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What are Universities For?
by Stefan ColliniAcross the world, universities are more numerous than they have ever been, yet at the same time there is unprecedented confusion about their purpose and scepticism about their value. What Are Universities For? offers a spirited and compelling argument for completely rethinking the way we see our universities, and why we need them. Stefan Collini challenges the common claim that universities need to show that they help to make money in order to justify getting more money. Instead, he argues that we must reflect on the different types of institution and the distinctive roles they play. In particular we must recognize that attempting to extend human understanding, which is at the heart of disciplined intellectual enquiry, can never be wholly harnessed to immediate social purposes - particularly in the case of the humanities, which both attract and puzzle many people and are therefore the most difficult subjects to justify.At a time when the future of higher education lies in the balance, What Are Universities For? offers all of us a better, deeper and more enlightened understanding of why universities matter, to everyone.
What in the World Are Your Kids Doing Online?: How to Understand the Electronic World Your Children Live In
by Barbara Melton Susan ShankleTexting. Blogging. IMing. Technology that has become second nature to our children remains uncharted territory for many parents. What in the World Are Your Kids Doing Online?tells you everything you need to know to navigate the parenting issues technology raises, and arms you with the tools you need to protect your children. This comprehensive, all-purpose guide shows you how to keep up with the latest in computer technology and the Internet—even if you’re a techno-illiterate. You’ll also learn how to: protect your child from cyber-bullies and sexual predators monitor your child’s online activity recognize the danger signs in your child’s use of chat rooms and socializing sites such as MySpace decode the secret language of texting, instant messaging, e-mail, and chat rooms keep your “Cyber-kid” healthy and fit teach your child good on-line study skills help your child build healthy friendships and dating relationships, both on- and off-line gear your rules about the Internet to your child’s age and developmental stage know when to turn the computer offIncludes information on how the cyber world affects children with special needs, learning disorders, and emotional disorders.
What is Academic Freedom?: A Century of Debate, 1915–Present
by Daniel GordonThis book explores the history of the debate, from 1915 to the present, about the meaning of academic freedom, particularly as concerns political activism on the college campus. The book introduces readers to the origins of the modern research university in the United States, the professionalization of the role of the university teacher, and the rise of alternative conceptions of academic freedom challenging the professional model and radicalizing the image of the university. Leading thinkers on the subject of academic freedom—Arthur Lovejoy, Angela Davis, Alexander Meiklejohn, Edward W. Said, among others—spring to life. What is the relationship between freedom of speech and academic freedom? Should communists be allowed to teach? What constitutes unacceptable political "indoctrination" in the classroom? What are the implications for academic freedom of creating Black Studies and Women's Studies departments? Do academic boycotts, such as those directed against Israel, violate the spirit of academic freedom? The book provides the context for these debates. Instead of opining as a judge, the author discloses the legal, philosophical, political, and semantic disagreements in each controversy. The book will appeal to readers across the social sciences and humanities with interests in scholarly freedom and academic life.
What is Colonialism?
by Patrick Colm HoganWhat is Colonialism? develops a clear and rigorous account of what colonialism is and how it works. It draws on and synthesizes recent work in cognitive science, affective science, and social psychology, along with Marxism and related forms of analysis. Hogan begins with some fundamental conceptual distinctions, such as the degree to which a group shares beliefs, dispositions, and skills versus the degree to which they share identification with a category. Building on these distinctions, he defines colonialism in terms of political, economic, and cultural autonomy, clarifying the nature of culture and autonomy particularly. He goes on to articulate an invaluable systematic account of the varieties of colonialism. The final chapters outline the motives of imperialists, differentiating these from their ideological rationalizations, and sketching the harms caused by colonialism. The book concludes by considering when, or if, one can achieve a genuinely postcolonial condition. Hogan illustrates these analyses by examining influential literary works—by European writers (such as Joseph Conrad) and by non-Europeans (such as Athol Fugard, Kamala Markandaya, and Wole Soyinka). This accessible and informative volume is the ideal resource for students and scholars interested in colonialism and empire.
What is Critical Environmental Justice?
by David Naguib PellowHuman societies have always been deeply interconnected with our ecosystems, but today those relationships are witnessing greater frictions, tensions, and harms than ever before. These dynamics mirror those experienced by marginalized communities across the planet, but they also provide a foundation for transformative thinking and action to address these challenges. In this updated edition of his innovative contribution, David Naguib Pellow introduces a new framework for critically analyzing Environmental Justice scholarship and activism. In doing so he extends the field’s focus to topics not usually associated with environmental justice, including policing, incarceration, the Israel/Palestine conflict, and the Black Lives Matter movement. In doing so he reveals that ecological violence is first and foremost a form of social violence, driven by and legitimated by social structures and discourses. He enriches this radical approach to Environmental Justice by drawing on Indigenous Studies, the Black Radical Tradition, Disability Studies, Queer and Transgender Studies, and Multi-Species Justice, among others. Those already familiar with the discipline will find themselves invited to think about the subject in entirely new ways. This book is a vital resource for students, scholars, and policy makers interested in innovative approaches to one of the greatest challenges facing humanity and the planet.
What is Cultural Sociology? (What is Sociology?)
by Lyn SpillmanCulture, cultural difference, and cultural conflict always surround us. Cultural sociologists aim to understand their role across all aspects of social life by examining processes of meaning-making. In this crisp and accessible book, Lyn Spillman demonstrates many of the conceptual tools cultural sociologists use to explore how people make meaning. Drawing on vivid examples, she offers a compelling analytical framework within which to view the entire field of cultural sociology. In each chapter, she introduces a different angle of vision, with distinct but compatible approaches for explaining culture and its role in social life: analyzing symbolic forms, meaning-making in interaction, and organized production. This book both offers a concise answer to the question of what cultural sociology is and provides an overview of the fundamental approaches in the field.
What is Culture? (Our Multicultural World Ser.)
by Bobbie KalmanThis title shows our connection to the natural world and to one another. It asks children to put aside their differences and to work together for the common good. What are our common goals? How can we work toward peace, safety, tolerance, and integrity in our lives? How can we live together with respect, kindness and friendship?
What is Education for?: The View of the Great Thinkers and Their Relevance Today
by Nicholas TateDr Nicholas Tate looks at the philosophies of 10 great thinkers from history and explains how their ideas put current education issues into a new perspective, while suggesting additional ones to be addressed. The aim is to show how engaging with interesting past minds can both help put current issues in a new perspective and suggest additional ones to be addressed.
What is Education for?: The View of the Great Thinkers and Their Relevance Today
by Nicholas TateDr Nicholas Tate looks at the philosophies of 10 great thinkers from history and explains how their ideas put current education issues into a new perspective, while suggesting additional ones to be addressed. The aim is to show how engaging with interesting past minds can both help put current issues in a new perspective and suggest additional ones to be addressed.
What is Education?
by Jackson Philip W.One day in 1938, John Dewey addressed a room of professional educators and urged them to take up the task of “finding out just what education is. ” Reading this lecture in the late 1940s, Philip W. Jackson took Dewey’s charge to heart and spent the next sixty years contemplating his words. The stimulating result of a lifetime of thinking about educating, What Is Education? is a profound philosophical exploration of how we transmit knowledge in human society and how we think about accomplishing that vital task. Most contemporary approaches to education follow a strictly empirical track, aiming to discover pragmatic solutions for teachers and school administrators. Jackson argues that we need to learn not just how to improve on current practices but also how to think about what education means—in short, we need to answer Dewey by constantly rethinking education from the ground up. Guiding us through the many facets of Dewey’s comments, Jackson also calls on Hegel, Kant, and Paul Tillich to shed light on how a society does, can, and should transmit truth and knowledge to successive generations. Teasing out the implications in these thinkers’ works ultimately leads Jackson to the conclusion that education is at root a moral enterprise. At a time when schools increasingly serve as a battleground for ideological contests, What Is Education? is a stirring call to refocus our minds on what is for Jackson the fundamental goal of education: making students as well as teachers—and therefore everyone—better people.
What is Essential to Being Human?: Can AI Robots Not Share It? (The Future of the Human)
by Margaret S. ArcherThis book asks whether there exists an essence exclusive to human beings despite their continuous enhancement – a nature that can serve to distinguish humans from artificially intelligent robots, now and in the foreseeable future. Considering what might qualify as such an essence, this volume demonstrates that the abstract question of ‘essentialism’ underpins a range of social issues that are too often considered in isolation and usually justify ‘robophobia’, rather than ‘robophilia’, in terms of morality, social relations and legal rights. Any defence of human exceptionalism requires clarity about what property(ies) ground it and an explanation of why these cannot be envisaged as being acquired (eventually) by AI robots. As such, an examination of the conceptual clarity of human essentialism and the role it plays in our thinking about dignity, citizenship, civil rights and moral worth is undertaken in this volume. What is Essential to Being Human? will appeal to scholars of social theory and philosophy with interests in human nature, ethics and artificial intelligence.
What is Europe?
by Anna Triandafyllidou Ruby GropasThis authoritative yet accessible introduction to understanding Europe today moves beyond accounts of European integration to provide a wide-ranging and nuanced study of contemporary Europe and its historical development. This fully updated edition adds material on recent developments, such as Brexit and the migrant and Eurozone crises. The concept of Europe is instilled with a plethora of social, cultural, economic, and political meanings. Throughout history, and still today, scholars writing on Europe, and politicians involved in national or European politics, often disagree on the geographic limits of this space and the defining elements of Europe. Europe is, therefore, first and foremost a concept that takes different shapes and meanings depending on the realm of life on which it is applied and on the historical period under investigation. At a given point in time, depending on the perspective we adopt and the situation in which we find ourselves, Europe may represent very different things. Thus, we should better talk about ‘Europes’ in plural. What is Europe? explores these evolving conceptions of Europe from antiquity to the present. This book is all the more timely as Europe responds to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Britain’s departure from the European Union, financial slump, refugee emergencies, and the COVID-19 pandemic. This book offers a fully updated introduction to European studies from an interdisciplinary perspective. It is a crucial companion to any undergraduate or graduate course on Europe and the European Union. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
What is Feminist Sociology?
by Jo RegerWhat does it mean to say that there is a feminist sociology? And how might we engage the full potential of a “feminist sociological imagination”? These questions lie at the heart of Jo Reger’s slim guide to a powerful tool which has a long history in US sociology and yet remains as urgently needed as ever. Grounded in a need to change both society and the discipline, feminist sociology challenges the foundations of traditional social science and articulates new ways of creating knowledge, doing research, and understanding the role of researchers and the people they study. Drawing on concepts such as positionality and reflexivity, and emphasizing the importance of feminist ethics, emotions, activism, and transformation, this concise book traces out what it means to engage in feminist sociology and to claim the identity of a feminist sociologist.
What is Food?: Researching a Topic with Many Meanings (Sociological Futures)
by Rebecca O'Connell Ulla Gustafsson Alizon Draper Andrea TonnerThis volume brings together contributions that provide a snapshot of current food research. What is Food? acknowledges the many dimensions of food, including its social, cultural, symbolic and sensual qualities, while also being material in that it is fundamental to our survival. The collection addresses contemporary challenges and reflects the concerns of funders and researchers working in the broad field of the sociology of food: dietary health, sustainability, food safety and food poverty. Reflecting broader academic trends, the chapters are moreover concerned with interdisciplinarity, the analysis of change, data reuse and the use of social media as data. The book includes empirical evidence from around the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Taiwan and addresses food both as a lens through which to examine these wider social relationships, processes and social change and as a primary subject. The contributions will be of interest to a wide range of students and researchers looking for a cutting-edge insight into how to frame and study food in areas related to the sociology of food, health, risk, poverty, sustainability and research methods.
What is Gender?: Sociological Approaches
by Mary HolmesIs gender something done to us by society, or something we do? What is the relationship between gender and other inequalities? What is Gender? explores these complex and important questions, helping readers to critically analyse how women's and men's lives are shaped by the society in which they live. The book offers a comprehensive account of trends in sociological thinking, from a material and economic focus on gender inequalities to the debates about meaning initiated by the linguistic or cultural turn. The book begins by questioning simplistic biological conceptions of gender and goes on to evaluate different theoretical frameworks for explaining gender, as well as political approaches to gender issues. The cultural turn is also examined in relation to thinking about how gender is related to other forms of inequality such as class and 'race'. The book is up-to-date and broad in its scope, drawing on a range of disciplines, such as: sociology, psychoanalysis, masculinity studies, literary criticism, feminist political theory, feminist philosophy and feminist theory.
What is Masculinity? Why Does it Matter? And Other Big Questions (And Other Big Questions)
by Jeffrey Boakye Darren ChettyMasculinity is being discussed more than ever before, in a range of contexts. People talk about 'toxic masculinity', claim that there is a crisis in masculinity or argue that we need to 'reclaim masculinity'. There have always been many ways of being a man, and many people who have claimed that there are correct and incorrect ways of being a man. This important and timely book looks at the big questions surrounding definitions of masculinity, and discusses where ideas of masculinity have come from and the effects of gender stereotyping. The authors and contributors share their experiences of and perspectives on masculinity and invite readers to think for themselves about the issues involved.Aimed at young people aged 10 and upwards. Part of the groundbreaking and important 'And Other Big Questions' series, which offers balanced and considered views on the big issues we face in the world we live in today.Other titles in the series include:What is Gender? How does it define us?What is Feminism? Why do we need it?What is Consent? Why is it important?What is Mental Health? Where does it come from?
What is Political Sociology? (What is Sociology?)
by Elisabeth S. ClemensWith an entire discipline devoted to political science, what is distinctive about political sociology? This concise book explains what a sociological perspective brings to our understanding of the emergence, reproduction, and transformation of different forms of political order. Crucially, political sociology expands the field of view to the politics that happen in other social settings – in the family, at work, in civic associations – as well as the ways in which social attributes such as class, religion, age, race, and gender shape patterns of political participation and the distribution of political power.Political sociology grapples with these issues across an enormous range of historical and geographic settings, from intimate to geo-political scales. It requires an analytic toolkit that includes concepts of power, identities and inequalities, social closure, civil society, and modes of political action. Using these central concepts, this updated edition of What is Political Sociology? discusses the major forms of political order, processes of regime formation and revolution, the social bases for political participation, policy formation as well as feedbacks, social movements and social change, and the possibilities for new forms of digital and transnational politics. In sum, the book offers an insightful introduction to this core perspective on social life.
What is Sexual Capital?
by Eva Illouz Dana KaplanThis book does to sex what other sociologists did to culture: it shows that sex, no longer defined by religion, now plays a role in the economy and can yield tangible benefits in the realms of money, status, and occupation. How do people accumulate sexual capital, and what are the returns for investing money, time, knowledge, and energy in establishing and enhancing our sexual selves? Dana Kaplan and Eva Illouz disentangle the current cultural politics of heterosexual life, arguing that sex – that messy amalgam of sexual affects and experiences – has increasingly assumed an economic character. Some may opt for plastic surgery to beautify their face or body, while others may consume popular sex advice or attend seduction classes. Beyond particular practices such as these, the authors trace an emerging form of “neoliberal” sexual capital, which is the ability to glean self-appreciation from sexual encounters and to use this self-value to foster employability, as exemplified by Silicon Valley sex parties. This highly original book will appeal to students and scholars in sociology, anthropology, gender studies, and cultural studies and to anyone interested in the nature of sex and how it is changing today.
What is Sexualized Violence?: Intersectional Readings (Routledge Research in Gender and Society)
by Jana SchäferWhat is Sexualized Violence? Intersectional Readings uses an intersectional, queer, and subject-oriented approach to examine how societies constitute subjects as abilized and vulnerabilized with respect to sexualized violence. Contributing to our thinking about the dynamic relationship between social structure, subject formation, intersubjectivity, and violence, this text deploys an intersectional reading to engage with the complex social topography that both offers and imposes violence as a socially mediated practice. Instead of discussing one particular group at the intersection of race and gender, this book discusses the constitution of positionalities through systems of oppression and includes racialization, gender, sexuality, disability, and age. Moreover, the text is also interested in explicitly engaging with how the history of disciplines, institutions, and organizations contributed to the current constitution of opportunities for violence. It gives us modes of thinking to confront sexualized violence as a social problem and challenge the discourses and social structures that uphold it. This book is meant to offer questions and approaches for students and scholars, practitioners and policy makers, and survivors of sexualized violence who have an interest in an intersectional perspective on sexualized violence.
What is Shi'i Islam?: An Introduction (Routledge Persian and Shi'i Studies #3)
by Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi Christian Jambet<p>For the public at large Shi’ism often implies a host of confused representations, suggesting more often than not obscurantism, intolerance, political violence and other ignominies running hot or cold in response to world events. In fact for many people, Shi’ism stands for "radical Islam", or – worse – "Islamic terrorism". In some respects, nothing is more familiar than Shi’ism, and yet nothing is more misunderstood. For some twenty years the media have increased their coverage of the phenomenon. Never, or only rarely, do they formulate the question we ask here: what is Shi’ism? What is this belief that inspires millions of people dispersed throughout the world? <p>This book provides a broad based introduction to Shi’i Islam. It examines what the Shi’i believe, how they see themselves and how they view the world. It includes a thorough examination of doctrine, philosophy, the Shi’i approach to the Qur’an and the historical evolution of Shi’ism as a branch of Islam. Too often, and too quickly, the conclusion is drawn that Shi’ism is a marginal heretical sect, fundamentally alien to the deeper truth of the great religion of Islam, thrust by historical accident onto the political stage. Shi’ism either speaks the truth of Islam, meaning that it is a truth of terror, or it is entirely foreign to Islam and, therefore, merits outright rejection, as Islamic fundamentalists and some individuals repeatedly claim. This book intends to explain why such common misunderstandings of Shi’ism have taken root. <p>Written in an accessible format and providing a thorough overview of Shi’ism, this book will be an essential text for students and scholars of Islamic Studies or Iranian Studies.</p>
What is a Community?: from A to Z (Alpha Basics)
by Bobbie KalmanThis educative text explains the common components shared by many communities like people, transport, buildings, culture, etc. It also illustrates how various communities are interdependent and sows the seed for respecting mother earth as the most important community.
What is a Good Childhood?: A Philosophical Approach
by Johannes Drerup Gottfried SchweigerThis book deals with the question of what is a good life for children. It argues that a good childhood is one in which: a child is sufficiently provided with all the goods it needs to develop into an autonomous person a child is sufficiently provided with the goods it needs for its well-being sufficient space is given to a child´s will, wishes, concerns and projects The book not only develops a new theoretical conception of a good childhood and defends it against objections, it also engages with the problem how a good childhood can be realized in the context of families as well as the institutions of liberal states. In so doing it provides numerous insights into central themes and key issues of the philosophy of childhood. What is a Good Childhood? is essential reading for all scholars and researchers of ethics, social and political philosophy and philosophy education, especially those focusing on the philosophy of childhood.
What is a case?
by Howard S. Becker Charles C. RaginThe concept of the case is a basic feature of social science research and yet many questions about how a case should be defined, how cases should be selected and what the criteria are for a good case or set of cases are far from settled. Are cases pre-existing phenomena that need only be identified by the researcher before analysis can begin? Or are cases constructed during the course of research, only after analysis has revealed which features should be considered defining characteristics? Will cases be selected randomly from the total pool of available cases? Or will cases be chosen because of their unique qualities? These questions and many others are addressed by the contributors to this volume as they probe the nature of the case and the ways in which different understandings of what a case is affect the conduct and the results of research. The contributors find a good deal of common ground, and yet they also express strikingly different views on many key points. As Ragin argues and the contributions demonstrate, the work of any given researcher is often characterized by some hybrid of these basic approaches, and it is important to understand that most research involves multiple definitions and uses of cases, as both specific empirical phenomena and as general theoretical categories.
What is the Middle East?: The Theory and Practice of Regions (Elements in Middle East Politics)
by Marc LynchThe Middle East has traditionally been understood as a world region by policy, political science, and the public. Its borders are highly ambiguous, however, and rarely explicitly justified or theorized. This Element examines how the current conception of the Middle East emerged from colonialism and the Cold War, placing it within both global politics and trends within American higher education. It demonstrates the strategic stakes of different possible definitions of the Middle East, as well as the internal political struggles to define and shape the identity of the region. It shows how unexamined assumptions about the region as a coherent and unified entity have distorted political science research by arbitrarily limiting the comparative universe of cases and foreclosing underlying politics. It argues for expanding our concept of the Middle East to better incorporate transregional connections within a broader appeal for comparative area studies.
What is the Sociology of Philosophy?: Studies of Swedish and Scandinavian Philosophy (Routledge Advances in Sociology)
by Carl-Göran Heidegren Henrik LundbergThis book introduces the sociology of philosophy as a research field, asking what can be gained by looking at the discipline of philosophy from a sociological perspective and how to go about doing it, as presented through three case studies of 20th-century Swedish and Scandinavian philosophy.After a general introduction to the topic including its brief history and central concepts, the case studies tackle questions such as how the crucial distinction between analytical and Continental philosophy came to be established in Sweden, how the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess worked out in his early philosophy an approach to dealing with the cultural trauma of the Second World War and the Nazi occupation, and how professional philosophical careers were built in postwar Sweden. The authors then take a forward look, suggesting where the field might go from here and what its future key areas might be.This volume will appeal to scholars and students in sociology, philosophy, intellectual history, and Scandinavian studies.