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Spain Arrives in the Americas (Hispanic Americans: Major Minority)
by Frank DepietroIn the United States, people of all different backgrounds live together. Today, more than one in eight people in the United States are Hispanic, and Latino communities are an important part America. Hispanic Americans are people from different lands, cultures, and backgrounds--but they share some things in common. One of the most important is their history. Many Hispanic Americans think of themselves as "La Raza," which was born in the fifteenth century from the first contact between Spain and the Native people who lived in the Americas. Despite a long history of injustice and discrimination, La Raza has grown strong. It's one of one of today's most exciting ethnic groups.
Spam Kings: The Real Story Behind the High-Rolling Hucksters Pushing Porn, Pills, and %*@)# Enlargements
by Brian S McWilliams"People are stupid, Davis Wolfgang Hawke thought as he stared at the nearly empty box of Swastika pendants on his desk." So begins Spam Kings, an investigative look into the shady world of email spammers and the people trying to stop them.This compelling exposé explores the shadowy world of the people responsible for today’s junk-email epidemic. Investigative journalist Brian McWilliams delivers a fascinating account of the cat-and-mouse game played by spam entrepreneurs in search of easy fortunes and anti-spam activists.McWilliams chronicles the activities of several spam kings, including Hawke, a notorious Jewish-born neo-Nazi leader. You’ll follow this 20-year-old’s rise in the trade, where he became a major player in the lucrative penis pill market—a business that would make him a millionaire and the target of lawsuits. You’ll also meet cyber-vigilantes, such as Susan Gunn, who have taken up the fight against spammers like Hawke.Explore the sleazy spammer business practices, the surprising new partnership between spammers and computer hackers, and the rise of a new breed of computer viruses designed to turn the PCs of innocent bystanders into secret spam factories.
Spanish and English in Small Town and Rural America: Language Contact Leading to Language Shift
by Daniel James SmithThis book examines Spanish English bilingual patterns in a small town and rural Northeast Georgia community of Hispanics recently immigrated from Mexico and other areas of Latin America. Speech data from naturally-occurring conversations by 56 children and adults of both sexes are analyzed within Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model. Eight language patterns are identified, including monolingual Spanish and English turns, codeswitched turns, and turns showing convergence (morphemes/words from one language with grammatical structure from the other). Tokens of each type (per sentence or short conversational turn) were counted per informant. Analysis reveals that percentages of monolingual and codeswitched utterances pattern in relation to percentages of utterances showing convergence, indicating that informants’ Spanish does not begin to converge toward English until fewer than 70% of their utterances are monolingual Spanish and that both codeswitching and convergence are mechanisms of language shift from dominance in one language to another. Several associated social factors of the informants, including age, gender, and country of origin, expand understanding of the linguistic and shift patterns. The percentages of the different language types also indicate abrupt shifts from predominance of one language type to another. This 'snapshot' of a language shift in process and the abruptness of the shifts in stages is the unique observation of this study that has not been reported by other language contact researchers. The book also addresses the simultaneous acquisition of Spanish and English by young children and implications for education. The book will be of interest to students, teachers, and researchers of linguistics, sociolinguistics, bilingual education, and Spanish English contact specifically.
Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520-1720
by Murdo J. MacleodThe seventeenth century has been characterized as "Latin America's forgotten century. " This landmark work, originally published in 1973, attempted to fill the vacuum in knowledge by providing an account of the first great colonial cycle in Spanish Central America. The colonial Spanish society of the sixteenth century was very different from that described in the eighteenth century. What happened in the Latin American colonies between the first conquests, the seizure of long-accumulated Indian wealth, the first silver booms, and the period of modern raw material supply? How did Latin America move from one stage to the other? What were these intermediate economic stages, and what effect did they have on the peoples living in Latin America? These questions continue to resonate in Latin American studies today, making this updated edition of Murdo J. MacLeod's original work more relevant than ever. Colonial Central America was a large, populous, and always strategically significant stretch of land. With the Yucatán, it was home of the Maya, one of the great pre-Columbian cultures. MacLeod examines the long-term process it underwent of relative prosperity, depression, and then recovery, citing comparative sources on Europe to describe Central America's great economic, demographic, and social cycles. With an updated historiographical and bibliographical introduction, this fascinating study should appeal to historians, anthropologists, and all who are interested in the colonial experience of Latin America.
The Spanish Fiscal Transition: Tax Reform and Inequality in the Late Twentieth Century (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)
by Sara Torregrosa HetlandThis book provides an analysis of the process and outcomes of the tax reform, with a focus on progressivity, redistribution, and inequality. Between 1977 and 1986, Spain underwent a comprehensive tax reform which shaped its fiscal system until today. It was made in connection with the transition to democracy and indeed was understood as a fundamental part of the political change. The book situates the reform both within Spanish history and international trends in tax systems and connects it to the expansion of the welfare state and regional decentralization in Spain. The analysis reveals that the tax system failed to attain progressivity, and significant levels of fraud had a noticeable impact on inequality. Because of this, fiscal redistribution remained limited. In the new political economy of the second globalization, late democratic and fiscal transitioners were unable to emulate the path of the welfare state forerunners.
Spanish Football and Social Change
by Ramón Llopis-GoigIn the past few decades, Spanish football has undergone a significant transformation, both on and off the pitch. While impressive victories in international tournaments have moved the national team beyond its traditional weaknesses, there has been a rise of violent groups, vandalism and outbreaks of racism and xenophobia in the stadiums. Llopis-Goig analyses these trends, questioning the role of football in contemporary Spanish culture and the historical reasons for its social hegemony. From the transformation of the football clubs into companies and the hyperconsumption of football to the origin and evolution of the Spanish Fury and mechanisms for reproducing hegemonic masculinity, Spanish Football and Social Change explores the main traits of Spanish football culture from a sociological perspective. Fans views of these changes are examined throughout, as are the influences of regional and national identities. Providing an in-depth sociological analysis of football's impact on Spanish society, this book will appeal to Sociologists, Historians and anyone with an interest in football.
Spanish in Miami: Sociolinguistic Dimensions of Postmodernity (Routledge Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics)
by Andrew LynchSpanish in Miami reveals the multifaceted ways in which the language is ideologically rescaled and sociolinguistically reconfigured in this global city. This book approaches Miami’s sociolinguistic situation from language ideological and critical cultural perspectives, combining extensive survey data with two decades of observations, interviews, and conversations with Spanish speakers from all sectors of the city. Tracing the advent of postmodernity in sociolinguistic terms, separate chapters analyze the changing ideological representation of Spanish in mass media during the late 20th century, its paradoxical (dis)continuity in the city’s social life, the political and economic dimensions of the Miami/Havana divide, the boundaries of language through the perceptual lens of Anglicisms, and the potential of South Florida—as part of the Caribbean—to inform our understanding of the highly complex present and future of Spanish in the United States. Spanish in Miami will be of interest to advanced students and researchers of Spanish, Sociolinguistics, and Latino Studies.
Spanish in the United States: Attitudes and Variation (Routledge Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics)
by Scott M. Alvord Gregory L. ThompsonSpanish in the United States: Attitudes and Variation is a collection of new, cutting-edge research with the purpose of providing scholars interested in Spanish as it is spoken by bilinguals living in the United States a current view of the state of the discipline. This volume is broad and inclusive of the populations studied, methodologies used, and approaches to the linguistic study of Spanish in order to provide scholars with an up-to-date understanding of the complexities of the Spanish(es) spoken in the United States. In addition to this snapshot, this volume stimulates new areas of inquiry and motivates new ways of analyzing the social, linguistic, and educational aspects of what it means to speak Spanish in the United States.
The Spanish Language in the United States: Rootedness, Racialization, and Resistance (New Critical Viewpoints on Society)
by José A. CobasThe Spanish Language in the United States addresses the rootedness of Spanish in the United States, its racialization, and Spanish speakers’ resistance against racialization. This novel approach challenges the "foreigner" status of Spanish and shows that racialization victims do not take their oppression meekly. It traces the rootedness of Spanish since the 1500s, when the Spanish empire began the settlement of the new land, till today, when 39 million U.S. Latinos speak Spanish at home. Authors show how whites categorize Spanish speaking in ways that denigrate the non-standard language habits of Spanish speakers—including in schools—highlighting ways of overcoming racism.
Spanish Peru 1532-1560: A Social History
by James LockhartWhen "Spanish Peru, 1532-1560" was published in 1968, it was acclaimed as an innovative study of the early Spanish presence in Peru. It has since become a classic of the literature in Spanish American social history, important in helping to introduce career-pattern history to the field and notable for its broad yet intimate picture of the functioning of an entire society. In this second edition, James Lockhart provides a new conclusion and preface, updated terminology, and additional footnotes.
The Spanx Story: What's Underneath the Incredible success of Sara Blakely's Billion Dollar Empire (The Business Storybook Series)
by Charlie Wetzel Stephanie WetzelWhat can you learn from the most successful companies in the world? The Spanx Story will help you understand and adopt the competitive strategies, workplace culture, and daily business practices that enabled entrepreneur Sara Blakely to dominate the shapewear industry and become a billionaire.<P><P>Sara Blakely had a problem. She had a beautiful pair of white designer pants hanging in her closet just calling out to her to wear them, even though they accented her least favorite feature: cellulite. After searching high and low for a solution and coming up empty, an idea was born: Spanx. <P><P>The Spanx Story chronicles Sara’s journey from long nights researching patent and trademark law, to years of cold shoulders she received from the titans of the pantyhose industry, to the cold call that led to the shelves of Nieman Marcus. It was a long road of incredible hard work and determination that led Spanx to become the iconic brand it is today. <P><P>This book educates and inspires entrepreneurs and innovators to find the problem for their solutions and persevere through all of the hard work that goes into building a billion-dollar company. Through Sara’s story, you will learn: How to develop an idea and turn it into a business.How to start a company with very little capital by thinking outside of the box and dedicating every spare moment to your goal.How to recognize when it’s better to hire a CEO than to be the CEO.And, how to stay the course and continue to believe in your idea, despite naysayers and going against an industry resistant to innovation.
Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society
by Renee C. FoxSpare Parts examines major developments in the field of organ replacement that occurred in the United States over the course of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. It focuses upon significant medical and social changes in the transplantation of human organs and on the development and clinical testing of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart, with special emphasis on how these biomedical events were related to the political, economic, and social climate of American society.Part I examines the important biomedical advances and events in organ transplantation and their social and cultural concomitants. In Part II, the focus shifts to the story of the rise and fall of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart in the United States, its relation to American social institutions and cultural patterns, and its bearing on social control issues associated with therapeutic innovation and the patient-oriented clinical research it entails. Part III is a personal conclusion, which explains why the authors left the field of organ transplantation after so many years.Spare Parts is written in a narrative, ethnographic style, with thickly descriptive, verbatim, and atmospheric detail. The primary data it is based upon includes qualitative materials, collected via participant observation, interviews in a variety of medical milieu, and content analysis of medical journals, newspapers, and magazine articles, and a number of television transcripts. The new introduction provides an overview of some of the recent developments in transplantation and also underscores how tenacious many of the patterns associated with organ replacement have been. Spare Parts should be read by all medical professionals, sociologists, and historians.
The Spare Room
by Helen GarnerIn this short but very direct novel, Helen Garner explores the question: how much of ourselves must we give up to help a friend in need? Helen has little idea what lies ahead--and what strength she must summon--when she offers her spare room to an old friend, Nicola, who has arrived in Melbourne from Sydney for cancer treatments and who is skeptical of the medical establishment, placing all her faith in an alternative health center. Nicola is determined to find her own way to cope, regardless of the advice Helen offers. In the weeks that follow, Nicola's battle for survival will turn not only her own life upside down but also those of everyone around her. Helen unexpectedly finds herself driven through extremes of rage and tenderness to become Nicola's nurse, protector, guardian angel, and stony judge. Powerful and taut, and full of wisdom and dark laughter, The Spare Room is a magical gem of a book that packs a huge punch.
A Spark in the Smokestacks: Environmental Organizing in Beijing Middle-Class Communities
by Jean Yen-chun LinEnvironmental organizing in Beijing emerged in an unlikely place in the 2000s: new gated residential communities. After rapid population growth and housing construction led to a ballooning trash problem and overflowing landfills, many first-time homeowners found their new neighborhoods facing an unappetizing prospect—waste incinerator projects slated for their backyards.Delving into the online and offline conversations of communities affected by the proposed incinerators, A Spark in the Smokestacks demonstrates how a rising middle class acquires the capacity for organizing in an authoritarian context. Jean Yen-chun Lin examines how urban residents create civic life through everyday associational activities—learning to defend property rights, fostering participation, and mobilizing to address housing-related grievances. She shows that homeowners cultivated petitioning skills, informational networks, and community leadership, which they would later deploy against incinerator projects. To interact with government agencies, they developed citizen science–based tactics, a middle-class alternative to disruptive protests. Homeowners drew on their professional connections, expertise, and fundraising capabilities to produce reports that boosted their legitimacy in city-level dialogue. Although only one of the three incinerator projects Lin follows was ultimately canceled, some communities established durable organizations that went on to tackle other environmental problems.Drawing on interviews, participant observation, and ethnography, A Spark in the Smokestacks casts urban Chinese communities as “schools of democracy,” in which residents learn civic skills and build capacity for collective organizing. Through compelling case studies of local activism, this book sheds new light on the formation of civil society and social movements more broadly.
Spartak Moscow
by Robert EdelmanIn the informative, entertaining, and generously illustrated Spartak Moscow, a book that will be cheered by soccer fans worldwide, Robert Edelman finds in the stands and on the pitch keys to understanding everyday life under Stalin, Khrushchev, and their successors. Millions attended matches and obsessed about their favorite club, and their rowdiness on game day stood out as a moment of relative freedom in a society that championed conformity. This was particularly the case for the supporters of Spartak, which emerged from the rough proletarian Presnia district of Moscow and spent much of its history in fierce rivalry with Dinamo, the team of the secret police. To cheer for Spartak, Edelman shows, was a small and safe way of saying "no" to the fears and absurdities of high Stalinism; to understand Spartak is to understand how soccer explains Soviet life. Champions of the Soviet Elite League twelve times and eleven-time winner of the USSR Cup, Spartak was founded and led for seven decades by the four Starostin brothers, the most visible of whom were Nikolai and Andrei. Brilliant players turned skilled entrepreneurs, they were flexible enough to constantly change their business model to accommodate the dramatic shifts in Soviet policy. Whether because of their own financial wheeling and dealing or Spartak's too frequent success against state-sponsored teams, they were arrested in 1942 and spent twelve years in the gulag. Instead of facing hard labor and likely death, they were spared the harshness of their places of exile when they were asked by local camp commandants to coach the prisoners' football teams. Returning from the camps after Stalin's death, they took back the reins of a club whose mystique as the "people's team" was only enhanced by its status as a victim of Stalinist tyranny. Edelman covers the team from its days on the wild fields of prerevolutionary Russia through the post-Soviet period. Given its history, it was hardly surprising that Spartak adjusted quickly to the new, capitalist world of postsocialist Russia, going on to win the championship of the Russian Premier League nine times, the Russian Cup three times, and the CIS Commonwealth of Independent States Cup six times. In addition to providing a fresh and authoritative history of Soviet society as seen through its obsession with the world's most popular sport, Edelman, a well-known sports commentator, also provides biographies of Spartak's leading players over the course of a century and riveting play-by-play accounts of Spartak's most important matches-including such highlights as the day in 1989 when Spartak last won the Soviet Elite League on a Valery Shmarov free kick at the ninety-second minute. Throughout, he palpably evokes what it was like to cheer for the "Red and White. "
Spatial and Social Disparities
by Claudia Thomas John Stillwell Paul Norman Paula SurridgeInequality is one of the major problems of the contemporary world. Significant geographical disparities exist within nations of the developed world, as well as between these countries and those referred to as the 'South' in the Bruntland Report. Issues of equity and deprivation must be addressed in view of sustainable development. However, before policymakers can remove the obstacles to a fairer world, it is essential to understand the nature of inequality, both in terms of its spatial and socio-demographic characteristics. This second volume in the series contains population studies that examine the disparities evident across geographical space in the UK and between different individuals or groups. Topics include demographic and social change, deprivation, happiness, cultural consumption, ethnicity, gender, employment, health, religion, education and social values. These topics and the relationships between them are explored using secondary data from censuses, surveys or administrative records. In volume 1 the findings of research on fertility, living arrangements, care and mobility are examined. Volume 3 will focus on ethnicity and integration.
Spatial Auditory Human-Computer Interfaces
by Jaka Sodnik Sašo TomažičThis book focuses on a special group of auditory interfaces using spatial sound for the representation of information. The addition of information on the location of a selected sound source or a group of sources shows many advantages over a mere single-channel audio. This survey explains the most important limitations of the human hearing system and the perception of spatial sound. It also includes some technical background and basic processing and programming techniques for the creation and reproduction of spatial sounds with different audio equipment. Spatial auditory interfaces have evolved significantly in the last couple of years and can be found in a variety of environments where visual communication is obstructed or completely blocked by other activities, such as walking, driving, flying, operating multimodal virtual displays, etc. An entire chapter of this survey is dedicated to the most important areas of spatial auditory displays: mobile devices and computers, virtual environments, aircrafts and vehicles, visually impaired and blind computers users, and brain-computer interfaces.
Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain (The Urban Book Series)
by Shlomit Flint AsheryThis book focuses on the strict orthodox Jewish (Haredi) community, which comprises many sects whose communal identity plays a central role in everyday life and spatial organization. The research reveals and analyses powerful mechanisms of residential segregation acting at the apartment-, building- and near-neighbourhood levels. Identifying the main engines of spontaneous and organised neighbourhood change and evaluating the difficulties of liberalism dealing with non-autonomous individuals in the housing market sheds light on similar processes occurring in other city centres with diverse population groups. Highlighting the impact of various organisational levels on the spatial structure of the urban enclave, the book focuses on the internal dynamics of ethno-religious enclaves that emerge from three levels of action: (1) individuals' relationships with their own and other groups; (2) the community leadership's powers within the group and in respect of other groups; and (3) government directives and tools (e.g planning). The study examines how different levels of communal organisation are reflected in the residential patterns of four British communities: the Litvish communities of Golders Green and Gateshead, and the Hassidic communities of Stamford Hill and Canvey Island.
Spatial Diversity in the Global City: Transnational Tokyo (Global Diversities)
by Sakura YamamuraThis book, at the nexus of migration and urban studies, sheds new light on a long-neglected group of transmigrants and the global city of Tokyo. Using extensive empirical material on transnational migrants from above and below, it locates and better specifies spatial diversification in Tokyo and beyond. By incorporating transnational spaces into urban diversity discourses, it extends the superdiversity debate to a socio-spatial dimension and examines the configuration and processes of diversity and diversification in global cities from a socio-spatial perspective. Unique in its theoretical focus on the spatial aspect of superdiversity, the book delivers rare empirical insights into the daily socio-spatial practices of transnational financial professionals and other transmigrants. This social geographical study reveals the complex interplay between global mobility and urban transformation. It will be of particular interest to urban and migration scholars in fields such as urban sociology, social geography, and urban anthropology, offering deep engagement with debates on urban diversity and transnational spaces.
Spatial Divisions of Labor
by Doreen MasseyDebate still rages over some of the questions Doreen Massey provoked in the classic first edition of Spatial Divisions of Labor, such as the nature of theory, the importance of contingency and uniqueness, and the relationship of Marxism. This second edition addresses these controversies, and also reflects on other debates which have taken place over the last decade. It contains a new first chapter and a lengthy additional concluding essay in which Massey takes up the issues of the book's relation to Marxism, its position on explanation, its argument about the conceptualization of social space and its relation to gender and feminism.
Spatial Encounters and Togetherness in the Metropolis: The Metrobuses of Istanbul (Identities and Modernities in Europe)
by Özlem CihanThis book analyzes Istanbul's bus rapid transit, the metrobus, as an encountering space to unfold the perception and practice of togetherness. Based on field research with regular metrobus passengers, the book presents a layered analysis between everyday life, everyday mobility, and togetherness to emphasize the metropolitan impact on the socio-spatial experience and subjectification. By articulating Lefebvrian social space in a metropolitan context, the book discusses that Istanbul's spatially and temporally framed everydayness leads inhabitants to the need for bus rapid transit. On the other hand, the need for the metrobus produces transit modes of experience in regulars' socio-spatial relation and subjectification. As a result, encountering and being with the unfamiliar and diverse others undertake the framed typologies of the first two layers and produce a dissolving essence in the idea and practice of togetherness in Istanbul.
Spatial Futures: Difference and the Post-Anthropocene
by LaToya E. Eaves Heidi J. Nast Alex G. PapadopoulosSpatial Futures invites readers to imagine power and freedom through the lens of the ‘Black Outdoors’, a transdisciplinary spatial concept that operates beyond the planetary, stratigraphic confines of the ‘Anthropocene’. The chapters collectively point to the ontological-epistemological contradictions involved in forging liberatory spatial futures. Bringing new spatial imaginaries to bear in and outside geography, the book refuses the strictures of the ‘cenic’, entertaining difference as world-making.
Spatial Justice, Contested Governance and Livelihood Challenges in Bangladesh: The Production of Counterspace (Routledge Studies in Cities and Development)
by Lutfun Nahar LataThis book analyses the key livelihood and governance challenges that the urban poor experience while navigating public spaces in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Using data collected through extensive fieldwork in Bangladesh, the book contributes to the emerging scholarship of resilient cities, gendered space, spatial justice, and poverty in cities of the Global South. The book assesses the everyday politics of survival for the urban poor; how the poor negotiate different levels of formal and informal modes of power and governance; and the dynamics of gender. It explores how tenuous counter-spaces are created when these factors combine to provide a valuable framework for work in other urban contexts in the Global South beyond Bangladesh. Using cross-disciplinary perspectives, this book investigates the issues of human development, urban governance, urban planning and the gendered nature of urban space to outline how these issues enable or constrain poor people’s livelihood practices and their rights to be in the city. Exploring debates surrounding placemaking and inclusive cities and their connection to poor people’s livelihoods, this book will be of interest to scholars in the field of Sociology, Development Studies, Planning, Geography and Anthropology.
Spatial Justice in the City
by Sophie WatsonIn the context of increasing division and segregation in cities across the world, along with pressing concerns around austerity, environmental degradation, homelessness, violence, and refugees, this book pursues a multidisciplinary approach to spatial justice in the city. Spatial justice has been central to urban theorists in various ways. Intimately connected to social justice, it is a term implicated in relations of power which concern the spatial distribution of resources, rights and materials. Arguably there can be no notion of social justice that is not spatial. Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos has argued that spatial justice is the struggle of various bodies – human, natural, non-organic, technological – to occupy a certain space at a certain time. As such, urban planning and policy interventions are always, to some extent at least, about spatial justice. And, as cities become ever more unequal, it is crucial that urbanists address questions of spatial justice in the city. To this end, this book considers these questions from a range of disciplinary perspectives. Crossing law, sociology, history, cultural studies, and geography, the book’s overarching concern with how to think spatial justice in the city brings a fresh perspective to issues that have concerned urbanists for several decades. The inclusion of empirical work in London brings the political, social, and cultural aspects of spatial justice to life. The book will be of interest to academics and students in the field of urban studies, sociology, geography, planning, space law, and cultural studies.
Spatial Literacy
by Epifania Akosua Amoo-AdareThis book makes the case for an urgent praxis of critical spatial literacy for African women. It provides a critical analysis of how Asante women negotiate and understand the politics of contemporary space in Accra and beyond and the effect it has on their lives, demonstrating how they critically 'read that world. '