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Redefining Race: Asian American Panethnicity and Shifting Ethnic Boundaries
by Dina G. OkamotoIn 2012, the Pew Research Center issued a report that named Asian Americans as the “highest-income, best-educated, and fastest-growing racial group in the United States.” Despite this seemingly optimistic conclusion, over thirty Asian American advocacy groups challenged the findings. As many pointed out, the term “Asian American” itself is complicated. It currently denotes a wide range of ethnicities, national origins, and languages, and encompasses a number of significant economic and social disparities. In Redefining Race, sociologist Dina G. Okamoto traces the complex evolution of this racial designation to show how the use of “Asian American” as a panethnic label and identity has been a deliberate social achievement negotiated by members of this group themselves, rather than an organic and inevitable process. Drawing on original research and a series of interviews, Okamoto investigates how different Asian ethnic groups in the U.S. were able to create a collective identity in the wake of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s. Okamoto argues that a variety of broad social forces created the conditions for this developing panethnic identity. Racial segregation, for example, shaped how Asian immigrants of different national origins were distributed in similar occupations and industries. This segregation of Asians within local labor markets produced a shared experience of racial discrimination, which encouraged Asian ethnic groups to develop shared interests and identities. By constructing a panethnic label and identity, ethnic group members took part in creating their own collective histories, and in the process challenged and redefined current notions of race. The emergence of a panethnic racial identity also depended, somewhat paradoxically, on different groups organizing along distinct ethnic lines in order to gain recognition and rights from the larger society. According to Okamoto, these ethnic organizations provided the foundation necessary to build solidarity within different Asian-origin communities. Leaders and community members who created inclusive narratives and advocated policies that benefited groups beyond their own were then able to move these discrete ethnic organizations toward a panethnic model. For example, a number of ethnic-specific organizations in San Francisco expanded their services and programs to include other ethnic group members after their original constituencies dwindled. A Laotian organization included refugees from different parts of Asia, a Japanese organization began to advocate for South Asian populations, and a Chinese organization opened its doors to Filipinos and Vietnamese. As Okamoto argues, the process of building ties between ethnic communities while also recognizing ethnic diversity is the hallmark of panethnicity. Redefining Race is a groundbreaking analysis of the processes through which group boundaries are drawn and contested. In mapping the genesis of a panethnic Asian American identity, Okamoto illustrates the ways in which concepts of race continue to shape how ethnic and immigrant groups view themselves and organize for representation in the public arena.
Redefining Retail: 10 Guiding Principles for a Post-Digital World
by Philip Kotler Giuseppe StiglianoDiscover the new realities of working in the post-digital era of consumer brand and retail marketing. In Redefining Retail: 10 Guiding Principles for a Post-Digital World, renowned international marketers Prof. Philip Kotler and Dr. Giuseppe Stigliano deliver a timely and insightful examination of retail and consumer brand marketing. In the book, you’ll find practical and concrete techniques for redefining your organisation’s internal operations and processes, as well as its business strategy. You’ll rethink the entire value chain as you consider the growing importance of sustainability, diversity and inclusion, working policies, and more. The authors describe ten critical principles that should guide the actions of your company, whether you work with a startup, an SME, or a large, established organization. They also discuss: The main challenges retailers face in a world that’s been fundamentally transformed by the digital revolution. How to future-proof your marketing strategy, including 10 guiding principles for a new customer experience at retailers and consumer brands. The opportunities and threats of creating a seamless customer journey in the physical, digital, and virtual realms. Perfect for managers, entrepreneurs, consultants, and investors in both the B2B and B2C sectors, Redefining Retail: 10 Guiding Principles for a Post-Digital World will also prove invaluable to students of management, marketing and business administration, as well as anyone with an interest in the evolution of commerce.
Redefining School Safety and Policing: A Transformative Four-Pillar Model
by Jeffrey D. YarbroughRedefining School Safety and Policing identifies and works to eliminate systemic issues in school policing that negatively impact students of color, LGBTQIA+ students, and other marginalized populations. Focusing on the fundamental goal of creating safe learning environments, Yarbrough lays out the unintended consequences of involving police in the administrative disciplinary process, as agents of school administrators and enforcers of zero-tolerance policies. Behavioral health support is important to students going through social, emotional, and mental health crises. True equity work brings everyone to a safe space in the middle, encouraging open discussion and courageous dialogue and aiming to create positive change. Yarbrough argues that behavioral health and racial equity are vital to transforming school policing and providing beneficial alternative solutions to school policing that do not lead students to the juvenile or criminal justice system. This book is suitable for colleges and universities, K-12 school administrators, teachers, police and school resource officers, counselors, social workers, and community activists.
Redefining Success in America: A New Theory of Happiness and Human Development
by Michael KaufmanWork hard in school, graduate from a top college, establish a high-paying professional career, enjoy the long-lasting reward of happiness. This is the American Dream—and yet basic questions at the heart of this competitive journey remain unanswered. Does competitive success, even rarified entry into the Ivy League and the top one percent of earners in America, deliver on its promise? Does realizing the American Dream deliver a good life? In Redefining Success in America, psychologist and human development scholar Michael Kaufman develops a fundamentally new understanding of how elite undergraduate educations and careers play out in lives, and of what shapes happiness among the prizewinners in America. In so doing, he exposes the myth at the heart of the American Dream. Returning to the legendary Harvard Student Study of undergraduates from the 1960s and interviewing participants almost fifty years later, Kaufman shows that formative experiences in family, school, and community largely shape a future adult’s worldview and well-being by late adolescence, and that fundamental change in adulthood, when it occurs, is shaped by adult family experiences, not by ever-greater competitive success. Published research on general samples shows that these patterns, and the book’s findings generally, are broadly applicable to demographically varied populations in the United States. Leveraging biography-length clinical interviews and quantitative evidence unmatched even by earlier landmark studies of human development, Redefining Success in America redefines the conversation about the nature and origins of happiness, and about how adults develop. This longitudinal study pioneers a new paradigm in happiness research, developmental science, and personality psychology that will appeal to scholars and students in the social sciences, psychotherapy professionals, and serious readers navigating the competitive journey.
Redefining Well-Being in Nations and Organizations: A Process of Active Committed Enthusiasm
by Ali Qassim Jawad William Scott-JacksonRedefining Well-Being in Nations and Organizations.
Redefining Well-Being in Nations and Organizations: A Process of Improvement
by William Scott-Jackson Ali Qassim JawadRedefining Well-Being in Nations and Organizations is an essential book for researchers, policy makers and managers. It provides a new multi-disciplinary perspective on wellbeing and engagement, reviewing the latest research from several previously unrelated disciplines to develop a process for active committed enthusiasm (PACE), encompassing theory and clarifying the definitions of, and relationships between, wellbeing, engagement and related concepts. PACE allows researchers to model causal relationships, and policy makers and managers to analyze the potential impact of possible interventions. It demonstrates that, as nations, organizations and individuals fulfil their basic material needs, the impact of individual optimism, and other aspects of positive psychology, become paramount in maximizing wellbeing and engagement.
Redefining the New Woman, 1920-1963 (Antifeminism in America: A Collection of Readings from the Literature of the Opponents to U.S. Feminism, 1848 to the Present #2)
by Angela Howard and Sasha Ranaé Adams Tarrant2. Redefining the New Woman, 1920-1963Despite the fact that women's suffrage did not produce the catastrophic consequences predicted, mainstream opposition to the feminist movement refused to die, as exemplified in commentaries by industrialist Henry Ford, renowned literary figures D.H. Lawrence and Norman Mailer, and even presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, all represented in this volume. The other selections first focus on sources published during the interwar years and indicate that the legacy of progressive social feminism exacerbated reactionary attitudes toward women in the context of postwar political fundamentalism, the Great Depression, and the New Deal. The second part contains literature that appeared between 1941 and 1963, and reflects the ambivalence and backlash toward wives and mothers in the workforce and the public sphere, driven by the social, political, and economic conservatism of the Cold War Era.
Redefining the Political. Youth Experiences of Collective Action in Turkey (Kulturelle Figurationen: Artefakte, Praktiken, Fiktionen)
by Pınar Gümüş MantuThis book offers an analysis of the complex and shifting conditions of being young as well as the new ways in which young people engage in politics in Turkey. It is based on a closer examination of young people’s participation in the Gezi protests in 2013. From the perspective of cultural sociology, this work presents a nuanced discussion of the roots and dynamics of young people’s unexpected engagement and spectacular appearance at the protests, with a theoretical focus on the concepts of youth and the political, by exploring questions such as: How did young people experience the protests? How did they reflect on being young? How did they define the political? Grounded in ethnographic field research conducted via in-depth interviews, this book demonstrates that what happened in the Gezi protests was not a sudden and miraculous transformation of apolitical youth into political subjects on the streets, as has often been argued in public discourse. Rather, the protests brought into view the changes which had already been taking place in young people’s lives in Turkey as a result of the effects of both local and global processes, i.e. the influence of authoritarian politics and social change characterized by religion in everyday life, as well as the implications of neoliberal policies in the restructuring of urban spaces.
Redefining the Political: Black Feminism and the Politics of Everyday Life
by Alex J. Moffett-BateauRedefining the Political documents the political life of a community of Black women living below the poverty line. Alex Moffett-Bateau spent a year interviewing residents of a public housing development on the far South Side of Chicago about their politics, political communities, and how they create collective power. Moffett-Bateau uses radical Black feminist political theory and develops a framework called the political possible-self, which argues that belonging to a community and developing political imagination foment change. These women employ grassroots efforts to subvert oppressive power structures by protesting institutions within their communities, addressing the benign neglect of their housing development, organizing community art shows and meals, volunteering at local public schools, and holding meetings to increase the political confidence of public-housing tenants by educating them on navigating government bureaucracies. Ultimately, Redefining the Political shows how political engagement at both the individual and community levels can be fruitful for nontraditional political contributions.
Redefining the Psychological Contract in the Digital Era: Issues for Research and Practice
by Melinde Coetzee Alda DeasThis book introduces the psychological contract as a multi-level contextual construct and closes some of the knowledge gaps on the nature of the digital era psychological contract. The digital era psychological contract gives rise to a new type of employer-employee relationship manifesting at the nexus between people and technology in a post-COVID-19 world. The book volume provides promising new approaches for psychological contract research, offering a rich compendium of reflections on the shifts in employer-employee expectations and obligations, as well as suggestions for future research and practice.Chapter contributions are divided into four main sections:The Digital Era: Contextual Issues and the Psychological ContractManaging the Psychological Contract in the Digital Era: Issues for Organisational PracticeManaging the Psychological Contract in the Digital Era: Issues of DiversityIntegration and Conclusion Redefining the Psychological Contract in the Digital Era is an insightful examination of the evolving nature of the psychological contract, presenting novel insights into the antecedents, consequences, and facets of the new multi-level contextual digital era psychological contract. The primary audience for this book volume is advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in industrial and organisational psychology and human resource management, as well as scholars in both academic and applied work settings. Human resource managers and professionals will also have an interest in this book volume.
Redefining the Situation: The Writings of Peter McHugh
by Peter McHughPeter McHugh (1929–2010) was an internationally known sociologist within the field of anti-positivist social theory. As the only collection of McHugh's sole-authored writings, Redefining the Situation presents a comprehensive yet surprising view of this key theorist's influence in his field. Redefining the Situation is a compendium of McHugh's published and unpublished short-form writings, along with three new essays on McHugh's work, one by his long-time collaborator and friend Alan Blum. The collection contributes to the project of reinventing social theory by providing a new perspective from which to imaginatively rethink the development of sociology over the last fifty years. It locates McHugh's work not only within the modern and postmodern sociological tradition but also within contemporary social theory broadly, including hermeneutics, critical theory, deconstruction, and Hannah Arendt's political theory. The essays in this volume show the development of a method to analyze everyday behaviour in light of fundamental questions, exploring conflicts and connections between socialization and recidivism, fragmentation and ethnic cleansing, justice and affirmative action, teaching and university politics, and intimacy and aesthetics. This book moves beyond contemporary debates about big data/postmodernism, and along the way it identifies convergences in Anglo-American and Continental thought. By tracing the development of Analysis, the tradition of social inquiry, from its beginnings until today, Redefining the Situation re-establishes a prominent sociologist as one of the leading intellectuals in the field of interpretive social theory.
Redemptive Dreams: Engaging Kevin Starr's California
by Jason S. SextonAn essential piece in California Studies, Redemptive Dreams: Engaging Kevin Starr’s California offers the first critical engagement with the vision of California’s most ambitious interpreter. While Starr’s multifaceted and polymathic vision of California offered a unique gaze—synthesizing central features, big themes, and incredible problems with the propitious golden dream—his eight-volume California Dream series, along with several other books and thousands of published articles and essays, often puzzled historians and other scholars. Historians in the contemporary school of critical historiography often found Starr’s narrative approach—seeking to tell the internal drama of the California story—to be less attuned to the most important work happening in the field. Such a perspective fails to acknowledge key developments in historical subfields like Black and African American Studies, Chicana/o/x Studies, Asian Studies, Native Studies, and others that draw from the narrative in their critical work and how this relates to Starr’s contribution. But it also neglects Starr as a theological interpreter. Along with being a major figure in California institutional life, with literary output spanning genres from journalism to critical cultural and political commentary, to history and memoir, Starr’s unique contribution to California Studies as a distinctly Catholic historian has yet to be adequately understood. Through his lived experience as a devout Catholic to the particular theological features of this faith tradition that animated his views, this critical sociological perspective sheds new light on his project. With contributions from sociology, history, and theology, akin to investigations appearing in Theology and California: Theological Refractions on California’s Culture (Routledge), Redemptive Dreams offers interdisciplinary perspectives that highlight key features inherent in interdisciplinary theological reflection on place and illuminates these diverse disciplinary discourses as they appear in Starr’s articulation of the California Dream. Such a vision remains important for reckoning with California’s place in the world.
Redeploying Urban Infrastructure: The Politics of Urban Socio-Technical Futures
by Jonathan RutherfordThis book explores urban futures in the making, as seen through the lens of urban infrastructure. The book describes how socio-technical arrangements of energy and water provision are being recast in continuing efforts towards realising ‘sustainable’ transformation of cities. It critically investigates how infrastructure comes to matter by analyzing the shifting capacities and entanglements of diverse actors with these systems, the various means they use to envision, enact and contest changes, and the wide-ranging social and political implications of emerging infrastructure transitions. Drawing on original research into urban infrastructure debates and projects in Stockholm and Paris, the author develops a novel conceptual framework for studying and acknowledging the active, vital role of infrastructure in constituting a material politics of urban transformation. Straddling the latest theoretical insights and empirical investigation of urban planning practice and socio-technical engineering of systems and flows, Redeploying Urban Infrastructure forges new, timely reflections and perspectives which will be of interest to the growing multidisciplinary community of scholars investigating infrastructure and to academics and practitioners with a concern for understanding the wider politics of urban futures.
Redesigning Organizations: Concepts for the Connected Society
by Denise FeldnerThis book offers readers a deeper understanding of the Cyberspace, of how institutions and industries are reinventing themselves, helping them excel in the transition to a fully digitally connected global economy. Though technology plays a key part in this regard, societal acceptance is the most important underlying condition, as it poses pressing challenges that cut across companies, developers, governments and workers. The book explores the challenges and opportunities involved, current and potential future concepts, critical reflections and best practices. It addresses connected societies, new opportunities for governments, the role of trust in digital networks, and future education networks. In turn, a number of representative case studies demonstrate the current state of development in practice.
Redesigning Work: A Blueprint for Canada's Future Well-being and Prosperity
by Graham Lowe Frank GravesCanada's future prosperity is of utmost concern to citizens, industry leaders and policy makers. Using original public opinion research from EKOS, Redesigning Work argues that improving people's jobs and workplaces can unlock the potential to strengthen Canada's economy and improve the well-being of Canadians. Graham Lowe and Frank Graves are two of Canada's leading experts on work and public opinion. In Redesigning Work the authors provide a blueprint for the future of work in Canada by identifying practical ways to make work more motivating, rewarding and productive. The authors provide fuel for employers, workers, policy makers, HR professionals, and NGOs to combat the negative trends many Canadians associate with their future economic prospects. The book paints an optimistic picture of the future of work by addressing job stress, work-life balance, skill use and engagement.
Redesigning Work: How to Transform Your Organization and Make Hybrid Work for Everyone (Management on the Cutting Edge)
by Lynda GrattonHow do we make the most of the greatest global shift in the world of work for a century and radically redesign the way we work—forever?Professor Lynda Gratton is the global thought-leader on the future of work. Drawing on thirty years of research into the technological, demographic, cultural, and societal trends that are shaping work and building on what we learned through our experiences of the pandemic, Gratton presents her innovative four-step framework for redesigning work that will help you: • Understand your people and what drives performance • Reimagine creative new ways to work • Model and test these approaches within your organization • Act and create to ensure your redesign has lasting benefits Gratton presents real-world case studies that show companies grappling with work challenges. These include the global bank HSBC, which built a multidisciplinary team to understand the employee experience; the Japanese technology company Fujitsu, which reimagined three kinds of &“perfect&” offices; and the Australian telecommunications company Telstra, which established new roles to coordinate work across the organization. Whether you&’re working in a small team or running a multinational, Redesigning Work is the definitive book on how to transform your organization and make hybrid working work for you.
Redesigning the Unremarkable
by Debra Flanders Cushing Evonne MillerRedesigning the Unremarkable is a timely and necessary reminder that the often neglected elements and spaces of our built environment – from trash bins, seats, stairways, and fences to streets, bikeways, underpasses, parking lots, and shopping centres – must be thoughtfully redesigned to enhance human and planetary health. Using the lens of sustainable, salutogenic, and playable design, in this inspiring book, Miller and Cushing explore the challenges, opportunities, and importance of redesigning the unremarkable. Drawing on global research, theory, practical case studies, photographs, and personal experiences, Redesigning the Unremarkable is a vital text – a doer’s guide – for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners wanting to transform and positively reimagine our urban environment.
Redirect: Changing the Stories We Live By
by Timothy D. Wilson"There are few academics who write with as much grace and wisdom as Timothy Wilson. REDIRECT is a masterpiece." -Malcolm GladwellWhat if there were a magic pill that could make you happier, turn you into a better parent, solve a number of your teenager's behavior problems, reduce racial prejudice, and close the achievement gap in education? There is no such pill, but story editing - the scientifically based approach described in REDIRECT - can accomplish all of this.The world-renowned psychologist Timothy Wilson shows us how to redirect the stories we tell about ourselves and the world around us, with subtle prompts, in ways that lead to lasting change. Fascinating, groundbreaking, and practical, REDIRECT demonstrates the remarkable power small changes can have on the ways we see ourselves and our environment, and how we can use this in our everyday lives.ate, increased teen pregnancy, and even hastened people's deaths-in part by failing to redirect people's stories in healthy ways. In short, Wilson shows us what works, what doesn't, and why. Fascinating, groundbreaking, and practical, Redirect demonstrates the remarkable power small changes can have on the ways we see ourselves and the world around us, and how we can use this in our everyday lives. In the words of David G. Myers, "With wit and wisdom, Wilson shows us how to spare ourselves worthless (or worse) interventions, think smarter, and live well."
Rediscovering John Dewey: How His Psychology Transforms Our Education
by Rex LiThis book tries to trace Dewey’s intellectual history from his early years to the end, focusing on the themes of psychology and the psychological aspect of education in Dewey’s lifelong writing.The author mixed the discussion on Dewey’s work with his life stories and shows readers how his ideas evolved over time. In turn, the book offers a critical review of his ideas in the areas of psychology and education. Lastly, it assesses Dewey’s involvement in and impact on education. In short, it provides a comprehensive account of his legacy in psychology and education.
Rediscovering Lenin: Dialectics of Revolution and Metaphysics of Domination (Marx, Engels, and Marxisms)
by Michael BrieTranslated from the original German Lenin Neuentdecken and available in English for the first time, this volume rediscovers Lenin as a strategic socialist thinker through close examination of his collected works and correspondence. Brie opens with an analysis of Lenin's theoretical development between 1914 and 1917, in preparation for his critical decision to dissolve the Constituent Assembly in January 1918 in a struggle for power. This led from the dialectics of revolutionary practice and social analysis to a new understanding of socialism, which is compared and contrasted to the alternative Marxist ideas and conceptions of the state posited by Karl Kautsky and Rosa Luxemburg. Rediscovering Lenin then moves to 1921, when Lenin begins a new stage of his theoretical development concerned with resolving the reversal of the revolution’s aims and its results. This process remains unfinished, and the questions raised a hundred years ago remain: How can one intervene successfully and responsibly in social and political crises? What role do social science theories, ideological frameworks, and other practices play in transforming the economic, political and cultural power structures of a society? Brie concludes with a retrospective on the ideas developed by Marx and in the Second International, and their impact on Lenin’s strategic thinking. Placing Lenin's writing itself in the foreground and arguing from inside his own self-learning, Rediscovering Lenin focuses on the reflective relationship between ideology, theory, and practice.
Rediscovering Masculinity: Reason, Language and Sexuality
by Victor J. SeidlerFirst published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Rediscovering Voluntary Action
by Colin RochesterVolunteering and voluntary organizations have become increasingly important in British social and political life but at a cost. Greater prominence has led to a narrow and distorted view of what voluntary action involves and how it is undertaken. This book reasserts the case for a broader view of voluntarism as a unique set of autonomous activities.
Rediscovering a Lost Freedom: The First Amendment Right to Censor Unwanted Speech
by Patrick GarrySince ratification of the First Amendment in the late eighteenth century, there has been a sea change in American life. When the amendment was ratified, individuals were almost completely free of unwanted speech; but today they are besieged by it. Indeed, the First Amendment has, for all practical purposes, been commandeered by the media to justify intrusions of offensive speech into private life.In its application, the First Amendment has become one-sided. Even though America is virtually drowning in speech, the First Amendment only applies to the speaker's delivery of speech. Left out of consideration is the one participant in the communications process who is the most vulnerable and least protected--the helpless recipient of offensive speech. In Rediscovering a Lost Freedom, Patrick Garry addresses what he sees as the most pressing speech problem of the twenty-first century: an often irresponsible media using the First Amendment as a shield behind which to hide its socially corrosive speech. To Garry, the First Amendment should protect the communicative process as a whole. And for this process to be free and open, listeners should have as much right to be free from unwanted speech as speakers do of not being thrown in jail for uttering unpopular ideas.Rediscovering a Lost Freedom seeks to modernize the First Amendment. With other constitutional rights, changed circumstances have prompted changes in the law. Restrictions on political advertising seek to combat the perceived influences of big money; the Second Amendment right to bear arms, due to the prevalence of violence in America, has been curtailed; and the Equal Protection clause has been altered to permit affirmative action programs aimed at certain racial and ethnic groups. But when it comes to the flood of violent and vulgar media speech, there has been no change in First Amendment doctrines. This work proposes a government-facilitated private right to censor. Redisco
Rediscovering the Other America
by Elizabeth A. Segal Keith M. KiltyLearn why it is imperative to bring a progressive focus back to social welfare policy! This vital book explores recent research on poverty and inequality, identifies strategies for ensuring adequate services, and challenges many of the inaccurate beliefs that were used to justify welfare reform legislation in 1996. You'll find up-to-date information on various marginalized groups and their social problems, including lack of health coverage for women with mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence problems. In addition, you'll find data on the health coverage situation for the poor, for Appalachians, and for women in general. Finally, Rediscovering the Other America: The Continuing Crisis of Poverty and Inequality in the United States suggests strategies for changing public perceptions about the nature of poverty and the poor. From the editors: "In 1962, Michael Harrington published The Other America, which documented how deeply entrenched poverty and inequality were in one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Four decades later, we find it necessary once again to rediscover this profound social condition. The purpose of this book is to awaken policymakers and the public to this situation once again, in order to affect the nature of public policies dealing with these issues." Rediscovering the Other America: The Continuing Crisis of Poverty and Inequality in the United States covers a wide range of issues, some similar to what Harrington described in 1962 and some reflecting recent social, political, and economic developments.
Rediscovering the Philosophical Roots of Educational Psychology: A Special Issue of educational Psychologist
by Lyn Corno P. Karen Murphy Philip H. WinneIn the early years of this new millennium, as the field of educational psychology continues to define its place within the educational enterprise, it is imperative that those in the field reflect on the foundation of their domain. This special issue can help keep the lessons of the past squarely in their minds and thus contribute to needed reflection and subsequent dialogue on the proper place of philosophy in the stream of educational psychology. The contents are both diverse and well conceived, beginning with a talk to educational psychologists that is suitably complemented by four articles that recognize certain compelling issues. The depth and variety of those articles, along with insightful commentaries, are touchstones for educational psychologists interested in the roots of the domain and in the links between current trends and philosophical thought.