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Cadmium Toxicity in Water: Challenges and Solutions (Springer Water)
by Nitish Kumar Amrit Kumar JhaThis book sheds light on this global environmental issue and proposes solutions to reduce contamination through multi-disciplinary approaches. Water is considered a vital resource because it is necessary for all aspects of human and ecosystem survival. However, due to natural processes and anthropogenic activities, various pollutants have been added to the groundwater system. Among these, heavy metals are some of the most serious pollutants. Cd, a toxic heavy metal used in Ni-Cd batteries, the coloration of plastic and various discarded electronic products released into the water system causes serious health issues. The chronic exposure to Cd produces a wide variety of acute and chronic effects in humans.This edited book brings together a diverse group of researchers to address the challenges posed by global mass poisoning caused by cadmium contamination of water bodies. This book contains three sections. The first section describes the different sources and distribution of cadmium in water ecosystem. The second section explains the health risks linked to cadmium toxicity. The third section addresses sustainable cadmium toxicity mitigation strategies and the potential applications of recent biological technology in providing solutions.
Cadmium based II-VI Semiconducting Nanomaterials: Synthesis Routes and Strategies (Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering)
by Abdul Majid Maryam BibiThis book provides technological perspective and comprehensive overview on the research efforts related to II-VI group cadmium based semiconducting nanomaterials. It describes state-of-the-art information on different synthesis methods for preparation of these materials using a variety of experimental strategies. The effects of synthesis roots on structural, thermal, mechanical, lattice vibronic, electronic, optical and carrier transport characteristics of these nano-structures are systematically analyzed. A wide target readership comprising of students, researchers, scholars, scientists, technicians, academicians, industrialists can benefit from this book, as cadmium based semiconductors possess significant research and industrial interest thanks to their innovative properties.
Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History
by Denis FeeneyDenis Feeney investigates time and its contours as described by the ancient Romans, first as Rome positioned itself in relation to Greece and then as it exerted its influence as a major world power.
Caffeinated
by Murray CarpenterMost people can't get through the day without a hit of caffeine. Chances are you're one of them. But do you really know what that daily coffee or coke is doing to you? Caffeine is a powerful stimulant. It wakes us up, boosts our mood, and offers the potential to improve both our athletic performance and our intellectual prowess. But did you know that caffeine can play a role in health problems such as obesity and anxiety, depending on how it is delivered to the body? Many purveyors of caffeine-based products have ducked regulation for decades - how have they been allowed to get away with this? And are you aware of how caffeine is used to reinforce buying patterns, sharpening our craving for it? From the coffee farms of Guatemala to the world's largest synthetic caffeine factory in China, Murray Carpenter draws on the latest research to reveal the little-known truths about this addictive, largely unregulated drug that we consume every day in coffee, energy drinks, teas, colas, chocolate, and even painkillers.
Caffeine
by Gene A. SpillerCaffeine-found in tea, coffee, mate, cola beverages, cocoa, and chocolate products-is an integral part of the diet of many people. Caffeine answers questions for a broad range of readers interested in the effects beverages and foods containing this dietary methylxanthine have on human health, nutrition, and physiological functioning. The composition, processing, consumption, health effects, and epidemiological correlations of caffeine are examined in detail. It is often said that too much caffeine is "bad for you." How much is too much? Get the facts on consumption of caffeine-containing products with this authoritative text. Chapters 1 and 2 offer an introductory, concise overview of the chemistry and analysis of methylxanthines. In Chapters 3 through 8, each natural product-tea, coffee, mate, and cocoa and chocolate products-is described in terms of botany, cultivation, processing, composition, and consumption patterns. Consumption of caffeine is also examined in detail in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 provides an easy-to-read overview of the basic physiology and biochemistry of caffeine. The ergogenic, cognitive, and emotional effects of caffeine are discussed in Chapters 11 and 12. Chapters 13 through 16 deal with specific health effects-serum cholesterol, cancer and fibrocystic breast disease, calcium and bone health, and human reproduction. For physicians, nutritionists, other health professionals, food scientists, and everyone interested in the effects of caffeine on the human body, Caffeine is a convenient, single-source reference.
Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (RILEM Bookseries #16)
by Fernando Martirena Aurélie Favier Karen ScrivenerThis volume focuses on research and practical issues linked to Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. The main subjects are geology of clays, hydration and performance of blended system with calcined clays, alkali activated binders, economic and environmental impacts of the use of calcined clays in cement based materials. Topics addressed in this book include the influence of processing on reactivity of calcined clays, influence of clay mineralogy on reactivity, geology of clay deposits, Portland-calcined clay systems, hydration, durability, performance, Portland-calcined clay-limestone systems, hydration, durability, performance, calcined clay-alkali systems, life cycle analysis, economics and environmental impact of use of calcined clays in cement and concrete and field applications. This book compiles the different contributions of the 1st International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete, which took place in Lausanne, Switzerland, June, 23-25, 2015. The papers present the latest research in their field. It contains nearly 80 papers and abstracts. Overall, this work gives a broad view of research on calcined clays in the field of construction and will stimulate further research into calcined clays for sustainable concrete.
Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete (RILEM Bookseries #25)
by Shashank BishnoiThis volume comprises the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete held in New Delhi, India in October 2019. The papers cover topics related to geology of clay, hydration and performance of blended systems with calcined clays, alkali activated binders, and economic and environmental impacts of the use of calcined clays in cement-based materials. The book presents research on influence of processing on reactivity of calcined clays, influence of clay mineralogy on reactivity, geology of clay deposits, and the environmental impact of use of calcined clays in cement and concrete and field applications of calcined clay in concrete. Apart from giving an overview of the progress of research during the last two years, this work also covers the state-of-the art on the practical aspects of production and use of calcined clays in construction. The contents of this volume will prove useful to researchers and graduate students working in the areas of cement chemistry, cement production, and concrete design.
Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete: Proceedings of the International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete 2022 (RILEM Bookseries #57)
by Ashirbad SatapathyThis book focuses on low-carbon sustainable cement production, performance, environmental efficiency, and other topics linked to calcined clays for sustainable concrete. It comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete 2022, which was held at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)—Switzerland. The contents of this book focus on the influence of processing and clay mineralogy on the reactivity and rheology of calcined clay systems, Portland-calcined clay-limestone systems: hydration, durability, and performance, and calcined clay-alkali systems: hydration, durability, and performance, etc. This book can serve as a useful reference to researchers, academicians, and practitioners alike.
Calcium Aluminate Cements: Proceedings of a Symposium dedicated to H G Midgley, London, July 1990
by R. J. MangabhaiThe special properties of calcium aluminate cements make them of value in the construction, mining and refractory industries. This book brings together new international research information on their performance. As well as a state-of-the-art review, it includes reports on studies of: mineralogy, hydration and microstructure; rheology of pastes, mo
Calcium Orthophosphate-Based Bioceramics and Biocomposites
by Sergey V. DorozhkinReflecting the advances made in recent years, this is a comprehensive overview of calcium orthophosphates for bioceramics and biocomposites with a special focus on the detailed description of all those available, including their biological and geological occurrence, preparation, chemical composition, structure-property relationships and applications. In particular, the book discusses the suitability of these orthophosphates for biomedical applications and their use as bone grafts in surgery and medicine. The result is a useful reference for researchers with an academic, medical or commercial background.
Calcium Phosphate Nanocoatings for Bone Regeneration (Tissue Repair and Reconstruction)
by Besim Ben-Nissan Andy H. ChoiThis book provides in-depth assessment on the latest clinical advances in multifunctional calcium phosphate nanocoatings and its influence on bone regeneration and early healing following implantation. A greater emphasis will be placed on the use of nanocomposite coatings to deliver biological materials such as mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, bone morphogenetic and extracellular matrix proteins, and pharmaceutics such as simvastatin to improve and promote bone growth as well as reducing the timeframe needed for implant integration in both healthy and osteoporotic patients. The content of the book caters to clinical practitioners and researchers working in the field of biomaterials for bone regeneration.
Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater: Occurrence and Significance for Human Health
by Lidia Razowska-JaworekCalcium and magnesium are abundant in groundwater, but the role of groundwater as the essential source of these important nutrients is very often neglected. Hydrogeochemical studies have focused mainly on the distribution and behaviour of constituents that cause deterioration of water quality, such as: nitrate, nitrite or iron and manganese. Theref
Calcium, Vitamin D, and Prevention of Colon Cancer
by Martin LipkinThese proceedings were published as a result of a workshop sponsored by the Chemoprevention Branch of the National Cancer Institute. The workshop covered a range of topics including calcium and vitamin D in human nutrition; epidemiologic relationships betweencalcium, vitamin D, and colon cancer; the biology of calium and vitamin D at the tissue and cellular level; and enimal and human studies investigating the potential for prevention of colon cancer with calcium and vitamin D.
Calcium-Based Materials: Processing, Characterization, and Applications (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Dong Kee Yi Jitendra Pal Singh S. S. Nanda Sanjeev GautamCalcium-based natural minerals are important for a wide range of applications. Though these materials are available in nature, researchers are working toward developing them in the laboratory.Calcium-Based Materials: Processing, Characterization, and Applications introduces the possibility of designing these materials for particular applications. Introduces a variety of calcium-based materials and discusses synthesis, growth, and stability Provides in-depth coverage of calcium carbonate Discusses applications of calcium-based minerals in different fields Includes details on synchrotron X-ray tools for case minerals This comprehensive text is aimed at researchers in materials science, engineering, and bioengineering.
Calculate the Orbit of Mars!: An Observing Challenge and Historical Adventure
by Jane ClarkThis book shows readers how to calculate the orbit of Mars, based on their own observations and using observations made by the author. The historical, observational, and analytical aspects of the project to measure the orbit of Mars are all combined in this one book!Determining the orbit of Mars is particularly important, as originally solving this problem required the founding of modern science. Clark discusses how people came to believe in the Newtonian model of the Solar System, works through the mathematical basis for the theory of gravity, and shows how Newton ruled out the possibility of alternative theories. Readers also learn how it became possible to accurately measure the positions of Mars from a moving, spinning platform—the Earth.This mid-level observational challenge is well within reach of most serious amateur astronomers. For the observations, only a telescope with auto-guiding capability and the ability to mount a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera is required. For the calculations, it is assumed that the reader has a science, engineering, or mathematics background and is familiar with calculus, vectors, and trigonometry.
Calculated Risks: Highly Radioactive Waste and Homeland Security (Homeland Security)
by Kenneth A. Rogers Marvin G. KingsleyThis well-documented study examines one of the increasingly pressing problems for US homeland security: the storage and management of radioactive waste. Despite pressing homeland security and energy security concerns associated with highly radioactive waste, political considerations have prevented policy makers from adopting adequate long-term solutions to the problem. This book explores nuclear waste problems through the broader lens of federal, state and local government and the resultant constraints on policy that emerge within the American political system. Presenting specific case studies to highlight the deficiencies in current policy and planning as well as the possibility of terrorist activity, it is highly suited to courses on security studies and environmental politics.
Calculating and Problem Solving Through Culinary Experimentation
by Hervé This vo KientzaWhile many books proliferate elucidating the science behind the transformations during cooking, none teach the concepts of physics chemistry through problem solving based on culinary experiments as this one by renowned chemist and one of the founders of molecular gastronomy. Calculating and Problem Solving Through Culinary Experimentation offers an appealing approach to teaching experimental design and scientific calculations. Given the fact that culinary phenomena need physics and chemistry to be interpreted, there are strong and legitimate reasons for introducing molecular gastronomy in scientific curriculum. As any scientific discipline, molecular gastronomy is based on experiments (to observe the phenomena to be studied) and calculation (to fit the many data obtained by quantitative characterization of the studied phenomena), but also for making the theoretical work without which no real science is done, including refuting consequences of the introduced theories. Often, no difficult calculations are needed, and many physicists, in particular, make their first steps in understanding phenomena with very crude calculations. Indeed, they simply apply what they learned, before moving to more difficult math. In this book, the students are invited first to make simple experiments in order to get a clear idea of the (culinary) phenomena that they will be invited to investigate, and then are asked simple questions about the phenomena, for which they have to transform their knowledge into skills, using a clear strategy that is explained throughout. Indeed, the is "problem solving based on experiments", and all this about food and cooking. Key Features: • Introduces readers to tips for experimental work • Shows how simple scientific knowledge can be applied in understanding questions • Provides a sound method ("strategy") for calculation in physics and chemistry • Presents important definitions and laws for physical chemistry • Gives confidence in one’s calculation skill and problem solving skills • Explore physical and chemical phenomena that occur during cooking A unique mix of culinary arts and correct calculations, this book is useful to students as well as professors in chemistry, physics, biology, food science and technology.
Calculating the Social
by Vaughan Higgins Wendy LarnerExamining the increasingly powerful role of standards in the governing of economic, political and social life, this book draws upon governmentality and actor network theory to explore how standards and standardizing projects are articulated and rendered workable in practice, and the objects, subjects and forms of identity to which this gives rise.
Calculation of Demographic Parameters in Tropical Livestock Herds: A discrete time approach with LASER animal-based monitoring data
by Matthieu Lesnoff Renaud Lancelot Charles-Henri Moulin Samir Messad Xavier Juanès Christian SahutHaving indicators to assess the effect of zootechnical, sanitary, economic or political intervention or the impact of environmental risks makes it possible to draw up strategies for improving domestic animal populations. This handbook is a compilation of the main concepts relating to the definition and calculation of demographic rates for largely non-intensive tropical animal farms. It is intended to be educational, and should help students, technicians, engineers, researchers and development staff to understand the definitions and formulas encountered in the literature more clearly and make them more self-sufficient in terms of analyses.
Calculation of Roundabouts: Capacity, Waiting Phenomena and Reliability
by Raffaele MauroRoundabouts have become one of the most significant traffic control measures because they are generally statistically safer and more efficient than traditional at grade intersections. This book is dedicated to the evaluation of the operating conditions of roundabouts. In five parts, it thoroughly illustrates the calculation of the capacity, including reliability, and waiting phenomena parameters, such as the times spent in the system and queue lengths. Fully worked examples are included throughout the chapters, with detailed explanations.
Calculations and Simulations of Low-Dimensional Materials: Tailoring Properties for Applications
by Wei Wei Ying Dai Yandong Ma Chengwang NiuCalculations and Simulations of Low-Dimensional Materials A comprehensive guide to methods for calculating and simulating the properties of low-dimensional materials Two-dimensional materials are those, such as graphene and 2D oxides, whose thickness is so small as to approach the atomic scale. Potential applications for these materials exist in an enormous range of scientific and industrial fields. A previous era of low-dimensional materials focused on direct experimentation to demonstrate the properties, reactions, and potential applications of these materials; however, in recent years, calculation and simulation have been shown to have considerable predictive power, reducing the period between design and deployment of these potentially critical materials. Calculations and Simulations of Low-Dimensional Materials offers the first comprehensive survey of this exciting new approach to low-dimensional materials. It guides readers through the foundational physics and through a range of calculation and simulation methods, each with different predictive capacities. Mastery of these methods will enable readers to narrowly tailor the properties of particular materials towards real-world applications, providing confidence in the underlying mechanics and in the range of possible outcomes. Calculations and Simulations of Low-Dimensional Materials readers will also find: Broad coverage of material properties, including electronic, spin, magnetic, photonic, optical, electrochemical and transport properties Discussion of potential applications in areas such as electronics, spintronics, and valleytronics Examination of further potential applications regarding quantum Hall phase, photonics, optoelectronics, multiferroic, and photocatalysis Calculations and Simulations of Low-Dimensional Materials is a useful reference for materials scientists, electrochemists, inorganic chemists, physical chemists, photochemists, and the libraries that support these professions.
Calculations in Chemical Kinetics for Undergraduates
by Eli Usheunepa YunanaCalculations in Chemical Kinetics for Undergraduates aims to restore passion for problem solving and applied quantitative skills in undergraduate chemistry students. Avoiding complicated chemistry jargon and providing hints and step wise explanations in every calculation problem, students are able to overcome their fear of handling mathematically applied problems in physical chemistry. This solid foundation in their early studies will enable them to connect fundamental theoretical chemistry to real experimental applications as graduates. Additional Features Include: Contains quantitative problems from popular physical chemistry references. Provides step by step explanations are given in every calculation problem. Offers hints to certain problems as "points to note" to enable student comprehension. Includes solutions for all questions and exercises. This book is a great resource for undergraduate chemistry students however, the contents are rich and useful to even the graduate chemist that has passion for applied problems in physical chemistry of reaction Kinetics.
Calculations on nonlinear optical properties for large systems: The elongation method (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)
by Feng Long Gu Yuriko Aoki Michael Springborg Bernard KirtmanFor design purposes one needs to relate the structure of proposed materials to their NLO (nonlinear optical) and other properties, which is a situation where theoretical approaches can be very helpful in providing suggestions for candidate systems that subsequently can be synthesized and studied experimentally. This brief describes the quantum-mechanical treatment of the response to one or more external oscillating electric fields for molecular and macroscopic, crystalline systems. To calculate NLO properties of large systems, a linear scaling generalized elongation method for the efficient and accurate calculation is introduced. The reader should be aware that this treatment is particularly feasible for complicated three-dimensional and/or delocalized systems that are intractable when applied to conventional or other linear scaling methods.
Calculus I: Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions
by Mehdi Rahmani-AndebiliThis study guide is designed for students taking a Calculus I course. This new edition includes expanded examples, questions, and practice problems that will help students to review and sharpen their knowledge of the subject and enhance their performance in the classroom. New material covered in the second edition includes types of functions, inverse functions, combinations of functions, domain and range of functions, axis of symmetry of functions, trigonometric equations and identities, limits and continuity, derivatives and their applications, and definite and indefinite integrals. Offering detailed solutions, multiple methods for solving problems, and clear explanations of concepts, this hands-on guide will improve students’ problem-solving skills and foster a solid understanding of calculus, which will benefit them in all of their calculus-based courses.
Calculus II: Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions
by Mehdi Rahmani-AndebiliThis study guide is designed for students taking a Calculus II course. The textbook includes examples, questions, and practice problems that will help students to review and sharpen their knowledge of the subject and enhance their performance in the classroom. The material covered in the book includes applications of integration, sequences and series and their applications, polar coordinate systems, and complex numbers. Offering detailed solutions, multiple methods for solving problems, and clear explanations of concepts, this hands-on guide will improve students’ problem-solving skills and foster a solid understanding of calculus, which will benefit them in all of their calculus-based courses