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Phonon Thermal Transport in Silicon-Based Nanomaterials (SpringerBriefs in Physics)
by Rui-Qin Zhang Hai-Peng LiIn this Brief, authors introduce the advance in theoretical and experimental techniques for determining the thermal conductivity in nanomaterials, and focus on review of their recent theoretical studies on the thermal properties of silicon–based nanomaterials, such as zero–dimensional silicon nanoclusters, one–dimensional silicon nanowires, and graphenelike two–dimensional silicene. The specific subject matters covered include: size effect of thermal stability and phonon thermal transport in spherical silicon nanoclusters, surface effects of phonon thermal transport in silicon nanowires, and defects effects of phonon thermal transport in silicene. The results obtained are supplemented by numerical calculations, presented as tables and figures. The potential applications of these findings in nanoelectrics and thermoelectric energy conversion are also discussed. In this regard, this Brief represents an authoritative, systematic, and detailed description of the current status of phonon thermal transport in silicon–based nanomaterials. This Brief should be a highly valuable reference for young scientists and postgraduate students active in the fields of nanoscale thermal transport and silicon-based nanomaterials.
Phononic and Electronic Excitations in Complex Oxides Studied with Advanced Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Techniques (Springer Theses)
by Fryderyk LyzwaThis PhD thesis reports on investigations of several oxide-based materials using advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques and in combination with external stimuli such as high magnetic or electric field, sptial confinement in thin film heterostructures and the radiation with UV light. This leads to new results in the fields of superconductivity, electronic polarization states and nanoscale phenomena.Among these, the observation of anomalous polar moments is of great relevance for understanding the electric-field-induced metal-to-insulator transistion; and the demonstration that confocal Raman spectroscopy of backfolded acoustic photons in metal-oxide multilayers can be used as a powerful characterization tool for monitoring their interface properties and layer thickness is an important technical development for the engineering of such functional oxide heterostructures.
Phosphate Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting
by H. C. Swart Kartik N. Shinde Kyeongsoon Park S. J. DhobleThe idea for this book arose out of the realization that, although excellent surveys and a phosphor handbook are available, there is no single source covering the area of phosphate based phosphors especially for lamp industry. Moreover, as this field gets only limited attention in most general books on luminescence, there is a clear need for a book in which attention is specifically directed toward this rapidly growing field of solid state lighting and its many applications. This book is aimed at providing a sound introduction to the synthesis and optical characterization of phosphate phosphor for undergraduate and graduate students as well as teachers and researchers. The book provides guidance through the multidisciplinary field of solid state lighting specially phosphate phosphors for beginners, scientists and engineers from universities, research organizations, and especially industry. In order to make it useful for a wide audience, both fundamentals and applications are discussed, together.
Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms
by Javed Musarrat Almas Zaidi Mohammad Saghir KhanThis book provides a comprehensive description of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and highlights methods for the use of microphos in different crop production systems. The focus is on understanding both the basic and applied aspects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and how phosphorus-deficient soils can be transformed into phosphorus-rich ones by applying phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. The interaction of rhizosphere phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and environmental variables, as well as their importance in the production of crops such as legumes, cereals, vegetables etc. are discussed and considered. The use of cold-tolerant phosphate solubilizing microorganisms to enhance crop productivity in mountainous regions is examined, as are the ecological diversity and biotechnological implications of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. Lastly, the role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in aerobic rice cultivation is highlighted. This volume offers a broad overview of plant disease management using phosphate solubilizing microbes and presents strategies for the management of cultivated crops. It will therefore be of special interest to both academics and professionals working in the fields of microbiology, soil microbiology, biotechnology and agronomy, as well as the plant protection sciences. This timely reference book provides an essential and comprehensive source of material, as it includes recent findings on phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their role in crop production.
Phosphate in Paediatric Health and Disease
by U. AlonPhosphate in Pediatric Health and Disease provides a state-of-the-art overview of normal physiology, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical and therapeutic aspects of different types of phosphate homeostasis in early life. The book reviews the developmental physiology of phosphate metabolism from the fetus to the adolescent. It describes the pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with perturbations in phosphate homeostasis as well as discusses the different clinical conditions related to abnormal mineral metabolism, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and the modern diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This book will benefit pediatricians, endocrinologists, neurologists, nutritionists, and researchers in the field of mineral metabolism.
Phosphate in Soils: Interaction with Micronutrients, Radionuclides and Heavy Metals (Emergent Environmental Pollution)
by H. Magdi SelimEdited by One of the Best Specialists in Soil ScienceRecent studies reveal that Phosphorus (P) in the form of phosphate, a macronutrient essential for plant growth, and crop yields can influence the bioavailability, retention, and mobility of trace elements, metal(loid)s, and radio nuclides in soils. When this occurs, phosphates can affect the dynamics of heavy metals and influence soil characteristics, impacting soil mobility and toxicity. Phosphate in Soils: Interaction with Micronutrients, Radionuclides and Heavy Metals utilizes the latest research to emphasize the role that phosphate plays in enhancing or reducing the mobility of heavy metals in soil, and the soil-water-plant environment. It provides an in-depth understanding of each heavy metal species, and expands on phosphate interactions in geological material.Composed of 12 chapters, this text: Provides an overview of the reactions of metal(loid)s and common P compounds that are used as fertilizer in soils Emphasizes the effect of phosphorus on copper and zinc adsorption in acid soils Discusses findings on the influence of phosphate compounds on speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils as well as the role of phosphates on in situ and phytoremediation of heavy metals for contaminated soils Places emphasis on the influence of phosphate on various heavy metals species in soils, and their solubility/mobility and availability Provides extensive information on testing various high phosphate materials for remediation of heavy metal, micronutrients, and radionuclides contaminated sites Explores the reactivity of heavy metals, micronutrients and radionuclides elements in several soils Presents a case study illustrating various remediation efforts of acidic soils and remediation of Cu, Zn, and lead (Pb) contaminated soils around nonferrous industrial plants Emphasizes the significance of common ions (cations and anions) on phosphate mobility and sorption in soils, and more The author includes analytical and numerical solutions along with hands-on applications, and addresses other topics that include the transport and sorption modeling of heavy metals in the presence of phosphate at different scales in the vadose zone.
Phosphates As Food Ingredients
by R.H. EllingerThere is an enormous quantity of literature, including numerous patents, on the functions and applications of phosphates in foods. No attempt has been made to review every publication, as such an exhaustive review would require a sizeable book. Anyone interested in further details on any topic covered in this treatise should consult the references listed at the end of the chapter. The bibliographies provided in the references for each topic should provide more thorough coverage. It is hoped that the references cited are those with the most useful information on the phosphate applications and their effects on foods.
Phosphates in Food
by RicardoA. MolinsPhosphates in Food provides the first comprehensive analysis of phosphates used in food processing in almost 20 years. The book describes the nomenclature, structure, chemistry, and analytical procedures for phosphates in foods. Interactions between added and some natural phosphates and food components (particularly proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and metal ions) are examined in relation to using phosphates in food processing for such purposes as increasing the water-holding capacity of proteins, improving emulsification, preventing gelation, and delaying lipid oxidation. The book also discusses the use of phosphates in specific food groups, such as milk and dairy products; meats, poultry, and fish; fruits and vegetables; bakery products and cereals; and miscellaneous food products including beverages, fats and oils, sugar and confectionery products, eggs and derivatives, and specialty products. An extensive section discussing the importance of phosphates as microbial agents is presented and is followed by a final section that examines the nutritional and health implications of elevated phosphate intake. The book contains 1,135 references, 43 tables, and 34 figures, making it an ideal reference resource for researchers in food sciences, microbiology, and nutrition; food and chemical industries; and regulatory agencies within local, state, and federal governments.
Phosphor Handbook: Experimental Methods for Phosphor Evaluation and Characterization
by Ru-Shi Liu Xiao-Jun WangA benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on ‘Experimental Methods for Phosphor Evaluation and Characterization’ addresses the theoretical and experimental methods for phosphor evaluation and characterization. The chapters in the book cover: First principle and DFT analysis of optical, structural, and chemical properties of phosphors Phosphor design and tuning through structure and solid solution Design for IR, NIR, and narrowband emission and thermally stable phosphors and nanophosphors Detailed illustration for measurement of the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of phosphors Phosphor analysis through photoionization, high pressure, and synchrotron radiation studies
Phosphor Handbook: Fundamentals of Luminescence
by Ru-Shi Liu Xiao-Jun WangA benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on ‘Fundamentals of Luminescence’ elucidates the theoretical background and fundamental properties of luminescence as applied to solid-state phosphor materials. The book includes the chapters that cover: Basic principles of luminescence, the principal phosphor materials, and their optical properties New developments in principal phosphors in nitrides, perovskite, and silicon carbide Revised lanthanide level locations and its impact on phosphor performance Detailed descriptions of energy transfer and upconversion processes in bulk and nanoscaled particles and core-shell structures Rapid developing organic and polymer luminescent materials and devices
Phosphor Handbook: Novel Phosphors, Synthesis, and Applications
by Ru-Shi LiuA benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on ‘Novel Phosphors, Synthesis, and Applications’ provides the descriptions of synthesis and optical properties of phosphors used in different applications, including the novel phosphors for some newly developed applications. The chapters in this book cover: Various LED-based phosphors and their synthesis and applications Ingenious integrated smart phosphors and their novel optoelectronic and photonic devices Quantum dot, single crystalline, and glass phosphors Upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution imaging and photonic and biological applications Special phosphors for laser, OLED, energy storage, quantum cutting, thermometry, photosynthesis, AC-driven LED, and solar cells
Phosphorescent Oxygen-Sensitive Probes
by James Hynes Dmitri Papkovsky Ruslan I. Dmitriev Andreas Fercher Alexander V. ZhdanovBiological O2 sensing probes and measurement techniques were first introduced in the late 80s. In the last 3-5 years they have undergone major development that have made them available and affordable for a broad range of applications in various disciplines of the life and biomedical sciences. These new chemistries and technologies, which are significantly different from the majority of other fluorescence-based probes and detection techniques, have already demonstrated their high utility. This book will provide a systematic overview of the existing and emerging O2 sensing technologies in their different modifications, a practical guide to their rational selection and use, and examples of biological applications/case studies, including details on how to set up and conduct such experiments, troubleshoot and interpret the data.
Phosphoric Acid: Purification, Uses, Technology, and Economics
by Rodney GilmourThe rise and rationalization of the industrial phosphates industry have gone hand in hand with the development and maturation of technologies to purify phosphoric acid. In the 1960s and 70s, driven by the exponential sales growth of the detergent-builder sodium tripolyphosphate, chemical producers raced to develop processes that would provide a suf
Phosphorous and Calcium Utilization and Requirements in Farm Animals
by Ermias Kebreab Dorinha M. S. S. VittiThis book brings together quantitative aspects of phosphorus and calcium metabolism in farm animals in chapters written by leading researchers worldwide. It covers isotope dilution technique, phosphorus and calcium utilization in ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) and non-ruminants (swine, horses) and recommended value of phosphorus and calcium inclusion in feed. It is an essential resource for researchers and students in animal sciences and nutrition.
Phosphors for Energy Saving and Conversion Technology
by Vijay B. Pawade Sanjay J. DhobleThis text deals with the advantages of rare earth activated phosphors for the development of solid state lighting technology and in enhancing the light conversion efficiency of Si solar cells. The book initiates with a short overview of the atomic and semiconductor theory followed by introduction to phosphor, its working mechanism, role of rare earth ions in the lighting and PV devices and host materials being used. Further, it introduces the applications of inorganic phosphor for the development of green energy and technology including advantages of UP/DC conversion phosphor layers in the enhancing the cell response of PV devices. Key Features: Focuses on discussion of phosphors for both solid state lighting and photovoltaics applications Provides introduction for practical applications including synthesis and characterization of phosphor materials Includes broad, in-depth introduction of semiconductors and related theory Enhances the basic understanding of optical properties for rare earth phosphors Covers up-conversion and down-conversion phosphor for energy harvesting applications
Phosphors for Radiation Detectors (Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic & Optoelectronic Applications)
by Masanori Koshimizu Takayuki YanagidaPhosphors for Radiation Detector Phosphors for Radiation Detectors Discover a comprehensive overview of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection In Phosphors for Radiation Detection, accomplished researchers Takayuki Yanagida and Masanori Koshimizu deliver a state-of-the-art exploration of the use of phosphors in radiation detection. The internationally recognized contributors discuss the fundamental physics and detector functions associated with the technology with a focus on real-world applications. The book discusses all forms of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection used in a variety of fields, including medicine, security, resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and high energy physics. Readers will discover discussions of dosimeter materials, including thermally stimulated luminescent materials, optically stimulated luminescent materials, and radiophotoluminescence materials. The book also covers transparent ceramics and glasses and a broad range of devices used in this area. Phosphors for Radiation Detection also includes: Thorough introductions to ionizing radiation induced luminescence, organic scintillators, and inorganic oxide scintillators Comprehensive explorations of luminescent materials, including discussions of materials synthesis and their use in gamma-ray, neutron, and charged particle detection Practical discussions of semiconductor scintillators, including treatments of organic-inorganic layered perovskite materials for scintillation detectors In-depth examinations of thermally stimulated luminescent materials, including discussions of the dosimetric properties for photons, charged particles, and neutrons Relevant for research physicists, materials scientists, and electrical engineers, Phosphors for Radiation Detection is an also an indispensable resource for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students working in detection physics.
Phosphorus
by Arne Jernelöv Mikhail ButusovThis book starts with depiction of the phosphorus role in life creation and evolution. Then it outlines in which vital processes different phosphates participate in life of all flora and fauna, from DNA molecules till body tissues. Crucial function of phosphates was noticed long ago, but only in XIX century discovery of mineral fertilizers made it possible to sustain the needs of growing global population, thus initiating a "green revolution". Though, for many decades after it, the complexity of interactions "fertilizer-soil-plant roots" was underrated, causing massive damages, such as soil destruction and eutrophication of waters. Still, mining of exhausting natural phosphate reserves continued worldwide. Lessons of what happened in XIX century due to scarcity of phosphates were ignored. In the meantime, production of phosphates reached its peak few years ago. Immediate implementation of phosphate recycling technologies from municipal wastes can help avoid imminent global disaster.
Phosphorus Compounds
by Luca Gonsalvi Maurizio PeruzziniEach chapter of Phosphorus Compounds: Advanced Tools in Catalysis and Material Sciences have been carefully selected by the editors in order to represent a state-of-the-art overview of how phosphorus chemistry can provide solutions in various fields of applications. The editors have assembled an international array of world-renowned scientists and each chapter is written by experts in the fields of synthetic chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, dendrimers, theoretical calculations, materials science, and medicinal chemistry with a special focus on the chemistry of phosphorus compounds. Phosphorus Compounds: Advanced Tools in Catalysis and Material Sciences is of interest to a general readership ranging from advanced university course students to experts in academia and industry.
Phosphorus Management in Crop Production
by Nand Kumar Fageria Zhenli He Virupax C. BaligarThe world population is projected to reach nine billion by 2050, and in the coming years, global food demand is expected to increase by 50% or more. Higher crop productivity gains in the future will have to be achieved in developing countries through better natural resources management and crop improvement. After nitrogen, phosphorus (P) has more widespread influence on both natural and agricultural ecosystems than any other essential plant element. It has been estimated that 5.7 billion hectares of land worldwide contain insufficient amounts of available P for sustainable crop production, and P deficiency in crop plants is a widespread problem in various parts of the world. However, it has been estimated that worldwide minable P could last less than 40 years. For sustaining future food supplies, it is vital to enhance plant P use efficiency. To bring the latest knowledge and research advances in efficient management of P for economically viable and environmentally beneficial crop production in sustainable agriculture, Phosphorus Management in Crop Production contains chapters covering functions and diagnostic techniques for P requirements in crop plants, P use efficiency and interactions with other nutrients in crop plants, management of P for optimal crop production and environmental quality, and basic principles and methodology regarding P nutrition in crop plants. The majority of research data included are derived from many years of field, greenhouse, and lab work, hence the information is practical in nature and will have a significant impact on efficient management of P-fertilizers to enhance P use efficiency, improve crop production, promote sustainable agriculture, and reduce P losses through eluviations, leaching, and erosion to minimize environmental degradation. A comprehensive book that combines practical and applied information, Phosphorus Management in Crop Production is an excellent reference for students, professors, agricultural research scientists, food scientists, agricultural extension specialists, private consultants, fertilizer companies, and government agencies that deal with agricultural and environmental issues.
Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling
by Hisao Ohtake Satoshi TsunedaThis book focuses on the engineering aspects of phosphorus (P) recovery and recycling, presenting recent research advances and applications of technologies in this important and challenging area of engineering. It highlights full-scale applications to illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the new technologies. As an essential element for all living organisms, P cannot be replaced by any other element in biochemical processes, humans ultimately rely its availability. Today, P is mostly obtained from mined rock phosphate (Pi). However, natural reserves of high-grade rock Pi are limited and dwindling on a global scale. As such, there have been increased efforts to recycle P from secondary sources, including sewage sludge, animal manure, food waste, and steelmaking slag, and so close the anthropogenic P cycle. In addition to various aspects of phosphorus covered by other literature, including chemistry, biochemistry, ecology, soil-plant systems and sustainable management, this book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information on the rapidly evolving field of P recovery and recycling engineering for students, researchers, and professionals responsible for sustainable use of phosphorus.
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal from Municipal Wastewater: Principles and Practice, Second Edition
by RichardI. SedlakThis valuable new book offers practical guidance regarding the design and operation of systems for reducing effluent nitrogen and phosphorus. The principles of nitrogen and phosphorus removal are discussed, including sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, removal options, nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in treatment, process selection, and treatment. The book also covers the design and operation of nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, including system options, system design, facility design, facility costs, and operation. Practical case studies are provided as examples of successful system implementations that may be able to help you decide what will work best in your plant.
Phosphorus in Action
by Astrid Oberson Else K. Bünemann Emmanuel FrossardPhosphorus (P) is a finite resource which is essential for life. It is a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems but also a pollutant which can affect biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems and change the ecology of water bodies. This book collects the latest information on biological processes in soil P cycling, which to date have remained much less understood than physico-chemical processes. The methods section presents spectroscopic techniques and the characterization of microbial P forms, as well as the use of tracers, molecular approaches and modeling of soil-plant systems. The section on processes deals with mycorrhizal symbioses, microbial P solubilization, soil macrofauna, phosphatase enzymes and rhizosphere processes. On the system level, P cycling is examined for grasslands, arctic and alpine soils, forest plantations, tropical forests, and dryland regions. Further, P management with respect to animal production and cropping, and the interactions between global change and P cycling, are treated.
Phosphorus(III)Ligands in Homogeneous Catalysis
by Paul C. Kamer Piet W.N.M. van LeeuwenOver the last 60 years the increasing knowledge of transition metal chemistry has resulted in an enormous advance of homogeneous catalysis as an essential tool in both academic and industrial fields. Remarkably, phosphorus(III) donor ligands have played an important role in several of the acknowledged catalytic reactions. The positive effects of phosphine ligands in transition metal homogeneous catalysis have contributed largely to the evolution of the field into an indispensable tool in organic synthesis and the industrial production of chemicals.This book aims to address the design and synthesis of a comprehensive compilation of P(III) ligands for homogeneous catalysis. It not only focuses on the well-known traditional ligands that have been explored by catalysis researchers, but also includes promising ligand types that have traditionally been ignored mainly because of their challenging synthesis.Topics covered include ligand effects in homogeneous catalysis and rational catalyst design, P-stereogenic ligands, calixarenes, supramolecular approaches, solid phase synthesis, biological approaches, and solubility and separation.Ligand families covered in this book include phosphine, diphosphine, phosphite, diphosphite, phosphoramidite, phosphonite, phosphinite, phosphole, phosphinine, phosphinidenene, phosphaalkenes, phosphaalkynes, P-chiral ligands, and cage ligands.Each ligand class is accompanied by detailed and reliable synthetic procedures. Often the rate limiting step in the application of ligands in catalysis is the synthesis of the ligands themselves, which can often be very challenging and time consuming. This book will provide helpful advice as to the accessibility of ligands as well as their synthesis, thereby allowing researchers to make a more informed choice.Phosphorus(III) Ligands in Homogeneous Catalysis: Design and Synthesis is an essential overview of this important class of catalysts for academic and industrial researchers working in catalyst development, organometallic and synthetic chemistry.
Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Sixth Edition
by D.E.C. CorbridgeOver two decades have passed since the fifth edition of Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology. Major advances in chemistry, materials science, electronics, and medicine have expanded and clarified the role of phosphorus in both our everyday appliances and groundbreaking research. Significantly expanded, updated, and reorganized, this s