and empirically illustrated study of the birth and downfall of democracies, the extent of voters’ political knowledge and ignorance, the logic of political behaviour in both open and closed regimes, and the international effects of democratic rule, Rational Choice and Democratic Government: A Sociological Approach will appeal to scholars with interests in political sociology, political psychology, economics and political science.
Rational Emotive Behavioural Coaching: Distinctive Features (Coaching Distinctive Features)
by Windy DrydenThis concise and accessible book introduces the 30 Distinctive Features of Rational Emotive Behavioural Coaching, also known as REBC, an approach which applies the principles of REBT to coaching. Divided between 10 theoretical and 20 practical features, the book covers a range of topics, including meaning and values, development, the working alliance, dealing with obstacles and common coachee problems. The book sets out two different approaches: development-focused REBC, which concentrates on the coachee’s areas of development, and problem-focused REBC, which concentrates on the coachee’s practical and emotional problems of living. Within the latter category, the book also distinguishes between practical problem-focused REBC and emotional problem-focused REBC. Rational Emotive Behavioural Coaching: Distinctive Features will be an essential reference for anyone seeking to understand the key features of this unique approach to coaching.
Rational Evolution: The Making of Humanity (Routledge Revivals)
by Robert BriffaultPublished in 1919: The author discusses the development of Humanity from Evolution to Civilisation to the birth of Nations and European Liberations.
Rationale for Child Care Services: Programs vs. Politics
by Walter F. Mondale James A Rivaldo Ph.D. Stevanne AuerbachRationale for Child Care Services presents a cogent introduction to the history, needs, and major concerns in childcare, and suggests the basic and essential components of a comprehensive program including planning, organizing and funding. Foreword by Senator Walter M. Mondale, Vice President, Senator, and Ambassador to Japan. Contributors include Mary D. Keyserling, Therese W. Lansburgh, Dr. Dorothy Hewes, Jeanada Nolan, Gertrude Hoffman, Jule M Sugarman, William L. Pierce, Glen P. Nimnicht, Elizabeth Haas, and Dr. Stevanne Auerbach.
Rationality and Operators
by Susumu CatoThis unique book develops an operational approach to preference and rationality as the author employs operators over binary relations to capture the concept of rationality. A preference is a basis of individual behavior and social judgment and is mathematically regarded as a binary relation on the set of alternatives. Traditionally, an individual/social preference is assumed to satisfy completeness and transitivity. However, each of the two conditions is often considered to be too demanding; and then, weaker rationality conditions are introduced by researchers. This book argues that the preference rationality conditions can be captured mathematically by "operators," which are mappings from the set of operators to itself. This operational approach nests traditional concepts in individual/social decision theory and clarifies the underlying formal structure of preference rationality. The author also applies his approach to welfare economics. The core problem of 'new welfare economics,' developed by Kaldor, Hicks, and Samuelson, is the rationality of social preference. In this book the author translates the social criteria proposed by those three economists into operational forms, which provide new insights into welfare economics extending beyond 'new welfare economics. '
Rationality and Relativism: In Search of a Philosophy and History of Anthropology (Routledge Library Editions: Social and Cultural Anthropology)
by I.C. JarvieAnthropology revolves round answers to problems about the nature, development and unity of mankind; problems that are both philosophical and scientific. In this book, first published in 1984, Professor Jarvie applies Popper’s philosophy of science to understanding the history and theory of anthropology. Jarvie describes how the ancient view that the aim of science and philosophy was to get at the truth is challenged in anthropology by the doctrine of cultural relativism; that is, that truth varies with the cultural framework. He shows how philosophers as various as Peter Winch, W.V.O. Quine, W.T. Jones, Nelson Goodman and Richard Rorty were influenced by this doctrine. Yet these philosophers also accept the value of rational argument. Jarvie believes that there is a contradiction between relativism and any notion of human rationality that centres around argument. Forced by the contradiction to choose between rationality and relativism, he argues strongly that logical, scientific and moral considerations favour rationality and urge repudiation of relativism. The central argument of the book is that relativism is intellectually disastrous and has fostered intellectual attitudes from which anthropology still suffers.
Rationality and Social Responsibility: Essays in Honor of Robyn Mason Dawes (Modern Pioneers in Psychological Science: An APS-Psychology Press Series)
by Joachim I. KruegerThis volume brings together a diverse group of authors who have been associated with Robyn Dawes over the years. The breadth of topics covered reflects Dawes’s wide-ranging impact on psychological theory and empirical practice. The two themes of rationality and social responsibility are well developed in the book. Dawes had always urged investigators to take seriously the question of how individuals can reconcile self-interest (i.e. rationality) with the collective good (i.e. social responsibility). The area of judgment and decision-making poses a similar challenge: here, rational judgment is the most responsible judgment because it minimizes errors. To attain rationality in this domain, individuals need to accept the limitations of their own intuitions. This volume presents an up-to-date overview of how far psychological science has come in its struggle to reconcile what is true with what is good. Each chapter is a stimulus for new research and a reminder not to forget the hard-won lessons of the past – in particular, those taught by Robyn Dawes.
Rationality and the Social Sciences: Contributions to the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences (Routledge Library Editions: Social Theory)
by S.I. Benn G.W. MortimoreThe concepts of rationality that are used by social scientists in the formation of hypotheses, models and explanations are explored in this collection of original papers by a number of distinguished philosophers and social scientists. The aim of the book is to display the variety of the concepts used, to show the different roles they play in theories of very different kinds over a wide range of disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, political science and anthropology, and to assess the explanatory and predictive power that a theory can draw from such concepts.
Rationality and the Study of Religion (Acta Jutlandica Ser. #72.1)
by Jeppe Sinding Jensen & Luther H. MartinDoes rationality, the intellectual bedrock of all science, apply to the study of religion?Religion, arguably the most subjective area of human behaviour, has particular challenges associated with its study. Attracting crowd-healers, conjurers, the pious and the prophetic alongside comparativists and sceptics, it excites opinions and generalizations whilst seldom explicitly staking out the territory for the discussions in which it partakes. Increasingly, scholars argue that religious study needs to define and critique its own field, and to distinguish itself from theology and other non-objective disciplines. Yet how can rational techniques be applied to beliefs and states of mind regarded by some as beyond the scope of human reason? Can these be made empirically testable, or comparable and replicable within academic communities? Can science explicate religion without reducing it to mere superstition, or redefine its truth in some empirical but meaningful way? Featuring contributions from leading international experts including Donald Wiebe, Roger Trigg and Michael Pye, Rationality and the Study of Religion gets under the surface of the religious studies discipline to expose the ideologies beneath. Reopening debate in a neglected yet philosophically significant field, it questions the role of rationality in religious anthropology, natural history and anti-scientific theologies, with implications not only for supposedly objective disciplines but for our deepest attitudes to personal experience. 'Interesting and important. Religion has long been associated with irrationality, both by its defenders and its critics, and the topic of rationality has been unjustly neglected The book certainly deserves to be widely circulated.'Greg Alles, Western Maryland College
Rationality in Social Science: Foundations, Norms, and Prosociality
by Ivar Krumpal Werner Raub Andreas TutićThe concept of rationality and its significance for theory and empirical research in social science are key topics of scholarly discussion. In the tradition of an analytical as well as empirical approach in social science, this volume assembles novel contributions on methodological foundations and basic assumptions of theories of rational choice. The volume highlights the use of rational choice assumptions for research on fundamental problems in social theory such as the emergence, dynamics, and effects of social norms and the conditions for cooperation and prosociality.
Rationality, Education and the Social Organization of Knowledege (Routledge Library Editions: Education)
by Chris JenksThe manner in which we variously come to an understanding of our world presents problems for us all, but the unified method by which we ought best to acquire such knowledge represents the particular problem of contemporary education. This important book seeks to explore some of the underlying practises and assumptions that go to produce and sustain both such sets of activities. As a result of its concerns with the social organization of knowledge at all levels, the sociology of education has become a central form of much contemporary sociological theory. All the papers in this collection are formulations of a ‘reflexive’ method of theorizing within sociology of education. This is a mode of address, deriving partly from social phenomenology, which seeks to display the grounds of the theorists’ speech as itself an essential feature of any informative dialogue. Major themes in education and in sociology are considered in this way, including the social form of rationality, the constitution of curricula, normative beliefs about Learning, the nature of literary study as liberal education and the character of scientific knowledge in the social world.
Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters
by Steven PinkerCan reading a book make you more rational? Can it help us understand why there is so much irrationality in the world? Steven Pinker, author of Enlightenment Now (Bill Gates’s "new favorite book of all time”) answers all the questions here. <p><p> Today humanity is reaching new heights of scientific understanding--and also appears to be losing its mind. How can a species that developed vaccines for Covid-19 in less than a year produce so much fake news, medical quackery, and conspiracy theorizing? Pinker rejects the cynical cliché that humans are simply irrational--cavemen out of time saddled with biases, fallacies, and illusions. After all, we discovered the laws of nature, lengthened and enriched our lives, and set out the benchmarks for rationality itself. <p><p> We actually think in ways that are sensible in the low-tech contexts in which we spend most of our lives, but fail to take advantage of the powerful tools of reasoning we’ve discovered over the millennia: logic, critical thinking, probability, correlation and causation, and optimal ways to update beliefs and commit to choices individually and with others. These tools are not a standard part of our education, and have never been presented clearly and entertainingly in a single book--until now. <p><p> Rationality also explores its opposite: how the rational pursuit of self-interest, sectarian solidarity, and uplifting mythology can add up to crippling irrationality in a society. Collective rationality depends on norms that are explicitly designed to promote objectivity and truth. Rationality matters. It leads to better choices in our lives and in the public sphere, and is the ultimate driver of social justice and moral progress. Brimming with Pinker’s customary insight and humor, Rationality will enlighten, inspire, and empower.
Raum - Theorie - Empirie: Ein Arbeitsbuch (Forschung und Praxis an der FHWien der WKW)
by Sarah Nimführ Cornelia Dlabaja Nicolas GoezDer Band liefert eine Grundlage zur Anwendung raumtheoretischer Ansätze in der empirischen Forschung als praxisbezogenes Arbeitsbuch. Er versammelt interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. In 14 Beiträgen beleuchten Forscher:innen aus den Bereichen der Europäischen Ethnologie, Soziologie, Raumplanung, Architektur, Anthropologie, Kultur- und Literaturwissenschaften sowie Geschichte und Geographie verschiedene Aspekte der Raumkonstitution und -produktion. Die Beiträge spannen einen Bogen von mikrosozialen Betrachtungen bis hin zu relationalen und regional transformativen Prozessen. Eingebettet sind sie in Untersuchungen zu regulativen, akteurszentrierten Analysen aus den Bereichen der Stadt- und Geschlechterforschung sowie Macht- und Raumproduktionen in ländlichen, urbanen und insularen Kontexten. Dieser Band richtet sich gleichermaßen an fortgeschrittene Studierende und Forscher:innen, die in der raumbezogenen Stadtforschung tätig sind sowie an alle, die sich für Raumforschunginteressieren. Jeder Beitrag zeigt, wie Theorie und Empirie in der Forschungspraxis miteinander verbunden werden können. Mit seinem Fokus auf der praktischen Anwendung raumtheoretischer Ansätze ist das Arbeitsbuch ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug für alle, die sich mit der Erforschung und Analyse des Raumes beschäftigen.
Raus aus dem Regiment der Rollenzuschreibungen: Von weiblicher Ohnmacht zu machtvollen Lösungen in Karriere, Partnerschaft und Familie
by Martina LacknerDieses Buch ist kein gewöhnlicher Ratgeber für Frauen. Es spiegelt schonungslos, was die persönliche Weiterentwicklung von Frauen in Partnerschaft, Familie und Beruf ausbremst – mit messerscharfer Analyse verborgener Wechselwirkungen und Traumata. So können Frauen vorhandene Fallen und Hemmnisse, Ängste, Schuldgefühle und weitere tiefsitzende Emotionen erkennen, um sich im Spagat zwischen Partner*in, Kind und Karriere einen Weg aus dem Gefängnis der Rollenzuschreibungen zu bahnen.Frauen sehen sich oft als Opfer des Patriarchats. Doch dass es ihnen an Bewusstsein für die eigene Macht und an Bereitschaft mangelt, sich diese zuzugestehen, dass Frauen die eigene Macht oft weder wahrnehmen noch akzeptieren, ist für die Autorin der Hauptgrund, warum Frauen in tradierten Rollen bleiben, denn Augenhöhe erfordert souveräne Eigenmacht. Dieses Buch lässt erfahrene Führungsfrauen zu Wort kommen, regt zum Nachdenken an und bietet Lösungswege aus scheinbar schwierigen Situationen. Handlungsempfehlungen für entscheidende Weichenstellungen auf dem Weg zur weiblichen Ermächtigung lassen den Leserinnen keine Rückzugsmöglichkeiten in gewohnte und trainierte Gegenargumente. Ein Buch, das sowohl zur Selbstreflektion anregt wie zur öffentlichen Diskussion.Der Inhalt• Das verborgene Mindset: Der Einfluss der Vergangenheit auf weibliche Karrieren• Am Anfang war die Herkunftsfamilie: Familienkonstellationen und ihre Bedeutung • Pubertät: Die Hormone übernehmen die Führung• Der Spagat beginnt: Partnerschaft, Mutterschaft und Karriere• Führung im Widerstreit: Diskrepanz zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit
Rave Culture and Religion (Routledge Advances in Sociology #Vol. 8)
by Graham St JohnThe collection provides insights on developments in post-traditional religiosity (especially 'New Age' and 'Neo-Paganism') through studies of rave's Gnostic narratives of ascensionism and re-enchantment, explorations of the embodied spirituality and millennialist predispositions of dance culture, and investigations of transnational digital-art countercultures manifesting at geographic locations as diverse as Goa, India, and Nevada's Burning Man festival. Contributors examine raving as a new religious or revitalization movement; a powerful locus of sacrifice and transgression; a lived bodily experience; a practice comparable with world entheogenic rituals; and as evidencing a new Orientalism. Rave Culture and Religion will be essential reading for advanced students and academics in the fields of sociology, cultural studies and religious studies.
Raya Dunayevskaya's Intersectional Marxism: Race, Class, Gender, and the Dialectics of Liberation (Marx, Engels, and Marxisms)
by Kevin B. Anderson Kieran Durkin Heather A. BrownRaya Dunayevskaya is one of the twentieth century’s great but underappreciated Marxist and feminist thinkers. Her unique philosophy and practice of Marxist-Humanism—as well as her grasp of Hegelian dialectics and the deep humanism that informs Marx’s thought—has much to teach us today. From her account of state capitalism (part of her socio-economic critique of Stalinism, fascism, and the welfare state), to her writings on Rosa Luxemburg, Black and women’s liberation, and labor, we are offered indispensable resources for navigating the perils of sexism, racism, capitalism, and authoritarianism. This collection of essays, from a diverse group of writers, brings to life Dunayevskaya’s important contributions. Revisiting her rich legacy, the contributors to this volume engage with her resolute Marxist-Humanist focus and her penetrating dialectics of liberation that is connected to Black, labor, and women’s liberation and to struggles over alienation and exploitation the world over. Dunayevskaya’s Marxist-Humanism is recovered for the twenty-first century and turned, as it was with Dunayevskaya herself, to face the multiple alienations and de-humanizations of social life.
Raymond Williams
by Fred InglisIn his life, Raymond Williams played many parts: child of the Black Mountains, inspirational adult lecturer, Cambridge professor, folk hero and guru of the left. After his death, he has remained a symbolic figure and his classic works, Culture and Society, The Long Revolution, The Country and the City continue to inspire new generations all over the world. In this first major biography, Fred Inglis has spoken to those who knew this complex and charismatic man at every stage of his life, from his boyhood in the Welsh border country to his brief years of retirement. Through their voices and his own passionate stories and at times combative engagement with his subject, he tells of a story of a life not just for its time but for our own. After Thatcher and Reagan and the Cold War, Williams still has much to teach us about the nature of a good and just society and about the constant struggle to attain it.
Raymond Williams: Making Connections
by Elizabeth Eldridge John EldridgeThis book provides a critical introduction to the full range of Williams' work - fiction and non-fiction. It assesses the significance of his contribution in understanding culture, politics and society. Fair-minded, accurate and sensitive, the book makes crucial connections between the different aspects of Williams' work and the underlying concern for a democratic polity which informed it.
Raymond Williams: Towards 2000, Revisited
by Jim McGuigan'Culture,' wrote Raymond Williams, ‘is one of the most complicated words in the English language.’ Ironically, the most important British writer on culture in the post-war period is also one of the most poorly digested among today’s readers. Originally conceived as the sequel to his 1961 The Long Revolution, Williams' 1983 title Towards 2000 has been unfairly classified as a period piece. With the permission of the Williams Estate, the book has been re-entitled A Short Counter-Revolution – Towards 2000 Revisited, with noted Williams expert Jim McGuigan adding a chapter that updates the original with a survey of developments since its publication, particularly concerning the impact of neoliberalism, a phenomenon sighted early by Raymond Williams and named ‘Plan X’.
Raymond Williams: Towards 2000, Revisited
by Jim Mcguigan"Raymond Williams: A Short Counter-Revolution amply demonstrates the continuing relevance of Williams's analysis, from the early 1980s, to our current situation. After thirty years of neoliberalism his insights still read as freshly and as incisively as they first did. Jim McGuigan's new chapter explicitly extends the lines of continuity from then to now, in a persuasive and at times appropriately critical way. Williams's concluding chapter, Resources for a Journey of Hope remains as inspiring, and as necessary, as ever." - Simon Dentith, University of Reading "It's great that Towards 2000 is revisited. Jim McGuigan's preface to this edition and his remarkable up-dating chapter A Short Counter Revolution draw upon a formidable range of references to illustrate why this work is as fresh and insightful today as it was 30 years ago." - Derek Tatton, www.raymondwilliamsfoundation.org.uk 'Culture,' wrote Raymond Williams, 'is one of the most complicated words in the English language.' Ironically, the most important British writer on culture in the post-war period is also one of the most poorly digested among today's readers. Originally conceived as the sequel to his 1961 The Long Revolution, Williams' 1983 title Towards 2000 has been unfairly classified as a period piece. With the permission of the Williams Estate, the book has been re-entitled A Short Counter-Revolution - Towards 2000 Revisited, with noted Williams expert Jim McGuigan adding a chapter that updates the original with a survey of developments since its publication, particularly concerning the impact of neoliberalism, a phenomenon sighted early by Raymond Williams and named 'Plan X'. In this new edition, Jim McGuigan makes a totally convincing case to read the book as a contemporary classic. It remains an indispensable guide to: Power and inequality Class politics Post-industrial society Globalization The crisis in democracy
Raymond's Room: Ending the Segregation of People with Disabilities
by Dale DileoThe horror of the past collides with the dismal reality of present day thinking in Dale DiLeo's engaging memoir about his coming of age in the disability profession. DiLeo invites us into his life and mind, as well as into the one-room prison that represents the systemic exclusion and isolation perpetuated by the present matrix of services for people with severe disabilities. Raymond's Room provides poignant real-life vignettes that examine how the disabilities services system can unintentionally exacerbate a person's existing life challenges.
Rayografía: Cómo once tipos en calzones explican un barrio, una ciudad y un país
by Nicolás CasariegoEn vísperas del centenario del Rayo Vallecano, Casariego juega el partido de una trepidante y personal crónica de esta temporada del club obrero por excelencia.El 20 de agosto de 2022, en un Madrid azotado por una ola de calor, el escritor y guionista Nicolás Casariego se subió al metro en dirección a Vallecas con el objetivo de abonarse al Rayo Vallecano, un club a las puertas de celebrar su centenario. Ignoraba que le esperaba una noche al raso y una aventura de diez meses. Esta es la historia de un aficionado que trata de entender de qué va hoy el fútbol siguiendo los pasos del equipo de un barrio singular.A lo largo de la temporada 2022-2023, asistió a todos los partidos del Rayo en su estadio, a los que disputó como visitante contra sus vecinos madrileños y a nueve de los que jugó en otras ciudades, viajando a todas las Comunidades españolas con clubes en Primera División. Recorrió más de 4.500 kilómetros y trató con cientos de personajes. Sobre todo, se preguntó si un adulto puede cambiar su identidad y hacerse de otro equipo. Cargado de humor, este libro va más allá del fútbol. Incluye un autorretrato y reflexiones sobre aspectos tan variados como el análisis financiero de las cuentas de un club, el crecimiento urbanístico de una ciudad o la explicación científica de lo que nos ocurre en el cerebro al celebrar un gol. A medio camino entre las memorias y la crónica de una pasión, Rayografía describe desde las gradas un universocontrovertido, un negocio multimillonario y sin fronteras y un territorio dominado por la emoción. En definitiva, la vida.
Re(con)figuring Psychoanalysis: Critical Juxtapositions of the Philosophical, the Sociohistorical and the Political
by Aydan GülerceLeading international scholars present novel dialogues between different psychoanalytic orientations as well as between the particularities of diverse socio-cultural and historical contexts in order to offer critical insights which are highly relevant to the current intellectual debates and social praxis.
Re-Designing Learning Contexts: Technology-Rich, Learner-Centred Ecologies (Foundations and Futures of Education)
by Rosemary LuckinWhat do we mean by the word ‘context’ in education and how does our context influence the way that we learn? What role can technology play in enhancing learning and what is the future of technology within learning? Re-Designing Learning Contexts seeks to re-dress the lack of attention that has traditionally been paid to a learner’s wider context and proposes a model to help educators and technologists develop more productive learning contexts. It defines context as the interactions between the learner and a set of inter-related resource elements that are not tied to a physical or virtual location. Context is something that belongs to an individual and that is created through their interactions in the world. Based on original, empirical research, the book considers the intersection between learning, context and technology, and explores: the meaning of the concept of context and it’s relationship to learning the ways in which different types of technology can scaffold learning in context the Learner-Centric ‘Ecology of Resources’ model of context as a framework for designing technology-rich learning environments the importance of matching available resources to each learner’s particular needs the ways in which the learner’s environment and the technologies available might change over the coming years the potential impact of recent technological developments within computer science and artificial intelligence. This interdisciplinary study draws on a range of disciplines, including geography, anthropology, psychology, education and computing, to investigate the dynamics and potential of teacher-learner interaction within a learning continuum, and across a variety of locations. It will be of interest to those teaching, researching and thinking about the use of technology in learning and pedagogy, as well as those involved in developing technology for education and those who use it in their own teaching. For practical examples of the way the Ecology of Resources framework has been used visit: http://eorframework.pbworks.com.
Re-Engaging Young People with Education: The Steps after Disengagement and Exclusion
by Simon EdwardsThis book examines how young people can be re-engaged with schooling and their own learning beyond the school gates. Despite attempts by successive UK governments to promote engagement with education, there has been a substantial increase in formal and informal exclusions from secondary schools, particularly of underperforming students who come from low income families. The book builds on an ethnographic study carried out in a youth centre based on a secondary school site, exploring the social and cultural worlds of fourteen students as they complete a GCSE teamwork assessment. Analysing the ‘translation’ process of the students as they relocate their understanding of teamwork into the language of assessment, the author posits that student identity is a holistic individual project, where knowledge is produced within the conditions for the production of the self-narrative. This volume calls to educators to recognise the importance of relational pedagogy rooted in social practices, rather than individual cognitive performance. It is sure to be of value and interest to students and scholars of exclusion in education and relational pedagogy, as well as practitioners and policy makers.