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Meltdown!: The Nuclear Disaster in Japan and Our Energy Future (Single Titles Ser.)
by Fred BortzJapan. March 11, 2011. 2:46 P.M. The biggest earthquake in Japan's history—and one of the world's five most powerful since 1900—devastated the Tohoku region, 320 kilometers (200 miles) northeast of Tokyo. It triggered a huge tsunami that left crippling damage in its wake. More than 13,000 people drowned, and thousands of buildings and homes were reduced to rubble. As people assessed the damage, they made the most frightening discovery of all: the Fukushima #1 nuclear power plant was seriously damaged and three of its six reactors were heading for meltdowns. Workers tried desperately—but unsuccessfully—to save them. Explosions and fires released radioactivity into the air. Within days the Japanese government declared a 20-kilometer (12-mile) evacuation zone. The future of the plant, the long-term health of those exposed to radiation, and the effects on the environment remained uncertain. Learn more about this massive catastrophe as Dr. Fred Bortz examines both the human tragedy and the scientific implications of the nuclear meltdown. Compare this disaster to similar nuclear events in the United States and in Ukraine, and move ahead with Dr. Bortz as he explores the global debate about the future of nuclear power and alternative sources of energy.
Meltdown
by James PowlikA DEADLY SECRET LIES BURIED BENEATH THE WORLD'S LAST FRONTIER Dr. Carol Harmon has taken her research vessel, the Phoenix, deep into one of the most forbidding places in the world, the ceaselessly shifting Arctic icescape. In one frightening moment, everything goes very wrong. During a routine dive, two of her crew are ravaged by what appears to be radiation poisoning. Knowing she needs help fast, Carol calls on the person she trusts most, a man leading his own expedition on the opposite pole of the globe. Brock Garner is an oceanographer, a former Naval officer, and a man who has never quite stopped loving his ex-wife, Carol. By the time Garner arrives, a frightening scenario is taking shape: Deep beneath the ice, something is leaking deadly radiation. Worse yet, it may be only part of a bigger cataclysm. A disaster of untold proportions is looming-the world's first man-made Ice Age. A life-and-death battle is about to be unleashed...not just for the Arctic, but for the very future of Earth.
Membrane and Desalination Technologies
by Yung-Tse Hung Lawrence K. Wang Jiaping Paul Chen Nazih K. ShammasIn this essential new volume, Volume 13: Membrane and Desalination Technologies, a panel of expert researchers provide a wealth of information on membrane and desalination technologies. An advanced chemical and environmental engineering textbook as well as a comprehensive reference book, this volume is of high value to advanced graduate and undergraduate students, researchers, scientists, and designers of water and wastewater treatment systems. This is an essential part of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, an incredible collection of methodologies that study the effects of pollution and waste in their three basic forms: gas, solid, and liquid. Chapters adopt the series format, employing methods of practical design and calculation illustrated by numerical examples, including pertinent cost data whenever possible, and exploring in great detail the fundamental principles of the field. Volume 13: Membrane and Desalination Technologies is an essential guide for researchers, highlighting the latest developments in principles of membrane technology, membrane systems planning and design, industrial and municipal waste treatments, desalination requirements, wastewater reclamation, biofiltration, and more.
Membrane and Membrane-Based Processes for Wastewater Treatment (Wastewater Treatment and Research)
by Maulin P. ShahThe proposed book mainly sorts out emerging and burning issues faced day to day by municipal and industrial wastewater treatments. It also provides a comprehensive view of recent advances in hybrid treatment technologies for wastewater treatment, addresses the current limitations and challenges of applying these tools in wastewater treatment systems. This book gives an insight about recent developments in membrane technology for wastewater treatment. Industrial wastewater contains a large variety of compounds, such as heavy metals, salts and nutrients, which makes its treatment challenging. Thus, the use of conventional water treatment methods is not always effective. In this sense, membrane-based hybrid processes have emerged as a promising technology to treat complex industrial wastewater. The present book analyses and discusses the potential of membrane-based hybrid processes for the treatment of complex industrial wastewater along with the recovery of valuable compounds and water reutilization. In addition, recent and future trends in membrane technology are highlighted. FEATURES 1. The properties, mechanisms, advantages, limitations and promising solutions of different types of membrane technologies are discussed. 2. The optimization of process parameters is addressed. 3. The performance of different membranes is described. 4. The potential of nanotechnology to improve the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants is presented. 5. The application of membrane and membrane-based hybrid treatment technologies for wastewater treatment is covered.
Membrane Based Methods for Dye Containing Wastewater: Recent Advances (Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry)
by Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Ali KhadirThis book highlights recent findings of membrane - based dye removal methods along with the application of photocatalytic, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membrane including membrane – based fibers, metal-organic frameworks, polyethersulfone, ceramic, etc. Among water and wastewater pollutants, dyes have been normally observed and detected in various aquatic solutions, including rivers and lakes. Aesthetic pollution, toxicity, persistent, and carcinogenicity are some of the adverse effects of dyes entering the ecosystem. Although dyes have brought a colourful world, their presence in the environment are responsible for adverse effects on the planet. Diverse physical, chemical and biological methods are available to treat dye contaminated water. This book presents membrane separation technology that has been developed in the past decade to treat different wastewaters, and owning to its effective performance, has garnered the attention of academia and industry alike.
Membrane Computing
by Marian Gheorghe Grzegorz Rozenberg Arto Salomaa Claudio ZandronPart of the broader research field of natural computing, Membrane Computing is an area within computing science that aims to abstract computing ideas and models from the structure and functioning of living cells, as well as from the way the cells are organized in tissues or higher orderstructures. It studies models of computation (known as P systems) inspired by the biochemistry of cells, in particular by the role of membranes in the compartmentalization of living cells into "protected reactors". This handbook provides both a comprehensive survey of available knowledge and established research topics, and a guide to recent developments in the field, covering the subject from theory to applications. The handbook is suitable both for introducing novices to this area of research, and as a mainsource of reference for active researchers. It sets out the necessary biological and formal background, with the introductory chapter serving as a gentle introduction to and overview of membrane computing. Individual chapters, written by leading researchers in membrane computing, present the stateof the art of all main research trends and include extensive bibliographies.
Membrane Computing
by Alberto Leporati Grzegorz Rozenberg Arto Salomaa Claudio ZandronPart of the broader research field of natural computing, Membrane Computing is an area within computing science that aims to abstract computing ideas and models from the structure and functioning of living cells, as well as from the way the cells are organized in tissues or higher order structures. This handbook provides both a comprehensive survey of available knowledge and established research topics, and a guide to recent developments in the field, covering thesubject from theory to applications. The handbook is suitable both for introducing novices to this area of research, and as a main source of reference for active researchers. It sets out the necessary biological and formal background, with the introductory chapter serving as a gentle introduction toand overview of membrane computing. Individual chapters, written by leading researchers in membrane computing, present the state of the art of all main r`search trends and include extensive bibliographies.
Membrane Computing
by Grzegorz Rozenberg Arto Salomaa José M. Sempere Claudio ZandronThis bookconstitutes revised selected papers from the International Conference onMembrane Computing, CMC 2015, held in Valencia, Spain, in August 2015. The 22 fullpapers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 34submissions. The volume also contains 3 invited talks in full-paper length.
Membrane Contactor Technology: Water Treatment, Food Processing, Gas Separation, and Carbon Capture
by Mohammad Younas Mashallah RezakazemiAn eye-opening exploration of membrane contactors from a group of industry leaders In Membrane Contactor Technology: Water Treatment, Food Processing, Gas Separation, and Carbon Capture, an expert team of researchers delivers an up-to-date and insightful explanation of membrane contactor technology, including transport phenomena, design aspects, and diverse process applications. The book also includes explorations of membrane synthesis, process, and module design, as well as rarely discussed process modeling and simulation techniques. The authors discuss the technical and economic aspects of this increasingly important technology and examine the geometry, flow, energy and mass transport, and design aspects of membrane contactor modules. They also cover a wide range of application opportunities for this technology, from the materials sciences to process engineering. Membrane Contactor Technology also includes: A thorough introduction to the membrane contactor extraction process, including dispersion-free membrane extraction processes and supported liquid membrane processes Comprehensive explorations of membrane transport theory, including discussions of diffusional mass and heat transfer modeling, as well as numerical modeling In-depth examinations of module configuration and geometry, including design and flow configuration Practical discussions of modes or operation, including membrane distillation, osmotic evaporation, and forward osmosis Perfect for process engineers, biotechnologists, water chemists, and membrane scientists, Membrane Contactor Technology also belongs in the libraries of chemical engineers, polymer chemists, and chemists working in the environmental industry.
Membrane Desalination: From Nanoscale to Real World Applications
by Andreas SapalidisThis book aims to provide details about membrane desalination processes, starting from basic concepts leading to real world implementation. Chapters cover novel research topics such as biomimetic and nanocomposite membranes, nanostructured fillers for mixed matrix membranes, advanced characterization techniques and molecular modeling. Additionally, engineering and economical aspects of desalination as well as the exploitation of green energy sources are thoroughly presented. This books targets bridging the gap between the everyday research laboratory practices with practical application demands, so that the readers gain a global perspective of all desalination challenges.
Membrane Distillation: Membranes, Hybrid Systems and Pilot Studies
by Kang-Jia Lu Tai-Shung ChungThis book aims to elaborate the basics and recent advances of membrane distillation (MD) as the same shows promise for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment. Starting with fundamentals of MD processes, including the heat and mass transfer analysis, energy evaluation and mathematical modelling, text includes engineering and molecular design of MD membranes. Various types of hybrid systems, including freeze desalination (FD)-MD, MD-crystallization (MDC), pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)-MD and forward osmosis (FO)-MD, will be discussed in this book. Further, it summarizes the future of MD from both industrial and academic perspectives along with energy sources and economic analysis.
Membrane-Distillation in Desalination
by Farid BenyahiaMembrane-Distillation in Desalination is an attempt to provide the latest knowledge, state of the art and demystify outstanding issues that delay the deployment of the technology on a large scale. It includes new updates and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of membrane distillation technology and explains the energy advantage of membrane distillation for desalination when compared to traditional techniques such as thermal or reverse osmosis. The book includes the latest pilot test results from around the world on membrane distillation desalination.
Membrane Filtration
by Greg FoleyFocusing on the application of membranes in an engineering context, this hands-on computational guide makes previously challenging problems routine. It formulates problems as systems of equations solved with MATLAB, encouraging active learning through worked examples and end-of-chapter problems. The detailed treatments of dead-end filtration include novel approaches to constant rate filtration and filtration with a centrifugal pump. The discussion of crossflow microfiltration includes the use of kinetic and force balance models. Comprehensive coverage of ultrafiltration and diafiltration processes employs both limiting flux and osmotic pressure models. The effect of fluid viscosity on the mass transfer coefficient is explored in detail, the effects of incomplete rejection on the design and analysis of ultrafiltration and diafiltration are analysed, and quantitative treatments of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration process analysis and design are explored. Includes a chapter dedicated to the modelling of membrane fouling.
Membrane Gas Separation
by Benny Freeman Yuri YampolskiiGas separation membranes offer a number of benefits over other separation technologies, and they play an increasingly important role in reducing the environmental impacts and costs of many industrial processes.This book describes recent and emerging results in membrane gas separation, including highlights of nanoscience and technology, novel polymeric and inorganic membrane materials, new membrane approaches to solve environmental problems e.g. greenhouse gases, aspects of membrane engineering, and recent achievements in industrial gas separation. It includes:Hyperbranched polyimides, amorphous glassy polymers and perfluorinated copolymersNanocomposite (mixed matrix) membranesPolymeric magnetic membranesSequestration of CO2 to reduce global warmingIndustrial applications of gas separationDeveloped from sessions of the most recent International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes, Membrane Gas Separation gives a snapshot of the current situation, and presents both fundamental results and applied achievements.
Membrane Materials for Gas and Separation: Synthesis and Application fo Silicon-containing Polymers
by E. Finkelshtein Yuri YampolskiiSi containing polymers have been instrumental in the development of membrane gas separation practices since the early 1970s. Their function is to provide a selective barrier for different molecular species, where selection takes place either on the basis of size or on the basis of physical interactions or both. Combines membrane science, organosilicon chemistry, polymer science, materials science, and physical chemistry Only book to consider polymerization chemistry and synthesis of Si-containing polymers (both glassy and rubbery), and their role as membrane materials Membrane operations present environmental benefits such as reduced waste, and recovered/recycled valuable raw materials that are currently lost to fuel or to flares
Membrane Process Design Using Residue Curve Maps
by David Glasser Diane Hildebrandt Mark Peters Shehzaad KauchaliDesign and Synthesis of Membrane Separation Processes provides a novel method of design and synthesis for membrane separation. While the main focus of the book is given to gas separation and pervaporation membranes, the theory has been developed in such a way that it is general and valid for any type of membrane. The method, which uses a graphical technique, allows one to calculate and visualize the change in composition of the retentate (non-permeate) phase. This graphical approach is based on Membrane Residue Curve Maps. One of the strengths of this approach is that it is exactly analogous to the method of Residue Curve Maps that has proved so successful in distillation system synthesis and design.
Membrane Processing: Dairy and Beverage Applications (Society of Dairy Technology)
by A. Y. TamimeIn the last two decades, there have been significant developments in membrane filtration processes for the dairy and beverage industries. The filtration systems can be classified into four main groups: reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. The primary objective of this book is to assess critically the pool of scientific knowledge available to the dairy and beverages industry, as a tool for process and product innovation, quality improvement and safety. The book is divided into three main parts. Part I reviews the principals, developments and designs of membrane processes that are mainly used in commercial dairy and beverage applications. Part II provides information on the applications of membrane processes in the manufacture of dairy products, from on-farm concentration of milk as a pre-treatment for cheesemaking to fractionation of milk and whey to provide ingredients for food and other applications. Part III considers membrane applications during the manufacture of fruit juices, beer and cider, wine and vinegar. These include concentration, deacidification and dealcoholisation processes. Membrane Processing: Dairy and Beverages Applications is an ideal new reference for dairy and beverage processors involved in the application of membranes, both to aid the creation of novel products, and to improve their process economics. Students and lecturers of food and dairy science and technology will value its in-depth discussion of membrane processes, whilst readers based in the dairy industry will prize it as the most up-to-date and advanced volume yet published on this crucially important topic.
Membrane Processing for Dairy Ingredient Separation (Institute of Food Technologists Series)
by Kang Hu James M. DicksonMembrane processing is a filtration technique in which particles are separated from liquids by being forced through a porous material, or membrane. Applied to dairy products, the separation techniques allow valuable compounds, found in milk, to be isolated for use as ingredients in food processing. A comprehensive overview of membrane separation processes, this book explores various applications such as pressure driven processes, electrical field driven processes, and concentration driven processes, for the recovery of various dairy streams and ingredients. The topics covered place emphasis on new applications, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and pervaporation. The text also presents in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms of each membrane separation process, as well as membrane types and the equipment used in these processes. Combining their educational backgrounds and substantial industrial experience in dairy ingredients processes, the authors address cutting-edge technologies that have been thoroughly researched and have great potential to be commercialized in the near future. The book will therefore be of interest to dairy industry professionals and will serve as a source of reference material for professors and students in food science and engineering.
Membrane Proteins in Aqueous Solutions: From Detergents to Amphipols (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering)
by Jean-Luc PopotThis book is the first to be entirely devoted to the challenging art of handling membrane proteins out of their natural environment, a key process in biological and pharmaceutical research, but one plagued with difficulties and pitfalls. Written by one of the foremost experts in the field, Membrane Proteins in Aqueous Solutions is accessible to any member of a membrane biology laboratory. After presenting the structure, functions, dynamics, synthesis, natural environment and lipid interactions of membrane proteins, the author discusses the principles of extracting them with detergents, the mechanisms of detergent-induced destabilization, countermeasures, and recent progress in developing detergents with weaker denaturing properties. Non-conventional alternatives to detergents, including bicelles, nanodiscs, amphipathic peptides, fluorinated surfactants and amphipols, are described, and their relative advantages and drawbacks are compared. The synthesis and solution properties of the various types of amphipols are presented, as well as the formation and properties of membrane protein/amphipol complexes and the transfer of amphipol-trapped proteins to detergents, nanodiscs, lipidic mesophases, or living cells. The final chapters of the book deal with applications: membrane protein in vitro folding and cell-free expression, solution studies, NMR, crystallography, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, amphipol-mediated immobilization of membrane proteins, and biomedical applications. Important features of the book include introductory sections describing foundations as well as the state-of-the-art for each of the biophysical techniques discussed, and topical tables which organize a widely dispersed literature. Boxes and annexes throughout the book explain technical aspects, and twelve detailed experimental protocols, ranging from in vitro folding of membrane proteins to single-particle electron cryomicroscopy, have been contributed by and commented on by experienced users. Membrane Proteins in Aqueous Solutions offers a concise, accessible introduction to membrane protein biochemistry and biophysics, as well as comprehensive coverage of the properties and uses of conventional and non-conventional surfactants. It will be useful both in basic and applied research laboratories and as a teaching aid for students, instructors, researchers, and professionals within the field.
Membrane Reactor Engineering: Applications for a greener process industry
by Gaetano Iaquaniello Marcello De Falco Angelo Basile Gabriele CentiUniquely focussed on the engineering aspects of membrane reactors Provides tools for analysis with specific regard to sustainability Applications include water treatment, wastewater recycling, desalination, biorefineries, agro-food production Membrane reactors can bring energy saving, reduced environmental impact and lower operating costs
Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes
by Gaetano Iaquaniello Marcello De Falco Luigi MarrelliMembrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes deals with technological and economic aspects of hydrogen selective membranes application in hydrogen production chemical processes. Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes starts with an overview of membrane integration in the chemical reaction environment, formulating the thermodynamics and kinetics of membrane reactors and assessing the performance of different process architectures. Then, the state of the art of hydrogen selective membranes, membrane manufacturing processes and the mathematical modeling of membrane reactors are discussed. A review of the most useful applications from an industrial point of view is given. These applications include: natural gas steam reforming,autothermal reforming,water gas shift reaction,decomposition of hydrogen sulphide, andalkanes dehydrogenation.The final part is dedicated to the description of a pilot plant where the novel configuration was implemented at a semi-industrial scale. Plant engineers, researchers and postgraduate students will find Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes a comprehensive guide to the state of the art of membrane reactor technology.
Membrane Separation of Food Bioactive Ingredients (Food Bioactive Ingredients)
by Seid Mahdi Jafari Roberto Castro-MuñozThis book covers current developments in membrane-based technologies for the successful recovery of food bioactive ingredients and molecules. Chapters explore emerging technologies, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and membrane distillation, for the selective concentration and food ingredients from food by-products, as well as techniques, such as pervaporation, for the selective separation and recovery of aroma compounds. The text provides one of the first examinations of other membrane-based technologies, such as liquid membranes (microemulsions), membrane distillation (MD) and pervaporation (PV), as thermal driven membrane processes. The separation of metabolites from microalgae and fermentation broths using membrane technologies is also covered. Researchers in food science, pharmaceutics and biotechnology looking to stay up-to-date on bioactive recovery, as well as membranologists exploring new applications for membrane-based technologies, will find this text a useful resource.
Membrane Technologies for Heavy Metal Removal from Water
by Juhana Jaafar Asad A. Zaidi Muhammad Nihal NaseerThis book offers lucid treatment of fundamental concepts related to potential applications and prospects of different membranes for wastewater decontamination by removing heavy metals. Divided into four sections, it provides an overview of different sources of water contamination, their impacts on human health and the environment, and compares traditional methods used to nullify these impacts. Further, it covers different mature membrane technologies such as polymeric membranes, poly-ceramic membranes, carbon-based membranes and many more, followed by pertinent case studies.Features: Focuses on the removal of heavy metals using membrane-based technologies Discusses pertinent criteria to select suitable membranes Includes feasibility studies and applications of different mature and emerging membranes Describes heavy metals' occurrence and transport in an aqueous system with an overview of the adverse effects Reviews challenges and opportunities associated with using different membranes This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in materials science, water engineering and wastewater treatment.
Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Removal of Toxic Trace Elements with Emphasis on Arsenic, Fluoride and Uranium (Sustainable Water Developments - Resources, Management, Treatment, Efficiency and Reuse #1)
by Jan Hoinkis Alberto Figoli Jochen BundschuhFocuses on the application of membrane technologies in removing toxic metals\metalloids from water. Particular attention is devoted to the removal of arsenic, uranium, and fluoride. These compounds are all existing in the earth’s crust at levels between two and five thousands micrograms per kg (parts per million) on average and these compounds can be considered highly toxic to humans, who are exposed to them primarily from air, food and water. In order to comply with the new maximum contaminant level, numerous studies have been undertaken to improve established treatments or to develop novel treatment technologies for removing toxic metals from contaminated surface and groundwater. Among the technologies available, applicable for water treatment, membrane technology has been identified as a promising technology to remove such toxic metals from water. The book describes both pressure driven (traditional processes, such as Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Ultrafiltration,etc) and more advanced membrane processes (such as forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and membrane bio-reactors) employed in the application of interest. Key aspect of this book is to provide information on both the basics of membrane technologies and on the results depending on the type of technology employed.
Membrane Technology: Sustainable Solutions in Water, Health, Energy and Environmental Sectors
by Sundergopal SridharContributed by multiple experts, the book covers the scientific and engineering aspects of membrane processes and systems. It aims to cover basic concepts of novel membrane processes including membrane bioreactors, microbial fuel cell, forward osmosis, electro-dialysis and membrane contactors. Maintains a pragmatic approach involving design, operation and cost analysis of pilot plants as well as scaled-up counterparts