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Photo- and Electro-Catalytic Processes: Water Splitting, N2 Fixing, CO2 Reduction
by Jianmin MaExplore green catalytic reactions with this reference from a renowned leader in the field Green reactions—like photo-, photoelectro-, and electro-catalytic reactions—offer viable technologies to solve difficult problems without significant damage to the environment. In particular, some gas-involved reactions are especially useful in the creation of liquid fuels and cost-effective products. In Photo- and Electro-Catalytic Processes: Water Splitting, N2 Fixing, CO2 Reduction, award-winning researcher Jianmin Ma delivers a comprehensive overview of photo-, electro-, and photoelectron-catalysts in a variety of processes, including O2 reduction, CO2 reduction, N2 reduction, H2 production, water oxidation, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution. The book offers detailed information on the underlying mechanisms, costs, and synthetic methods of catalysts. Filled with authoritative and critical information on green catalytic processes that promise to answer many of our most pressing energy and environmental questions, this book also includes: Thorough introductions to electrocatalytic oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, as well as electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions Comprehensive explorations of electrocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction Practical discussions of photoelectrocatalytic H2 production, water splitting, and CO2 reduction In-depth examinations of photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution and nitrogen reductionPerfect for catalytic chemists and photochemists, Photo- and Electro-Catalytic Processes: Water Splitting, N2 Fixing, CO2 Reduction also belongs in the libraries of materials scientists and inorganic chemists seeking a one-stop resource on the novel aspects of photo-, electro-, and photoelectro-catalytic reactions.
Photo-Activated Sludge: A Novel Algal-Bacterial Biotreatment for Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Angélica Rada ArizaNitrogen rich wastewaters (10-400 mg N L-1) are usually produced by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, such as effluents from anaerobic treatments. These represent a risk to the environment due to the high nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorous), which can cause eutrophication of water bodies, deteriorating the quality of the ecosystems. As a solution, the potential nitrogen removal capacity of a novel bio-treatment system, namely the Photo-Activated Sludge (PAS), which is composed of microalgae and bacteria consortia, is presented in this thesis. <P><P>This novel bio-treatment is based on the symbiosis between microalgae, nitrifiers and heterotrophic bacteria (microalgal-bacterial consortia). Experimental work using photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae and bacteria under sequencing batch conditions showed that microalgal-bacterial consortia can remove ammonium 50% faster than solely microalgal consortia. The increase in ammonium removal rates was due to the action of nitrifying bacteria, supplied with oxygen produced by algae. Nitrification was the main ammonium removal mechanism within the microalgal-bacterial biomass, followed by algal uptake and nutrient requirements for bacterial growth. Carbon oxidation and denitrification were the main removal mechanisms for organic carbon. Hence, the role of algae within the microalgal-bacterial system is to provide oxygen to support the aerobic processes. The microalgal-bacterial system offers the possibility of reducing the hydraulic retention time, which can decrease the large area requirements often demanded by algal systems.
Photo-Driven Seawater Splitting for Hydrogen Production
by Xiao-Yu YangThis book presents photo-driven seawater splitting technologies for hydrogen production. This technology is considered as a win–win interplay for both the utilization of solar energy as the most renewable energy and seawater as the most hydrogen source. The book also discusses topics from raw materials selection, characterization and mechanistic insights to the latest research developments in response to the need for environmentally friendly and low-carbon industries. In addition, it provides insights into a most attractive energy-conversion and storage cascade by combining solar energy and a hydrogen system. Given its scope, this book appeals to a broad readership, particularly professionals at universities and scientific research institutes, as well as practitioners in industry.
Photo-Electro-Thermal Theory for LED Systems: Basic Theory and Applications
by Ron HuiGain a solid understanding of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Systems Theory with this unique book. Written by a leading expert in LED lighting, it links together the photometric, electrical, thermal and chromatic elements of LED systems into a single, unified framework, and explores their complex interactions with one another. * Get to grips with chromatic, photometric and thermal modelling of LED systems * Discover new techniques for precise dimming and colour control * Learn methods for determining system parameters and internal variables * Gain insight into advanced applications for LED system design and optimization Providing straightforward and intuitive explanations, this is an ideal guide for professional engineers, graduate students and researchers working on solid-state lighting systems and smart lighting, and those taking advanced courses on LED devices and systems.
Photo-Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: Nanocatalyst Discovery, Reactor Design, and Advanced Spectroscopy (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Mohammadreza Nazemi Mostafa A. El-SayedAmmonia holds great promise as a carbon-neutral liquid fuel for storing intermittent renewable energy sources and power generation due to its high energy density and hydrogen content. Photo-Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: Nanocatalyst Discovery, Reactor Design, and Advanced Spectroscopy covers the synthesis of novel hybrid plasmonic nanomaterials and their application in photo-electrochemical systems to convert low energy molecules to high value-added molecules and looks specifically at photo-electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) for ammonia synthesis as an attractive alternative to the long-lasting thermochemical process. Provides an integrated scientific framework, combining materials chemistry, photo-electrochemistry, and spectroscopy to overcome the challenges associated with renewable energy storage and transport Reviews materials chemistry for the synthesis of a range of heterogeneous (photo) electrocatalysts including plasmonic and hybrid plasmonic-semiconductor nanostructures for selective and efficient conversion of N2 to NH3 Covers novel reactor design to study the redox processes in the photo-electrochemical energy conversion system and to benchmark nanocatalysts’ selectivity and activity toward NRR Discusses the use of advanced spectroscopic techniques to probe the reaction mechanism for ammonia synthesis Offers techno-economic analysis and presents performance targets for the scale-up and commercialization of electrochemical ammonia synthesis This book is of value to researchers, advanced students, and industry professionals working in sustainable energy storage and conversion across the disciplines of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and related areas.
Photo-Excited Charge Collection Spectroscopy
by Seongil Im Youn-Gyoung Chang Jae Hoon KimSolid state field-effect devices such as organic and inorganic-channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been expected to promote advances in display and sensor electronics. The operational stabilities of such TFTs are thus important, strongly depending on the nature and density of charge traps present at the channel/dielectric interface or in the thin-film channel itself. This book contains how to characterize these traps, starting from the device physics of field-effect transistor (FET). Unlike conventional analysis techniques which are away from well-resolving spectral results, newly-introduced photo-excited charge-collection spectroscopy (PECCS) utilizes the photo-induced threshold voltage response from any type of working transistor devices with organic-, inorganic-, and even nano-channels, directly probing on the traps. So, our technique PECCS has been discussed through more than ten refereed-journal papers in the fields of device electronics, applied physics, applied chemistry, nano-devices and materials science, finally finding a need to be summarized with several chapters in a short book. Device physics and instrumentations of PECCS are well addressed respectively, in the first and second chapters, for the next chapters addressing real applications to organic, oxide, and nanostructured FETs. This book would provide benefits since its contents are not only educational and basic principle-supportive but also applicable and in-house operational.
Photo-switched Biodegradation of Bioplastics in Marine Environments
by Tatsuo KanekoThis book presents the novel concept of photo-switched biodegradation of bioplastics which is one of the important methods to overcome plastic waste issues in oceans. The different chapters discuss topics associated with a wide range of biorefinery plant cultivation, cell bioengineering in silico/wet, plastic design with photo-controlled biodegradation, photocatalysis design, evaluation of biodegradability, polymer toxicity, and plastic edibility. The book contributes to various Sustainable Development Goals such as SDG 14—Life Below Water; SDG 9—Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 12—Responsible Consumption and Production; and SDG 15—Life on Land. It is a useful source for academic scientists in the fields of organic chemistry, photocatalysts, organic/inorganic composites, cell biology, plant biology, plastic processing, social control of wastes, environmental science, marine technology, and engineers. The book plays a big part in paradigm-changing innovation and transforms the petrochemical industry which has reached maturity, into a biochemical industry.
Photoacoustic Tomography
by Huabei JiangThe concept of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) emerged in the mid-1990s, and the field of PAT is now rapidly moving forward. Presenting the research of a well-respected pioneer and leading expert, Photoacoustic Tomography is a first-of-its-kind book covering the underlying principles and practical applications of PAT in a systematic manner. Written in a tutorial format, the text: Addresses the fundamentals of PAT, the theory on photoacoustic effect, image reconstruction methods, and instrumentation Details advanced methods for quantitative PAT, which allow the recovery of tissue optical absorption coefficient and/or acoustic properties Explores the development of several image-enhancing schemes, including both software and hardware approaches Examines array-based PAT systems that are the foundation for the realization of 2-D, 3-D, and 4-D PAT Discusses photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and combinations of PAT/PAM with other imaging methods Considers contrast-agents-based molecular PAT, with both nontargeted and cell receptor–targeted methods Describes clinical applications and animal studies in breast cancer detection, osteoarthritis diagnosis, seizure localization, intravascular imaging, and image-guided cancer therapy Photoacoustic Tomography is an essential reference for graduate students, researchers, industry professionals, and those who wish to enter this exciting field.
Photoactive Functional Soft Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
by Quan LiThe book covers design, synthesis, properties and applications of functional photoactive soft materials, including aspects of polymers, block copolymers, elastomers, biomaterials, liquid crystals, chemical and physical gels, colloids, host-guest systems and foams. Authoritative accounts describing various structural and functional aspects of photoactive soft materials are combined in a unified manner in this book. The main focus is on the design and fabrication of photoactive functional soft materials for materials science, nanophotonics, nanotechnology, biological, biomedical and pharmacological applications.
Photobiomodulation for the Brain: Photobiomodulation Therapy in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering)
by Farzad Salehpour Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad Javad Mahmoudi Farzin Kamari Paolo Cassano Michael Richard HamblinPhotobiomodulation for the Brain: Photobiomodulation Therapy in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry collects scientific evidence covering a broad range of topics, including the optimum dosimetry, treatment regimens, irradiation sites, irradiance and fluence, treatment times, and possible side effects of this neuromodulation therapy. Over the past two decades, brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been introduced as an innovative modality for stimulating neural activity to improve brain function and is predicted to become a promising strategy for neurorehabilitation in the coming years. This book introduces PBM therapy to the worldwide medical community, providing worthwhile scientific insights and promoting the acceptance of this field among neurologists, psychiatrists, neurorehabilitation practitioners, and physiotherapists, as well as neuroscience clinicians and researchers. From a physics point of view, scientists in the photonics, medical physics, and light-dosimetry fields will also benefit from the book.
Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection
by Jyoti Singh Ratan Singh Ray Chandana Haldar Ashish Dwivedi Neeraj AgarwalThis book highlights the problem of UV-R-induced photocarcinogenesis and its molecular mechanism. It covers different photosensitive xenobiotics (drugs, cosmetics, and environmental pollutants) and their photosensitization mechanisms under ambient UV-R exposure. It also summarizes the role of nanotechnology in skin cancer remedies. It provides a brief overview of the various novel nanocarriers for cosmeceuticals like nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles, nanocrystals, etc., nanotechnology-based cosmeceutical products which are available in the market. It highlights the possible health hazards caused by nanoparticles on exposure of nano-based cosmetics and describes the recent regulatory rules applied to avoid the nanotoxicity.
Photocatalysis
by Carlo Alberto BignozziMetal Oxide Photoanodes for Water Splitting, by J. Augustynski, B. D. Alexander and R. Solarska; Hydrogen Production with Nanostructured and Sensitized Metal Oxides , by Stefano Caramori, Vito Cristino, Laura Meda, Roberto Argazzi and Carlo Alberto Bignozzi; Surface Nanostructures in Photocatalysts for Visible-Light-Driven Water Splitting, by Kazuhiko Maeda and Kazunari Domen; Artificial Photosynthesis Challenges: Water Oxidation at Nanostructured Interfaces, by Mauro Carraro, Andrea Sartorel, Francesca Maria Toma, Fausto Puntoriero, Franco Scandola, Sebastiano Campagna, Maurizio Prato and Marcella Bonchio; Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2: From Molecules to Semiconductors, by Tatsuto Yui, Yusuke Tamaki, Keita Sekizawa and Osamu Ishitani; Design of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts Based on Metal Oxides to Control the Selectivity of Chemical Reactions, by Andrea Maldotti and Alessandra Molinari;
Photocatalysis and Water Purification
by Max Lu Pierre PichatWater is one of the essential resources on our planet. Therefore, fresh water and the recycling of waste-water are very important topics in various areas. Energy-saving green technologies are a demand in this area of research.Photocatalysis comprises a class of reactions which use a catalyst activated by light. These reactions include the decomposition of organic compounds into environmental friendly water and carbon dioxide, leading to interesting properties of surfaces covered with a photocatalyst:they protect e.g. against incrustation of fouling matter, they are self-cleaning, antibacterial and viricidal. Therefore, they are attractive candidates for environmental applications such as water purification and waste-water treatment.This book introduces scientists and engineers to the fundamentals of photocatalysis and enlightens the potentials of photocatalysis to increase water quality. Also, strategies to improve the photocatalytic efficacy are pointed out: synthesis of better photocatalysts, combination ofphotocatalysis with other technologies, and the proper design of photocatalytic reactors. Implementation of applications and a chapter on design approaches for photocatalytic reactors round off the book.'Photocatalysis and Water Purification' is part of the series on Materials for Sustainable Energy and Development edited by Prof. G.Q. Max Lu. The series covers advances in materials science and innovation for renewable energy, clean use of fossil energy, and greenhouse gas mitigation and associated environmental technologies.
Photocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Applications: Current Trends and Future Perspectives (Green Energy and Technology)
by Panneerselvam SathishkumarThis book presents the existing photocatalytic reactor design and the future developments and the progress needed for both solar light-driven hydrogen generation and environmental purification. The chapters discuss the renewable and commercial aspects of translucent polymer-linked heterojunction nanocomposites as visible light-responsive photocatalysts. Relevant to these areas, the field of growing interest in black-TiO2, perovskites, MXenes and their numerous applications are presented. The framework, structural features and the need of mesocrystals for solar light-driven photocatalysis are also included. The book also discusses the additional features of green chemistry-based synthesis of nanomaterials in order to reduce any secondary pollution that may be released in the environment due to unsafe disposal of solvents. In addition, the importance of bismuth-based nanophotocatalysts towards energy and environmental applications and their future development as alternative photocatalysts for the prevailing nanomaterials are presented. The book also touches upon the idea to generate green fuel hydrogen through photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical techniques. Overall the book highlights contemporary developments in the last decade, the future perspectives of photocatalysis and its application towards energy and environment.
Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation and Energy Production: Recent Advances and Applications (Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology)
by Seema Garg Amrish ChandraThis book explores the modification of various synthesis processes to enhance the photocatalytic activity in varied applications in the fields of environmental remediation and energy production. It outlines the enhancement of photocatalytic activity via alloys synthesis, thin film coatings, electro-spun nanofibers and 3D printed photocatalysts. The book further states the diverse applications of materials for degrading organic pollutants and airborne pathogens, improving indoor air quality and as a potential antimicrobial agent. The application of photocatalysts in green organic synthesis, biomedical field and in hydrogen evolution are also presented in the book. It covers theoretical studies of photocatalytic material and conversion of CO2 to value added chemical feed stocks. The book is of relevance to researchers in academia and industry alike in the fields of material science, environmental science & technology, photocatalytic applications and in energy generation and conversion.
Photocatalysis for Heterocycle Formation and Functionalisation (Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry #62)
by Wen-Jing XiaoHeterocyclic compounds are an important class of organic chemicals that feature one or more heteroatoms in their ring systems. Such compound class have played an important role in our daily lives, as they are ubiquitous in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and other biologically active molecules. Many heterocyclic scaffolds have been identified as privileged structural units in pharmacologically active compounds. According to statistics, more than 90% of novel pharmaceuticals contain at least one heterocycle. Advances in modern synthetic techniques, such as organocatalytic cycloadditions, metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, have offered many efficient and rapid approaches for assembly of diverse heterocycles of various ring sizes. However, given increasing need for expansion of the available drug-like chemical space and from both environmental and economical viewpoints, it is still highly desirable to develop new efficient and practical methodologies toward heterocycle synthesis and functionalization under “green and sustainable” conditions. Photocatalysis is emerging as a powerful tool to access diverse high-energy intermediates in a controlled and selective fashion, and capable of promoting numerous challenging bond formation and novel chemical transformation. This re-merging catalytic strategy fits with green chemistry principles and has significantly spurred many innovative approaches that use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source to enable heterocycle formation and functionalization under mild conditions. In this book, we have tried to cover some interesting aspects of the development of photocatalytic reactions that are aimed to construct diverse heterocyclic compounds. Specifically, this major content is devoted to the following research topics, including N-heterocycle formation (Chapters 1, 4, and 6), functionalization of N-heterocycles (Chapters 2, 3, and 8), chiral heterocycle formation (Chapter 5), dearomatization of heterocycles (Chapter 7), fused thiophene formation and functionalization (Chapter 9), construction of axially chiral heterocyclies (Chapter 10), and photoinduced biocatalytic heterocycle formation (Chapter 11). It is our hope that this book, in addition to being of interest to practitioners of medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis who need an introduction to this area, will also be found inspiriting and stimulating by undergraduate and graduate students.
Photocatalysis: Principles and Applications
by Suresh C. Ameta Rakshit AmetaPhotocatalysis, reactions carried out in the presence of a semiconductor and light, is rapidly becoming one of the most active areas of chemical research, with applications in areas such as electrochemistry, medicine, and environmental chemistry, Photocatalysis: Principles and Applications stresses the development of various types of photocatalytic semiconductors, including binary, ternary, quaternary, and composite, and their modifications by metallization, sensitization, and doping to enhance their photocatalytic activities. In addition to describing the principles and mechanisms of photocatalysis, it also discusses other possible applications of photocatalysis such as use as antifouling agents, controlling air pollution by degrading contaminants present in the environment, self-cleaning of glasses and tiles in the presence of light/artificial light, green composites, wastewater treatment, hydrogen generation, and inactivation of microorganisms. The book also describes medical applications and summarizes efforts in the field of photosplitting of water as a newer energy source and photoreduction of carbon dioxide for providing synthetic fuels and also a step towards mimicking photosynthesis. Introduces the basic principle of photocatalysis. Provides an overview of the types of semiconductors, their immobilization, and modifications to make them more active. Gives possible applications of photocatalysis in wastewater treatment and strategy to combat against different kinds of pollutions like water, air, and soil. Summarizes efforts in the field of photosplitting of water as a newer energy source and photoreduction of carbon dioxide for providing synthetic fuels and as a step towards mimicking photosynthesis. Discusses inactivation of different kinds of microorganisms. Covers medical applications. Features Introduces the basic principle of photocatalysis. Provides an overview of the types of semiconductors, their immobilization, and modifications to make them more active. Gives possible applications of photocatalysis in wastewater treatment and strategy to combat against different kinds of pollutions like water, air, and soil. Summarizes efforts in the field of photosplitting of water as a newer energy source and photoreduction of carbon dioxide for providing synthetic fuels and as a step towards mimicking photosynthesis. Discusses inactivation of different kinds of microorganisms. Covers medical applications.
Photocatalytic Activities for Environmental Remediation and Energy Conversion (Green Energy and Technology)
by Hairus AbdullahThis book highlights sustainable methods with photocatalytic activities to remediate environment and for energy conversion. The related photocatalytic materials are discussed in detail. Some significant photocatalytic applications in degrading industrial pollutants that include different organic dyes, purifying the polluted air, converting CO2 to alcohol fuels, storing energy from sunlight as ammonia by converting N2 to NH3, and splitting water by optimizing the oxygen evolution process are thoroughly elucidated. The chapters introduce the necessary materials and results, leading to a better conceptualization in order to work in the field of photocatalysis. Some related perspectives and outlooks are discussed in the last chapter for possible future developments.
Photocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
by Mohamed A. Barakat Rajeev KumarIn this brief, a comprehensive review of the UV/visible-TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation process is presented with an insight into the mechanisms involved, the role of titanium dioxide as a catalyst, irradiation sources, types of reactors, and a comparison between various modes of TiO2 application. An overview of the development and enhancement of the activity of TiO2 nanoparticles in photocatalysis is presented. The topics covered include a detailed look at the unique properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles and their relationship to photocatalytic properties. The utilization of the TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalysts, in the non-doped and doped forms is also reviewed. Finally, the use of modified TiO2 nanoparticles has made a significant contribution in providing definitive mechanistic information regarding the visible light photocatalytic processes.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Fuel Generation: Designing Highly Efficient Semiconductor Materials (Green Energy and Technology)
by Hairus AbdullahThis book highlights crucial parameters and strategies in photocatalytic water splitting. The process utilizes light energy to drive the separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen with the help of a photocatalyst. The efficiency and performance of catalytic activities are determined by various parameters supported by material characterizations. Commonly, the catalytic performances in visible-light photocatalytic water splitting are governed by bandgap energy, surface area, crystal structure, charge carrier dynamics, catalyst loading, cocatalyst, pH of solution, and reaction temperatures. However, covering all the requirements to obtain a highly efficient catalytic activity is an impossible task. Some recent strategies with promising results have been explored to improve and optimize the catalytic properties. In addition, various techniques for catalytic material characterizations, such as XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, XANES, EXALFS, TRPL, TPC, EIS, and CV analysis, are also discussed. Finally, some related perspectives and outlook are discussed for future development.
Photocatalytic Production of Energy-Rich Compounds
by G. Grassi D.O. HallThis workshop comprises part of the four-year (1985-1988) non-nuclear energy R & D programme for the development of renewable energy sources which is being implemented by the Commission of the European Communities. The aim of the workshop was to present work by the contracting laboratories in addition to work by numerous other research laboratories
Photocatalytic Semiconductors
by Aracely Hernández-Ramírez Iliana Medina-RamírezThis critical volume examines the different methods used for the synthesis of a great number of photocatalysts, including TiO2, ZnO and other modified semiconductors, as well as characterization techniques used for determining the optical, structural and morphological properties of the semiconducting materials. Additionally, the authors discuss photoelectrochemical methods for determining the light activity of the photocatalytic semiconductors by means of measurement of properties such as band gap energy, flat band potential and kinetics of hole and electron transfer. Photocatalytic Semiconductors: Synthesis, Characterization and Environmental Applications provide an overview of the semiconductor materials from first- to third-generation photocatalysts and their applications in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The book further presents economic and toxicological aspects in the production and application of photocatalytic materials.
Photochemical Behavior of Multicomponent Polymeric-based Materials
by Visakh P. M. Dan RosuThis book offers in-depth insights into the photochemical behavior of multicomponent polymeric-based materials, with a particular emphasis on the photodegradation and photostabilization of these materials. Studying various classes of materials bases such as polysaccharides, wood, synthetic polymers, rubber blends, and nanocomposites, it offers a valuable reference source for graduate and postgraduate students, engineering students, research scholars and polymer engineers working in industry.
Photochemical Water Splitting: Materials and Applications
by Jiujun Zhang Ru-Shi Liu Neelu ChouhanCleavage of water to its constituents (i.e., hydrogen and oxygen) for production of hydrogen energy at an industrial scale is one of the "holy grails" of materials science. That can be done by utilizing the renewable energy resource i.e. sunlight and photocatalytic material. The sunlight and water are abundant and free of cost available at this planet. But the development of a stable, efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic material to split water is still a great challenge. To develop the effective materials for photocatalytic water splitting, various type of materials with different sizes and structures from nano to giant have been explored that includes metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and so on. Fundamental concepts and state of art materials for the water splitting are also discussed to understand the phenomenon/mechanism behind the photoelectrochemical water splitting. This book gives a comprehensive overview and description of the manufacturing of photocatalytic materials and devices for water splitting by controlling the chemical composition, particle size, morphology, orientation and aspect ratios of the materials. The real technological breakthroughs in the development of the photoactive materials with considerable efficiency, are well conversed to bring out the practical aspects of the technique and its commercialization.
Photochemical and Electrochemical Activation Strategies of C (Springer Theses)
by Su Yong GoThis book addresses novel C(sp3)-C(sp2) and C(sp3)-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. Two strategies are given in the book using photoredox or electrochemical methods. The first strategy describes that the hydroalkylation of alkynes via photoredox-mediated Ni/Ir dual catalysis produces trisubstituted alkenes as versatile synthetic building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents and natural products. High regioselectivity and E/Z-selectivity were achieved by introducing silyl groups that can provide steric and electronic effects to these selectivities with extensive opportunities for post-functionalization.The second strategy enables the development of C(sp3)-heteroatom bond-forming reactions through the electrochemical activation of C(sp3)-B bonds. The bonding of heteroatoms to carbon atoms has been an enduring subject of investigation for organic chemists. The function of most molecules is mainly determined by heteroatoms attached to the carbon atom, althoughthe backbone structure of organic compounds comprises carbon fragments.