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Design of 3D Integrated Circuits and Systems (Devices, Circuits, and Systems #33)
by Rohit Sharma and Krzysztof IniewskiThree-dimensional (3D) integration of microsystems and subsystems has become essential to the future of semiconductor technology development. 3D integration requires a greater understanding of several interconnected systems stacked over each other. While this vertical growth profoundly increases the system functionality, it also exponentially increases the design complexity. Design of 3D Integrated Circuits and Systems tackles all aspects of 3D integration, including 3D circuit and system design, new processes and simulation techniques, alternative communication schemes for 3D circuits and systems, application of novel materials for 3D systems, and the thermal challenges to restrict power dissipation and improve performance of 3D systems. Containing contributions from experts in industry as well as academia, this authoritative text: Illustrates different 3D integration approaches, such as die-to-die, die-to-wafer, and wafer-to-wafer Discusses the use of interposer technology and the role of Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) Presents the latest improvements in three major fields of thermal management for multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs) Explores ThruChip Interface (TCI), NAND flash memory stacking, and emerging applications Describes large-scale integration testing and state-of-the-art low-power testing solutions Complete with experimental results of chip-level 3D integration schemes tested at IBM and case studies on advanced complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) integration for 3D integrated circuits (ICs), Design of 3D Integrated Circuits and Systems is a practical reference that not only covers a wealth of design issues encountered in 3D integration but also demonstrates their impact on the efficiency of 3D systems.
Design of Active Key Interfaces in Fuel Cells
by San Ping Jiang Toshiyuki Mori Michihisa Koyama Zongping Shao Zhipeng Li Takayoshi Tanji Roger Wepf Fei YeThis book focuses on the multidisciplinary teamwork for the design of key interfaces in fuel cell devices. It covers the fabrication, modelling, and operando-microanalysis sections in each chapter. Also, each chapter in the book consists of the introduction of basic theory, representative experimental results, and future prospects in each field. The book is an edited volume, intended to serve as an introductory textbook in multidisciplinary research work for the design and development of fuel cells. To fully enjoy the multidisciplinary research activities in fuel cell field, the beginners need to learn the basic knowledge and experimental data in each field. Compared with the published introductory textbooks in the field of science and engineering of fuel cells, this book has the following advantages. Firstly, it is an introductory textbook of multidisciplinary work for the design and development field of intermediate temperature (IT) solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) and high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFCs) . And at the same time, this book is convenient for practical research implementation in R & D of those IT-SOFC and HT-PEFC devices. Secondly recent research topics with sufficient references are included in each chapter. Scientists and engineers in the fuel cell field will obtain useful knowledge in critical review chapters in the fabrication, modeling, and operando-microanalysis fields. Finally experimental results are closely combined with the cutting edge of scientific research work in the IT-SOFC and HT-PEFC materials and devices field. For all these reasons, this book is a useful start-up in multidisciplinary work for R & D of IT-SOFC and HT-PEFC devices.
Design of Adhesive Joints Under Humid Conditions
by Lucas F. Silva Chiaki SatoThis book describes most recent advances and limitations concerning design of adhesive joints under humid conditions and discusses future trends. It presents new approaches to predict the failure load after exposure to load, temperature and humidity over a long period of time. With the rapid increase in numerical computing power there have been attempts to formalize the different environmental contributions in order to provide a procedure to predict assembly durability, based on an initial identification of diffusion coefficients and mechanical parameters for both the adhesive and the interface. A coupled numerical model for the joint of interest is then constructed and this allows local water content to be defined and resulting changes in adhesive and interface properties to be predicted.
Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications
by Raquel Portela María D. Hernández-Alonso Fernando Fresno Juan M. CoronadoResearch for the development of more efficient photocatalysts has experienced an almost exponential growth since its popularization in early 1970's. Despite the advantages of the widely used TiO2, the yield of the conversion of sun power into chemical energy that can be achieved with this material is limited prompting the research and development of a number of structural, morphological and chemical modifications of TiO2 , as well as a number of novel photocatalysts with very different composition. Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications provides a systematic account of the current understanding of the relationships between the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and photoactivity. The already long list of photocatalysts phases and their modifications is increasing day by day. By approaching this field from a material sciences angle, an integrated view allows readers to consider the diversity of photocatalysts globally and in connection with other technologies. Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications provides a valuable road-map, outlining the common principles lying behind the diversity of materials, but also delimiting the imprecise border between the contrasted results and the most speculative studies. This broad approach makes it ideal for specialist but also for engineers, researchers and students in related fields.
Design of Anaerobic Processes for Treatment of Industrial and Muncipal Waste, Volume VII (Water Quality Management Library #Vol. 7)
by Joseph MalinaPrinciples, methods, and calculations for evaluating, designing and operating anaerobic systems
Design of Analog Multipliers with Operational Amplifiers
by K.C. SelvamDesign of analog multipliers discusses what an analog multiplier and its related types is, how different types of analog multipliers are implemented with analog two to one multiplexers and op-amps, and how the types of analog multipliers are implemented with transistors and op-amps. Describing forty-eight analog multiplier circuits, book explains six building blocks as integrator, comparator, switch, low pass filter, peak detector and sample & hold circuit. All analog multiplier circuits presented in this book use a maximum of four operational amplifiers which will enable the readers to simulate the multipliers with minimum number of components and use for their application at low cost.
Design of Artificial Human Joints & Organs
by Subrata PalDesign of Artificial Human Joints & Organs is intended to present the basics of the normal systems and how, due to aging, diseases or trauma, body parts may need to be replaced with manmade materials. The movement of the body generates forces in various work situations and also internally at various joints, muscles and ligaments. It is essential to figure out the forces, moments, pressure etc to design replacements that manage these stresses without breaking down. The mechanical characterization of the hard and the soft tissues are presented systematically using the principles of solid mechanics. The viscoelastic properties of the tissue will also discussed. This text covers the design science and methodology from concept to blueprint to the final component being replaced. Each chapter will be a brief overview of various joint/organ replacement systems. Engineers working on artificial joints and organs, as well as students of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering are the main intended audience, however, the pedagogy is simple enough for those who are learning the subject for the first time.
Design of Assistive Technology for Ageing Populations (Intelligent Systems Reference Library #167)
by Lakhmi C. Jain Louise Moody Andree Woodcock Deana McDonagh Ajita JainThis book focuses on various aspects of research on aging, including in relation to assistive technology; dignity of aging; how technology can support a greater understanding of the experience of physically aging and cognitive changes; mobility issues associated with the elderly; and emerging technologies. The 80+ age group represents an expanding market, with an estimated worth of £21.4 billion a year. Everyone is affected by this shift in demographics – we are getting older and may become carers – and we need to prepare ourselves and adjust our surroundings for longer life. Products, services and environments have been changing in response to the changing population. Presenting international design research to demonstrate the thinking and ideas shaping design, this book is a valuable resource for designers; product developers; employers; gerontologists; and medical, health and service providers; as well as everyone interested in aging.
Design of Autoreaction: A Framework for Kinetic Reaction at Zero Energy (Design Science and Innovation)
by Sandra G.L. PersianiThis book provides the readers with a timely guide to the application and integration of interdisciplinary principles from the fields of kinetic design, mechanics, energy and materials engineering in the fields of architecture and engineering design. It explores the potential integration of autoreactive solutions, unpowered kinetic systems triggered by changes in the surrounding latent energy conditions, within man-made artefacts with added functionality and efficiency. Related interdisciplinary parameters are explored discussing morphology, mechanics, energy and materials in detail. Each chapter examines the implications of autoreactivity in one specific field, providing a general overview and listing relevant motion design parameters and identifying for the reader those aspects that have a high potential to open up for new design directions. The book guides readers through a highly multidisciplinary field of design, offering an extraordinary resource of knowledge for professional architects, engineers and designers, as well as for university teachers, researchers and students. Interdisciplinary research is presented throughout the book as a powerful resource that can serve architecture and design, and a learning method to rethink innovative, optimal and sustainable solutions.
Design of Axially Loaded Piles - European Practice: Proceedings of an ERTC-3 seminar, Brussels, 17-18 April 1997
by F. De CockThis book is unique on the subject because it is not so much a collection of individual work, but basically comprising national reports from most European countries on the present-day design methods, as prescribed in more or less strict national codes or recommendations and so daily used in practice by consulting engineers and contractors. As far as already implemented, the application of these methods within the framework of Eurocode 7 is described as well. In order to improve the understanding of the design methods, the national papers also consider aspects such as the local piling practice, limitations of the design methods, some practical examples and particular national experiences. The proceedings also include the contributions of two invited speakers as well as those of the three session discussion leaders, focusing on some particular aspects with regards to pile design. The book is of particular interest for those who are involved with pile design in practice, consulting engineers, piling contractors, control organisms as well as those dealing with geotechnical normalisation and research work.
Design of Biomedical Devices and Systems, 4th edition
by Paul H. King Richard C. Fries Arthur T. JohnsonThis will be a substantial revision of a highly regarded text, intended for senior design capstone courses within departments of biomedical engineering, bioengineering, biological engineering and medical engineering, worldwide. Each chapter will be thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. New material will be added on entrepreneurship, bioengineering statistics, clinical trials and CRISPR. New examples, applications and problems will be added in each chapter.There will be strong efforts made to increase the number of clinical applications to enhance the overall relevance of the material that's presented. Significant new material added on FDA regulations.
Design of Breast Walls: A Practical Solution Approach
by Rajendra ChalisgaonkarThe design of breast walls is important parameter for various earth-retaining purposes, and many problems are encountered in the field as a result of improper design and the proper explanation of parameters which influence the technoeconomic designs is required. The book provides insight into the design of retaining walls by explaining the basics of earth pressure theories, the parameters influencing earth pressures, gravity vis-à-vis breast walls and tables and charts for designing stone masonry and concrete breast walls across eight chapters. Details of the analysis are tabulated to aid professional engineers or designers in their practical work. FEATURES Basic principles, design methodology, the influence of various parameters on design and construction features Technoeconomical designs for various combinations of pertinent parameters How to design masonry and concrete walls Design principles and methodologies of designing breast walls with illustrative examples and construction features Design charts and tables for ease of access and a quick design process of breast walls This volume is aimed at professionals in civil engineering, geotechnical engineering, retaining walls, soil mechanics and foundation engineering, as well as engineers working in the highway, water resources and construction sectors.
Design of Buildings for Wind
by Emil SimiuASCE 7 is the US standard for identifying minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7 covers many load types, of which wind is one. The purpose of this book is to provide structural and architectural engineers with the practical state-of-the-art knowledge and tools needed for designing and retrofitting buildings for wind loads. The book will also cover wind-induced loss estimation. This new edition include a guide to the thoroughly revised, 2010 version of the ASCE 7 Standard provisions for wind loads; incorporate major advances achieved in recent years in the design of tall buildings for wind; present material on retrofitting and loss estimation; and improve the presentation of the material to increase its usefulness to structural engineers.Key features:New focus on tall buildings helps make the analysis and design guidance easier and less complex.Covers the new simplified design methods of ASCE 7-10, guiding designers to clearly understand the spirit and letter of the provisions and use the design methods with confidence and ease.Includes new coverage of retrofitting for wind load resistance and loss estimation from hurricane winds.Thoroughly revised and updated to conform with current practice and research.
Design of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits with Metamaterials
by Hao Yu Yang ShangThis book shows that with the use of metamaterials, one can have coherent THz signal generation, amplification, transmission, and detection for phase-arrayed CMOS transistors with significantly improved performance. Offering detailed coverage from device to system, the book describes the design and application of metamaterials in actual CMOS integrated circuits, includes real circuit examples and chip demonstrations with measurement results, and also evaluates system performance after CMOS-based system-on-chip integration. The book reflects the latest research progress and provides a state-of-the-art reference on CMOS-based metamaterial devices and mm-wave and THz systems.
Design of CMOS Phase-Locked Loops: From Circuit Level to Architecture Level
by Behzad RazaviUsing a modern, pedagogical approach, this textbook gives students and engineers a comprehensive and rigorous knowledge of CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) design for a wide range of applications. It features intuitive presentation of theoretical concepts, built up gradually from their simplest form to more practical systems; broad coverage of key topics, including oscillators, phase noise, analog PLLs, digital PLLs, RF synthesizers, delay-locked loops, clock and data recovery circuits, and frequency dividers; tutorial chapters on high-performance oscillator design, covering fundamentals to advanced topologies; and extensive use of circuit simulations to teach design mentality, highlight design flaws, and connect theory with practice. Including over 200 thought-provoking examples highlighting best practices and common pitfalls, 250 end-of-chapter homework problems to test and enhance the readers' understanding, and solutions and lecture slides for instructors, this is the perfect text for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students and professional engineers who want an in-depth understanding of PLL design.
Design of Canals
by P. K. Swamee B. R. ChaharThe book presents firsthand material from the authors on design of hydraulic canals. The book discusses elements of design based on principles of hydraulic flow through canals. It covers optimization of design based on usage requirements and economic constraints. The book includes explicit design equations and design procedures along with design examples for varied cases. With its comprehensive coverage of the principles of hydraulic canal design, this book will prove useful to students, researchers and practicing engineers. End-of-chapter pedagogical elements make it ideal for use in graduate courses on hydraulic structures offered by most civil engineering departments across the world.
Design of Cold-formed Steel Structures: Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Part 1-3 Design of cold-formed Steel Structures
by Dan Dubina Viorel Ungureanu Raffaele LandolfoThe book is concerned with design of cold-formed steel structures in building based on the Eurocode 3 package, particularly on EN 1993-1-3. It contains the essentials of theoretical background and design rules for cold-formed steel sections and sheeting, members and connections for building applications. Elaborated examples and design applications - more than 200 pages - are included in the respective chapters in order to provide a better understanding to the reader.
Design of Contemporary Inland Waterway Vessels: The Case of the Danube River
by Dejan Radojčić Aleksandar Simić Nikola Momčilović Milorad Motok Benjamin FriedhoffInland Waterway (IW), or river vessels are in every respect different from the seagoing ships. The professional literature is mostly focused on conventional seagoing fleets, leaving a gap in the documentation of design practices for IW vessels. The principal attribute that differentiates river vessels from the seagoing ships is the low, or shallow, draught due to water depth restrictions.This book addresses key aspects for the design of contemporary, shallow draught IW vessels for the transport of dry cargo (containers and bulk cargo). Most of the logic that is presented is applicable to the design of river vessels for any river, but the material that is presented is focused on vessels for the River Danube and its tributaries. The term ‘contemporary river vessel’ assumes that the present-day technology and current Danube river infrastructure are taken into consideration in its design. It is believed that the technologies and concepts that are proposed here are applicable for all new vessel designs for the next 10 to 15 years. Other innovative technologies should be considered for designs beyond that horizon. Moreover, nowadays contemporary IW vessel must be in harmony with the Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) policies and hence special attention is paid to both ecology and efficiency. Note however that shipowners and ship operators usually tend to choose the conventional cost-effective transport technologies. Given that potential divergence of interests, the concepts and technologies treated here may be regarded as innovative.
Design of Cost-Efficient Interconnect Processing Units: Spidergon STNoC (System-on-Chip Design and Technologies)
by Marcello Coppola Miltos D. Grammatikakis Riccardo Locatelli Giuseppe Maruccia Lorenzo PieralisiStreamlined Design Solutions Specifically for NoCTo solve critical network-on-chip (NoC) architecture and design problems related to structure, performance and modularity, engineers generally rely on guidance from the abundance of literature about better-understood system-level interconnection networks. However, on-chip networks present several distinct challenges that require novel and specialized solutions not found in the tried-and-true system-level techniques. A Balanced Analysis of NoC ArchitectureAs the first detailed description of the commercial Spidergon STNoC architecture, Design of Cost-Efficient Interconnect Processing Units: Spidergon STNoC examines the highly regarded, cost-cutting technology that is set to replace well-known shared bus architectures, such as STBus, for demanding multiprocessor system-on-chip (SoC) applications. Employing a balanced, well-organized structure, simple teaching methods, numerous illustrations, and easy-to-understand examples, the authors explain: how the SoC and NoC technology works why developers designed it the way they did the system-level design methodology and tools used to configure the Spidergon STNoC architecture differences in cost structure between NoCs and system-level networks From professionals in computer sciences, electrical engineering, and other related fields, to semiconductor vendors and investors – all readers will appreciate the encyclopedic treatment of background NoC information ranging from CMPs to the basics of interconnection networks. The text introduces innovative system-level design methodology and tools for efficient design space exploration and topology selection. It also provides a wealth of key theoretical and practical MPSoC and NoC topics, such as technological deep sub-micron effects, homogeneous and heterogeneous processor architectures, multicore SoC, interconnect processing units, generic NoC components, and embeddings of common communication patterns. An Arsenal of Practical Learning Tools at Your DisposalThe book features a complimentary CD-ROM for practical training on NoC modeling and design-space exploration. It incorporates the award-winning System C-based On-Chip Communication Network (OCCN) environment, the only open-source network modeling and simulation framework currently available. With its consistent, comprehensive overview of the state of the art – and future trends – of NoC design, this indispensible text can help readers harness the value within the vast and ever-changing world of network-on-chip technology.
Design of Crystal Structures Using Hydrogen Bonds on Molecular-Layered Cocrystals and Proton–Electron Mixed Conductor (Springer Theses)
by Masaki DonoshitaThis thesis addresses the design of crystal structures using hydrogen bonds. In particular, it focuses on the design of functionalities and the control over the packing of molecular assemblies, based on molecular designs.Firstly, the synthesis and evaluation of a proton–electron mixed conducting charge transfer salt is reported. Focusing on the difference in the strength of hydrogen bonds and weaker intermolecular interactions, a system was rationally designed and constructed where electron-conducting molecular wires were encapsulated within a proton-conducting matrix. Next, the investigation of structural phase transitions in a cocrystal consisting of hydrogen-bonded two-dimensional molecular assemblies is reported. Drastic rearrangements of hydrogen-bonded molecular assemblies in the cocrystal led to single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transitions, resulting in anisotropic changes in the crystal shape. Furthermore, chemical modification of a component molecule in the cocrystal is reported. The modification afforded control over the stacking patterns of the two-dimensional molecular assemblies, i.e., sheets, and the mechanism was discussed considering the intersheet intermolecular interactions and molecular motion.It is suggested that hydrogen bonds are beneficial to construct molecular assemblies in molecular crystals because of their strength and well-defined directionality, and the consideration of coexisting weaker intermolecular interactions can lead to the design of whole crystal structures and, hence, functionalities. This thesis benefits students and researchers working on solid-state chemistry by presenting various methods for characterizing and evaluating the properties of molecular solids.
Design of Demining Machines
by Dinko MikulicIn constant effort to eliminate mine danger, international mine action community has been developing safety, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of clearance methods. Demining machines have become necessary when conducting humanitarian demining where the mechanization of demining provides greater safety and productivity. Design of Demining Machines describes the development and testing of modern demining machines in humanitarian demining. Relevant data for design of demining machines are included to explain the machinery implemented and some innovative and inspiring development solutions. Development technologies, companies and projects are discussed to provide a comprehensive estimate of the effects of various design factors and to proper selection of optimal parameters for designing the demining machines. Covering the dynamic processes occurring in machine assemblies and their components to a broader understanding of demining machine as a whole, Design of Demining Machines is primarily tailored as a text for the study of the fundamentals and engineering techniques involved in the calculation and design of demining machines. It will prove as useful resource for engineers, designers, researchers and policy makers working in this field.
Design of Devices and Systems
by William H. Middendorf"Details the product and system design process from conceptual, economic, and ethical considerations to modeling, decision making, and testing. Enables engineering educators to satisfy the requirements of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) for the design component of engineering curricula. Third Edition features expanded coverage of product liability, engineering standards, patents, system design, computer-aided design, optimum design, reliability, and more. "
Design of Digital Chaotic Systems Updated by Random Iterations (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Qianxue Wang Simin Yu Christophe GuyeuxThis brief studies the general problem of constructing digital chaotic systems in devices with finite precision from low-dimensional to high-dimensional settings, and establishes a general framework for composing them. The contributors demonstrate that the associated state networks of digital chaotic systems are strongly connected. They then further prove that digital chaotic systems satisfy Devaney’s definition of chaos on the domain of finite precision. The book presents Lyapunov exponents, as well as implementations to show the potential application of digital chaotic systems in the real world; the authors also discuss the basic advantages and practical benefits of this approach. The authors explore the solutions to dynamic degradation (including short cycle length, decayed distribution and low linear complexity) by proposing novel modelling methods and hardware designs for two different one-dimensional chaotic systems, which satisfy Devaney’s definition of chaos. They then extend it to a higher-dimensional digital-domain chaotic system, which has been used in image-encryption technology. This ensures readers do not encounter large differences between actual and theoretical chaotic orbits through small errors. Digital Chaotic Systems serves as an up-to-date reference on an important research topic for researchers and students in control science and engineering, computing, mathematics and other related fields of study.
Design of Digital Phase Shifters for Multipurpose Communication Systems
by Binboga Siddik YarmanThis book aims to cover a new emerging need in designing digital phase shifter for modern communication systems. With the advancement of new generation mobile communication systems, directed beams of antenna arrays save a substantial amount of power as well as improve the communication quality. In this regard, beam-forming circuits, such as digital phase shifters (DPS) constitute essential parts of the antenna array systems. Therefore, this book is devoted to the design of digital phase shifters for various communications systems. Nowadays, phase array systems demand compact phase shifters suitable for chip implementation with wide phase-range and broad frequency band. Each chapter of this book is organized as stand-alone in such a way that the reader requires no specific background acquired from the other chapters. For each phase shifter topology introduced in this book, the reader is furnished with explicit design equations to construct the circuit under consideration. Furthermore, design equations are programmed using MATLAB to assess the electrical performance of the phase shifters with ideal and lossy components. MATLAB design programs are given at the and of each chapter as appendices and provided as soft copy on the web page of the book. In chapters 12 and 14, MMIC layouts for the lattice and T-section based DPS are provided for the readers. It is hoped that an interested reader can immediately identifies the “optimum phase shifter topology” for the need under consideration with its estimated electric performance.
Design of Digital Phase Shifters for Multipurpose Communication Systems (River Publishers Series In Communications Ser.)
by Binboga Siddik YarmanDesign of Digital Phase Shifters for Multipurpose Communication Systems aims to cover a new emerging need in designing digital phase shifters for modern communication systems. With the advancement of new generation mobile communication systems, directed beams save a substantial amount of RF-power, and improve the noise immunity. In this regard, beam-forming circuits, namely, digital phase shifters constitute essential parts the antenna arrays. Therefore, this book is devoted to design of digital phase shifters for various communications systems.In the good old days, phase shifter design requirements used to demand narrow bandwidth with no physical size constraints. Nowadays, they must be compact and suitable for Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI) or Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MMIC) implementation with Wide Phase Range (WPR) and Wide Frequency Band (WFB).Since the 1980s, the author has been designing digital phase shifters for various applications. He started to work with loaded lines phase shifters, and then employed branch line couplers to achieve wider frequency bands. In order to reduce the physical size, he used a 3 element Symmetric LC ladder based T or PI configurations. In order to achieve broad frequency band with large phase range, usage of LC lattice structures is inevitable. Lately, the author designed phase shifters using both lowpass and highpass LC ladder and lattice based switched-structures, which are suitable for monolithic implementation. In the course of design, MOS transistors were employed as switching elements. This book includes several novel digital phase shifter topologies, which provides wide phase range and wideband operation.Technical topics discussed in the book include:- Basic Concept of Antenna Arrays- Concept of Digital Phase Bit- Scattering Parameters to analyze the electric performance of phase shifters- Transmission Lines as circuit elements to construct practical phase shifters- Loaded Line Digital Phase Shifters (DPS)- Lowpass Based T/PI Section DPS- Highpass Based T/PI Section DPS- 3-Element LC T/PI Section DPS- Wide Phase Range, Wide Frequency Band Symmetric Lattice Based DPSFor each topology presented, explicit design equations are provided and programs to assess the electric performance of each topology is developed in a MatLab environment. It is expected that the reader will be self-sufficient to design and implement the digital phase shifters topologies presented in this book.