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Human-Centered Technology for a Better Tomorrow: Proceedings of HUMENS 2021 (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)
by Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan Zulkifli Ahmad A Manap Mohamad Zairi Baharom Nasrul Hadi Johari Ummu Kulthum Jamaludin Muhammad Hilmi Jalil Idris Mat Sahat Mohd Nadzeri OmarThis book acts as a compilation of papers presented in the Human Engineering Symposium (HUMENS 2021). The symposium theme, “Human-centered Technology for A Better Tomorrow,” covers the following research topics: ergonomics, biomechanics, sports technology, medical device and instrumentation, artificial intelligence / machine learning, industrial design, rehabilitation, additive manufacturing, modelling and bio-simulation, and signal processing. Fifty-nine articles published in this book are divided into four parts, namely Part 1—Artificial Intelligence and Biosimulation, Part 2—Biomechanics, Safety and Sports, Part 3—Design and Instrumentation, and Part 4—Ergonomics.
Human Enhancement Drugs (Routledge Studies in Crime and Society)
by Katinka van de Ven Kyle J. D. Mulrooney Jim McVeighDespite increasing interest in the use of human enhancement drugs (HEDs), our understanding of this phenomenon and the regulatory framework used to address it has lagged behind. Encompassing public health, epidemiology, neuroethics, sport science, criminology, and sociology, this book brings together a broad spectrum of scholarly insights and research expertise from leading authorities to examine key international issues in the field of HEDs. As "traditional" and other "new" drug markets have occupied much of the academic attention, there has been a lack of scholarly focus on human enhancement drugs. This book provides readers with a much-needed understanding of the illicit drug market of HEDs. The authors, from a variety of cultural contexts, disciplines and perspectives, include both academics and practitioners. Topics explored in this collection amongst others include: • The anti-doping industry and performance and image enhancing drugs • Steroids and gender • The use of cognitive enhancing drugs in academia • The use of sunless synthetic tanning products • The (online) trade of HEDs • Regulations of the enhancement drugs market This collection will serve as a reference for students, academics, practitioners, law enforcement and others working in this area to reflect on the current state of research and consider future priorities. This detailed exploration will provide a valuable knowledge base for those interested in human enhancement drugs, while also promoting critical discussion.
Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2019), August 22-24, 2019, Nice, France (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1018)
by Tareq Ahram Redha Taiar Serge Colson Arnaud ChoplinThis book reports on research and developments in human-technology interaction. A special emphasis is given to human-computer interaction, and its implementation for a wide range of purposes such as healthcare, aerospace, telecommunication, and education, among others. The human aspects are analyzed in detail. Timely studies on human-centered design, wearable technologies, social and affective computing, augmented, virtual and mixed reality simulation, human rehabilitation and biomechanics represent the core of the book. Emerging technology applications in business, security, and infrastructure are also critically examined, thus offering a timely, scientifically-grounded, but also professionally-oriented snapshot of the current state of the field. The book is based on contributions presented at the 1st International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies, IHIET 2019, held on August 22-24, in Nice, France. It offers a timely survey and a practice-oriented reference guide to systems engineers, psychologists, sport scientists, physical therapists, as well as decision-makers, designing or dealing with the new generation of service systems.User Experience of a Social Media Based Knowledge Sharing System in Industry Work, Chapter of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com
Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications II: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Future Applications (IHIET – AI 2020), April 23-25, 2020, Lausanne, Switzerland (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1152)
by Tareq Ahram Redha Taiar Vincent Gremeaux-Bader Kamiar AminianThis book reports on research and developments in human-technology interaction. A special emphasis is given to human-computer interaction, and its implementation for a wide range of purposes such as healthcare, aerospace, telecommunication, and education, among others. The human aspects are analyzed in detail. Timely studies on human-centered design, wearable technologies, social and affective computing, augmented, virtual and mixed reality simulation, human rehabilitation and biomechanics represent the core of the book. Emerging technology applications in business, security, and infrastructure are also critically examined, thus offering a timely, scientifically-grounded, but also professionally-oriented snapshot of the current state of the field. The book is based on contributions presented at the 2nd International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Future Applications, IHIET-AI 2020, held on April 23-25, in Lausanne, Switzerland. It offers a timely survey and a practice-oriented reference guide to researchers and professionals dealing with design and/or management of the new generation of service systems.
Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Future Applications (IHIET 2020), August 27-29, 2020, Paris, France (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1253)
by Tareq Ahram Redha Taiar Arnaud Choplin Karine LangloisThis book reports on research and developments in human-technology interaction. A special emphasis is given to human-computer interaction, and its implementation for a wide range of purposes such as healthcare, aerospace, telecommunication, and education, among others. The human aspects are analyzed in detail. Timely studies on human-centered design, wearable technologies, social and affective computing, augmented, virtual and mixed reality simulation, human rehabilitation and biomechanics represent the core of the book. Emerging technology applications in business, security, and infrastructure are also critically examined, thus offering a timely, scientifically-grounded, but also professionally-oriented snapshot of the current state of the field. The book is based on contributions presented at the 3rd International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Future Applications, IHIET 2020, held on August 27-29, 2020. It offers a timely survey and a practice-oriented reference guide to researchers and professionals dealing with design and/or management of the new generation of service systems.
The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations
by Thompson Sarkodie-Gyan Huiying YuThe textbook describes the complexity of the human dynamic behavior in space and its ability to produce coordinated, adaptive, dynamically stable movements under steady conditions while negotiating complex terrains and experiencing unexpected perturbations. Applying fundamental theories of biomechanics and physiology, the authors further consider the physical, perceptual, and motor aspects of the locomotor system towards the analysis of how humans can behave adaptively in space by virtue of their intelligent sensory-motor functions and to illuminate our understanding of how this complexity in behavior can provide insight into the neural control of locomotion of the musculoskeletal system. The text provides a foundation for describing the normal and abnormal human locomotor systems. The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations is intended as a primary text for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses in neuroscience, gait analysis, kinesiology, physical therapy, sports science, and biomedical and rehabilitation engineering. It is also a valuable professional reference for scientists and engineers at medical and pharmaceutical companies involved in bioengineering research and development.
Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach
by Greg Payne Larry IsaacsHuman Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach, 10th Edition, offers an overview to the study of changes in human movement across the lifespan. The book uses a holistic approach and emphasizes the importance of intellectual, social, and physical development and their impact on human motor development at all ages. The tenth edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the most recent research and technology in human motor development. Organized into five parts, the book examines key topics in motor development including the relationship between cognitive and social development and motor development, factors affecting development, changes across the lifespan, and assessment in motor development. Highly illustrated and written for student accessibility, Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach is essential reading for students of motor control and development, kinesiology, human performance, and students interested in physical therapy, physical education, and exercise science. The book also provides access to a fully updated companion website, which includes laboratory exercises, an instructors’ manual, a test bank, and lecture slides.
Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach
by V. Gregory Payne Larry D. IsaacsThe new edition of this classic text has been streamlined and thoroughly updated, but it still reflects the authors' philosophy that motor development is an interactive process that continues across the lifespan. Human motor development is strongly influenced by the cognitive, social-emotional, and physical changes that take place as an individual ages, and this book examines these interactions while maintaining its focus on the movement aspects of human development. It will help readers understand how people typically develop movement skills throughout the lifespan, diagnose problems in those individuals who may be developing atypically, and design developmentally appropriate activities that enable optimal teaching/learning of movement skills for people of all ages and ability levels.In this ninth edition, the authors have expanded coverage of motor development of adults and older adults while continuing to emphasize the all-important child and adolescent time periods. They have also incorporated current research throughout to support key discussions. Students will appreciate the book's readability, affordability, logical organization, and visually appealing layout; instructors will appreciate that its new length is more appropriate for a semester-long class.
Human Movements in Human-Computer Interaction (Studies in Computational Intelligence #996)
by Cezary BieleThis book discusses human–computer interaction (HCI) which is a multidisciplinary field of study which aims at developing and implementing tools and techniques to attain an effective and efficient interaction between the humans (the users) and computers. In recent years, there is an increase of interest of HCI researchers and practitioners in the inclusion of gaze gestures which can greatly enhance the communication between the human user and the computer, as well as other more “physical” communication involving all what can be learned from movements of the human body, from face, hand, leg, foot, etc., to the whole body movement, even extending to the involvement of groups of agents, even society. These explicitly human-centric issues in the development, design, analysis, and implementation of the HCI systems are discussed in the book. A comprehensive state of the art is given complemented with original own proposals. As opposed to more traditional formal and IT based analyses, the discussion is here more focused on relevant research results from psychology and psychophysiology, and other soft, cognitive, etc., sciences. Remarks on the relevance of affective computing are also mentioned.
Human Muscle Fatigue
by Craig A. WilliamsWhen human muscle fatigues, athletic performance becomes impaired. For those individuals suffering muscle or metabolic diseases the effects of muscle fatigue can make everyday tasks difficult. Understanding the scientific processes responsible for skeletal muscle fatigue is therefore central to the study of the physiology of sport, exercise and health. Written by a team of leading international exercise scientists, this book explores the mechanisms of muscle fatigue and presents a comprehensive survey of current research on this important topic. Examining the wide variety of protocols, assessment methods and exercise models used to study muscle fatigue, the book explores the differential effects of fatigue as influenced by: age gender fitness and training the use of ergogenic aids medical conditions including cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy and glycogenosis. Human Muscle Fatigue covers both clinical and applied approaches in sport and exercise physiology and devotes an entire section to the conceptual framework underpinning research in this area, helping readers from a wide range of backgrounds to engage with the topic. Accessible and detailed, this book is a key text for students and practitioners working in exercise and sports science, medicine, physical therapy and health.
The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies
by Chris ScarreTextbook on humans, from 6 million years ago to early civilizations.
Human Resource Management in the Sport and Leisure Industry
by Sue Minten Chris Wolsey Jeffrey AbramsThe sport and leisure sectors possess unique characteristics that pose particular challenges for managers and human resource professionals. The age profile of workers, seasonality, the pressure to achieve short-term results, media intrusion, wide differences in pay between elite and community levels, and the importance of competition and consumer (fan) behaviour, all combine to set sport and leisure apart from 'mainstream’ business and management. Human Resource Management in the Sport and Leisure Industry is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to HRM in sport and leisure that examines these challenges in the context of organisational structure, systems, and individual and group behaviour, encouraging the reader to develop a strategic approach to HRM, and emphasising the importance of reflective professional practice. The book explores the full range of key issues, themes and concepts in contemporary HRM, including: the labour market in sport and leisure personal skills in HRM recruitment and selection learning, training and development evaluation and performance appraisal change management coaching and mentorship. Covering private, public and voluntary contexts, the book includes a wide range of examples and cases from the real world of sport and leisure management. Each chapter also includes highlighted definitions of key concepts, review questions, summaries and learning objectives, to guide student learning and help managers develop their professional skills. Effective human resource management and development is essential for business success, and this book is therefore important reading for any student or professional working in sport and leisure management.
Human Rights in Youth Sport: A Critical Review of Children's Rights in Competitive Sport (Ethics and Sport)
by Paulo DavidDoes competitive sport respect children's human rights? Is intensive training child labour? Is competitive stress a form of child abuse? The human rights of children have been recognized in the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and ratified by 192 countries. Paulo David's work makes it clear, however, that too often competitive sport fails to recognize the value of respect for international child rights norms and standards. Human Rights in Youth Sport offers critical analysis of some very real problems within youth sport and argues that the future development of sport depends on the creation of a child-centred sport system. Areas of particular concern include issues of: over-training physical, emotional and sexual abuse doping and medical ethics education child labour accountability of governments, sports federations, coaches and parents. The text will be essential reading for anybody with an interest in the ethics of sport, youth sport, coaching and sports development.
Humans, Horses and Events Management
by Katherine Dashper Guðrún Helgadóttir Ingibjörg SigurðardóttirHorses are perhaps the most common non-human animal to feature in planned events, but although there is considerable research on equestrian sport, there is virtually none on equestrian events. This book begins to address this gap, using the National Championships of the Icelandic Horse as an extended case study to explain in depth the process of managing an event, as well as the larger theoretical implications of events management. Drawing on diverse viewpoints and theoretical perspectives, the book draws wider comparisons to connect events management to larger themes in the social sciences, such as human-animal relations; nationalism; place branding; event impacts; event experience; and inclusion and exclusion. The book is a contribution to two fields. In relation to human-animal studies, it focuses on how the Icelandic horse breed is marketed and celebrated through top-tier competition; whereas from an events management perspective, it considers the role of the event in community building, the practical and theoretical aspects of running a sustainable equestrian event, and the issues that arise in multispecies event contexts. This book: - Uniquely draws together events management and human-animal studies. - Is formed from empirical research conducted by a multinational team of events management and tourism researchers. - Uses a single, extended case study to explore a range of themes and issues, both empirically and theoretically. A valuable resource for researchers of events management, human-animal studies and tourism, this book also provides an in-depth look at end-to-end events management for industry professionals.
The Hungry Camper Cookbook: More than 200 delicious recipes to cook and eat outdoors (The Hungry Cookbooks)
by SpruceA camping cookbook like no other, The Hungry Camper not only gives more than 200 quick, cheap and delicious recipes that all the family will love, but also includes helpful checklists on what to bring along, how to prepare for big family meals, and invaluable camping tips for a stress-free trip. With chapters dedicated to making sure you have a hearty breakfast, making the most of a campfire with barbecue dishes, one pot simplicity and a host of salads, sides and snacks aplenty, camping food never has to be boring again.Including recipes from treacle and mustard beans, grilled sardines with salsa and goulash with caraway dumplings, to coconut dahl, hot barbecued fruit salad and creole pineapple wedges, each recipe is easy to make in a campsite for even the most novice cook, tired from a day's adventure.
Hungry Campers: Cooking Outdoors for 1 to 100
by Zac WilliamsMouthwatering recipes for campfire cooking—perfect for scout groups, youth groups, families, and friends—by the author of Little Cowpokes Cookbook.Hungry Campers offers a handy selection of simple and easy to-make recipes that can be used by individuals and groups to prepare meals for all types of outdoor adventures. Simple recipes for breakfasts, lunches, dinners and desserts are complemented by menu plans for weeklong camps, multi-day backpacking trips and even overnighters, making it easy to get outdoors.Each chapter focuses on a specific type of camp cooking, including campfire cooking basics, large groups, Dutch oven, backpacking and recipes for aspiring wilderness gourmets. Helpful tips provide outdoor cooking wisdom for those just getting started as well as new ideas for experienced campers.Recipes for roughing it include: Stadium Brats, Sunnyside Sandwiches, Irish Breakfast, Stovetop Soda Bread, Peanut Butter Sandwich Bar, Beef Goulash, Cheese &‘n&’ Mac, Chicken and Dumplings, Firemen Enchiladas, Pioneer Pizza, Pumpkin Cobbler, Trout Florentine, Hiker&’s Cereal, Icebox Ice Cream, and more.
Hungry Hurler: The Homecoming (Chip Hilton Sports Series #23)
by Clair BeeWhen Valley Falls is plagued with young vandals and a few violent incidents, Doc Jones and the mayor ask Chip for help. His solution: a summer sports program that should inspire youth to do something worthwhile for the town in which they live.
The Hungry Ocean: A Swordboat Captain's Journey
by Linda GreenlawThe term fisherwoman does not exactly roll trippingly off the tongue, and Linda Greenlaw, the world's only female swordfish boat captain, isn't flattered when people insist on calling her one. "I am a woman. I am a fisherman. . . . I am not a fisherwoman, fisherlady, or fishergirl. If anything else, I am a thirty-seven-year-old tomboy. It's a word I have never outgrown."Greenlaw also happens to be one of the most successful fishermen in the Grand Banks commercial fleet, though until the publication of Sebastian Junger's The Perfect Storm, "nobody cared." Greenlaw's boat, the Hannah Boden, was the sister ship to the doomed Andrea Gail, which disappeared in the mother of all storms in 1991 and became the focus of Junger's book.The Hungry Ocean, Greenlaw's account of a monthlong swordfishing trip over 1,000 nautical miles out to sea, tells the story of what happens when things go right--proving, in the process, that every successful voyage is a study in narrowly averted disaster. There is the weather, the constant danger of mechanical failure, the perils of controlling five sleep-, women-, and booze-deprived young fishermen in close quarters, not to mention the threat of a bad fishing run: "If we don't catch fish, we don't get paid, period. In short, there is no labor union."Greenlaw's straightforward, uncluttered prose underscores the qualities that make her a good captain, regardless of gender: fairness, physical and mental endurance, obsessive attention to detail. But, ultimately, Greenlaw proves that the love of fishing--in all of its grueling, isolating, suspenseful glory--is a matter of the heart and blood, not the mind. "I knew that the ocean had stories to tell me, all I needed to do was listen." --Svenja Soldovieri
The Hunt
by David FarbmanDo you consider yourself a hunter? If you have you ever dated, played sports, or held a job, then your answer should be yes. We are always hunting--trying to track down and take the things we want, the things that will make our life bigger, better, safer; more satisfying, exciting, and just plain fun.In The Hunt, serial entrepreneur, hunter, and OutdoorHub founder David Farbman offers a way of thinking about work, life, and our connection with the world based upon the ancient discipline of hunting. The Hunt will inspire anyone striving for more to think like hunters--with poise, concentration, and skill; to identify their targets; and, with focus, determination, and satisfaction, to achieve those goals.Specifically, The Hunt shows how to:Get a bigger, clearer picture of your life and goals, and discover things about yourself and your ability that you've never noticed or seen beforeGain the hunter's special skills at observation and perception, to understand your environment;Learn "predatory consciousness" - the full understanding of your prey, whether business partners or competitors, so you can predict their actions;Harness and leverage every opportunity to obtain your desired outcomes and inspire your best thinkingFully understand where to pick battles, and where not to "hunt" at all.The principles of The Hunt will give you a clearer, sharper lens for seeing the world and shaping your role in it. You'll make better decisions, form stronger alliances, build better strategies, target bigger wins, and uncover more opportunities. Best of all, you will become a true hunter when you know who you are, what you want, and how to get what you're hunting for.
Hunt Club Management Guide: Building, Organizing, and Maintaining Your Clubhouse or Lodge
by J. Wayne FearsIf you ever wanted to create your own hunting club, this book is for you.In Hunt Club Management Guide, wildlife management consultant J. Wayne Fears teaches you how to take your dreams of owning and operating your own hunt club and make them reality. From locating the acres you'll build on to hanging your final set of antlers on the wall, Fears touches on everything you will need to start your own club.In addition to revealing the step-by-step process of organizing and building a great club, Fears also provides insight into maintaining a successful club that will last for decades. This insight includes tips to help:Generate a top-notch wildlife management programPlant and manage food plotsCreate effective rulesDraft contracts and agreementsDevelop quality deer management techniquesAttract deer to your landFrom club by-laws to game management plans, clubhouse to land acquisition, the Hunt Club Management Guide will be your manual for establishing an enjoyable and thriving hunt club.
The Hunt for Mount Everest
by Craig StortiThe height of Mt. Everest was first measured in 1850, but the closest any westerner got to Everest during the next 71 years, until 1921, was 40 miles. The Hunt for Mt. Everest tells the story of the 71-year quest to find the world's highest mountain. It's a tale of high drama, of larger-than-life characters-George Everest, Francis Younghusband, George Mallory, Lord Curzon, Edward Whymper-and a few quiet heroes: Alexander Kellas, the 13th Dalai Lama, Charles Bell. A story that traverses the Alps, the Himalayas, Nepal and Tibet, the British Empire (especially British India and the Raj), the Anglo-Russian rivalry known as The Great Game, the disastrous First Afghan War, and the phenomenal Survey of India - it is far bigger than simply the tallest mountain in the world. Encountering spies, war, political intrigues, and hundreds of mules, camels, bullocks, yaks, and two zebrules, Craig Storti uncovers the fascinating and still largely overlooked saga of all that led up to that moment in late June of 1921 when two English climbers, George Mallory and Guy Bullock, became the first westerners-and almost certainly the first human beings-to set foot on Mt. Everest and thereby claimed the last remaining major prize in the history of exploration.With 2021 bringing the 100th anniversary of that year, most Everest chronicles have dealt with the climbing history of the mountain, with all that happened after 1921. The Hunt for Mt. Everest is the seldom-told story of all that happened before.
The Hunt for Mount Everest
by Craig StortiThe height of Mt. Everest was first measured in 1850, but the closest any westerner got to Everest during the next 71 years, until 1921, was 40 miles. The Hunt for Mt. Everest tells the story of the 71-year quest to find the world's highest mountain. It's a tale of high drama, of larger-than-life characters-George Everest, Francis Younghusband, George Mallory, Lord Curzon, Edward Whymper-and a few quiet heroes: Alexander Kellas, the 13th Dalai Lama, Charles Bell. A story that traverses the Alps, the Himalayas, Nepal and Tibet, the British Empire (especially British India and the Raj), the Anglo-Russian rivalry known as The Great Game, the disastrous First Afghan War, and the phenomenal Survey of India - it is far bigger than simply the tallest mountain in the world. Encountering spies, war, political intrigues, and hundreds of mules, camels, bullocks, yaks, and two zebrules, Craig Storti uncovers the fascinating and still largely overlooked saga of all that led up to that moment in late June of 1921 when two English climbers, George Mallory and Guy Bullock, became the first westerners-and almost certainly the first human beings-to set foot on Mt. Everest and thereby claimed the last remaining major prize in the history of exploration.With 2021 bringing the 100th anniversary of that year, most Everest chronicles have dealt with the climbing history of the mountain, with all that happened after 1921. The Hunt for Mt. Everest is the seldom-told story of all that happened before.(P) 2020 Hodder & Stoughton Ltd
The Hunt in Ancient Greece: Judith M. Barringer
by Judith M. BarringerHunting and its imagery continued to play a significant role in archaic and classical Greece long after hunting had ceased being a necessity for survival in everyday life. Drawing on vase paintings, sculpture, inscriptions, and other literary evidence, Judith Barringer reexamines the theme of the hunt and shows how the tradition it depicts helped maintain the dominance of the ruling social groups. Along with athletics and battle, hunting was a defining activity of the masculine aristocracy and was crucial to the efforts of the Athenian elite to control the social agenda, even as their political power declined. The Hunt in Ancient Greece examines descriptions of hunting in initiation rituals as well as the ideals of masculinity and adulthood such rites of passage promoted. Barringer argues that depictions of the hunt in literature and art also served as striking metaphors for the intricacies of courtship, shedding light on sexuality and gender roles. Through an exploration of various representations of the hunt, Barringer provides extraordinary insight into Athenian society.
The Hunter
by Hugh FosburghThe Hunter, first published in 1950, is a lean novel in the Hemingway tradition that captures the essence of the big-game hunt. Set in the southern Rocky Mountains, the book focuses on Monk Taylor, living in semi-isolation with Billy Trott, a native, and a half-crazed old woman, only lives to track big-game while avoiding obligations to others, including the woman, Marge, who loves him. Monk agrees to guide two easterners on a lion hunt, but in a fit of rudeness, Monk ends the hunt but is soon himself lying injured and horseless in a gully. Saved, and brought back to Marge by Billy Trott, Monk fantasizes about marriage, but when he realizes he has nothing to give her or anyone else, he once again sends her away.
Hunter-Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
by Robert H. Layton Peter Rowley-Conwy Catherine Panter-BrickAnalyses of the ecology, biology and society of past and present-day hunter-gatherers are at the core of this interdisciplinary volume. Since the seminal work of Man the Hunter in 1968, new research in these three areas has become increasingly specialized, and the lines of communication among academic disciplines have all but broken down. This volume aims to reestablish an interdisciplinary debate, presenting critical issues commanding an ongoing interest in hunter-gatherer research, covering the evolution and history, demography, biology, technology, social organization, art, and language of diverse groups. As a reference text, this book will be useful to scholars and students of social anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and human sciences.