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Photovoltaic and Photo-refractive Effects in Noncentrosymmetric Materials
by Boris I. Sturman Vladimir M. FridkinFerroelectric materials, in addition to possessing the unique property of a reversible, spontaneous polarization, exhibit a range of other significant and useful properties. These include high values of piezoelectric, pyroelectric, nonlinear optic, electrooptic, photorefractice and dielectric permittivity coefficients. Another fascinating property of ferroelectric materials is their photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic effects have been extensively studied in the past in symmetric materials such as silicon. This volume is the first concentrated treatment of the characteristics, theory and potential applications of the photovoltaic effect in noncentrosymmetric materials, which include ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics. The book also deals with the relationship between the photovoltaic and the photorefractive effects. The latter has already been well-studied and is finding many applications in optical processing and computing. This volume should prove to be an important text as well as a comprehensive reference source for basic and applied researchers working on photovoltaic, photorefractive and other photoeffects in ferroelectrics and related materials.
Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Systems: Principles, Design, and Applications
by Miqdam Tariq Chaichan Hussein A. Kazem Kamaruzzaman Sopian Ali H. Al-WaeliThis book provides the most up-to-date information on hybrid solar cell and solar thermal collectors, which are commonly referred to as Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) systems. PV/T systems convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy to produce electricity, utilize more of the solar spectrum, and save space by combining the two structures to cover lesser area than two systems separately. Research in this area is growing rapidly and is highlighted within this book. The most current methods and techniques available to aid in overall efficiency, reduce cost and improve modeling and system maintenance are all covered. In-depth chapters present the background and basic principles of the technology along with a detailed review of the most current literature. Moreover, the book details design criteria for PV/T systems including residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Provides an objective and decisive source for the supporters of green and renewable source of energy Discusses and evaluates state-of-the-art PV/T system designs Proposes and recommends potential designs for future research on this topic
Photovoltaics
by Konrad MertensConcise introduction to the basic principles of solar energy, photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV cells, PV measurement techniques, and grid connected systems, overviewing the potential of PV electricity for students and engineers new to the topic Starting with the basic principles of solar energy, this practical text explains the fundamentals of semiconductor physics and the structure and functioning of the solar cell. It describes current measurement techniques for solar modules, and the planning and operation of grid-connected and off-grid PV systems. Key features: clarifies the technical and economic perspectives of PV energy generation, whilst providing an overview on the current economic statusdiscusses the future development of PV, including efficient promotion instruments and price developmenteach chapter contains various exercises and descriptive examples, with operation results from concrete PV plantsan accompanying website hosting exercise solutions, links to further PV references, and free downloads of the figures and additional software www.textbook-pv.orgThis is an essential text for renewable energy students, technicians and engineers wanting to know how solar cells work and how to design a complete PV plant. It is also a useful resource for PV installers, planners, operators, consultants, financers, potential energy investors and politicians.
Photovoltaics for Professionals: Solar Electric Systems Marketing, Design and Installation
by Antony Falk Christian Durschner Karl-Heinz RemmersFor the building industry, the installation of photovoltaic systems has become a new field of activity. Interest in solar energy is growing and future business prospects are excellent. Photovoltaics for Professionals describes the practicalities of marketing, designing and installing photovoltaic systems, both grid-tied and stand-alone. It has been written for electricians, technicians, builders, architects and building engineers who want to get involved in this expanding industry. It answers all the beginner's questions as well as serving as a textbook and work of reference, provides designers and installers with practical specialist knowledge needed to design and install high quality solar electric systems and gives a comprehensive overview of the major photovoltaic market sectors. Photovoltaics for Professionals contains over 100 full colour illustrations and covers: Marketing and promoting photovoltaics Solar cells, PV modules and the solar resource Grid-tied PV systems Stand-alone PV systems Practical step-by-step examples are described of how to go about installing systems right from the first customer contact and many useful tips are given to help avoid mistakes.
Photovoltaics for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries
by Tania Urmee David Harries Hans-Gerhard HoltorfThe evidence suggests that many solar programs are being designed and implemented in isolation and without reliance on published guidelines or the experience gained by others. The conclusion is obvious: the likelihood of a program being successful would be greatly improved if program implementers were made more aware of best practice guidelines and of the lessons and experience learned by others in implementing previous programs. Furthermore, the best practice guidelines not only need to be readily available but need to describe the stages, issues and the stakeholders' roles in designing and implementing a SHS program. This book showcases a detailed road map that has been developed for the implementation of rural electrification projects in developing countries using solar PV. Features of this book will be case studies derived from personal participatory observation of the authors on Solar Home Systems, their impact, their advantages and disadvantages and their operation.
Photovoltaics for Sustainable Electricity and Buildings
by Ali SayighThis leading-edge volume on advances in photovoltaic technology features diverse contributions from experts in every major geographic PV market. It examines emerging applications such as electricity grid load-balancing and demand- response, PV storage systems, photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors and carbon-offset in buildings. Engineers, researchers, developers and students alike will find new avenues for exploration and fresh insights into this continually evolving field. Highlights the most recent advances in Photovoltaics, from Next-Gen Storage Systems to Bifacial PV/T Solar Collectors; Provides expert insights on the recent evolution and near future of PV markets around the globe; Covers applications from grid-tied storage and power generation to green buildings.
Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts: Understanding Market and Technology Drivers toward Terawatts
by Tim BrutonAn essential guide through the rapid evolution of PV technology Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts: Understanding Market and Technology Drivers toward Terawatts covers the history of silicon based PV, from the earliest discoveries to present and future practice. Divided into 9 chapters, the book includes the following topics: Early History; The 1973 Oil crisis and the drive for alternative energies; The emergence in the 1980’s of the off grid PV market, the significant small scale PV consumer market and the establishment of a manufacturing industry; Advantages of silicon for solar cells; The evolution of PV installations; The history of the incentive programme for PV; Difficulties of alternative technologies in challenging silicon dominance; Current status of the silicon manufacturing technology and The future. Key features: An authoritative first-hand account of an emerging technology from laboratory to global significance for electricity generation by an industry expert. Provides a framework for policy makers on future trends in the PV industry. Examines the lessons learnt from the interaction of research laboratories, major industry and government. Signposts the route to future high efficiency silicon solar cells giving new researchers a background for further development. Highlights the critical success factors for the emerging alternative manufacturing technologies. An essential PV guide aimed at researchers and students in electrical engineering and physical sciences through the rapid evolution of PV technology to commercial viability and the challenges ahead for increased performance, efficiency and global deployment.
Photovoltaics in Cold Climates
by Jimmy Royer Michael RossProviding electric power to remote, cold regions at high latitude or altitude can be an expensive and technically challenging task. Photovoltaics (PV) provide a reliable and cost-effective solution yet their potential is underdeveloped, in part because of a lack of knowledge about their effectiveness in cold climates. This book illustrates the potential and the techniques for using PV in cold climates. The book starts with a general section illustrating how PV can be applied in cold climates, with a succinct overview of the main considerations and chapters covering both the solar resource and the economics. It then covers the effects of cold climates on PV systems looking at the issues around the array and electronics, the battery and energy management. The third section covers design considerations and possible configurations (stand alone/battery systems, hybrid systems, seasonal storage and system simulation). The next part covers installation and operation and the book concludes with several case studies. The book will be invaluable both for all managers charged with providing power to cold climates whether for dwellings, other buildings or technical installations and for all technicians, engineers, installers and researchers working on such installations. It will also be of great interest to those working with PV in any form, or interested to see PV technology reach its full potential.
Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technology, and Practice
by Konrad MertensA comprehensive tutorial on photovoltaic technology now fully updated to include solar storage and the latest methods for on-site plant measurements Starting with the basic principles of solar energy, this fully updated, practical text explains the fundamentals of semiconductor physics and the structure and functioning of the solar cell. It describes the latest measurement techniques for solar modules, and the planning and operation of grid-connected and off-grid PV systems. It also looks at other thin film cells, hybrid wafer cells, and concentrator systems. Additionally, this Second Edition covers solar modules and solar generators; system technology of grid connected plants; the storage of solar energy; photovoltaic measurement technology; the planning and operation of grid-connected systems; economic efficiency of PV systems; and the future development of PV. Presents the latest advances in PV R&D and industry deployment Updated illustrations and tabular data reflect current state-of-the-art and PV technology efficiencies Offers expanded tutorial sections to aid teaching and self-study Includes a brand-new chapter on Solar Energy Storage Features two enlarged chapters—one on up-to-date photovoltaic metrology and the other on the future developments in photovoltaics Comes along with the accompanying website www.textbook-pv.org which offers free downloadable figures of the book, solutions of exercises, additional free PV software etc. Developed to prepare engineering students for the PV industry, this practical text is an essential PV primer.
Photovoltaics: System Design and Practice
by Heinrich HäberlinWith the explosive growth in PV (photovoltaic) installations globally, the sector continues to benefit from important improvements in manufacturing technology and the increasing efficiency of solar cells, this timely handbook brings together all the latest design, layout and construction methods for entire PV plants in a single volume.Coverage includes procedures for the design of both stand-alone and grid-connected systems as well as practical guidance on typical operational scenarios and problems encountered for optimum PV plant performance. This comprehensive resource will benefit electrical engineer and other electrical professionals in PV systems, especially designers and installers of PV plants or the product manufacturing and testing supply chain. Advanced students on renewable energy courses will find this useful background reading and it will be an invaluable desk reference for PV plant builders and owners.
Photovoltaik
by Viktor Wesselak Sebastian VoswinckelWie funktioniert Photovoltaik? Welche Arten von Solarzellen gibt es? Wie wirtschaftlich sind Photovoltaik-Anlagen? Die Autoren erklären die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Sonnenstrahlung und vermitteln die prinzipielle Funktionsweise einer Solarzelle. Sie gehen auf die Unterschiede heutiger und zukünftiger Technologien ein und diskutieren die Wirtschaftlichkeit unterschiedlicher Anlagenkonzepte. Dadurch finden Leser einen schnellen Einstieg ins Thema und lernen unterschiedliche Technologien und Anlagenvarianten einzuordnen und zu beurteilen.
Photovoltaik - Wie Sonne zu Strom wird
by Viktor Wesselak Sebastian VoswinckelWie funktioniert Photovoltaik? Welche Arten von Solarzellen gibt es? Wie wirtschaftlich sind Photovoltaikanlagen? Wie sieht die zuk#65533;nftige Entwicklung aus? Das kompakte Buch vermittelt fundiertes Orientierungswissen #65533;ber Funktionsweise, Anwendung und Grenzen der Photovoltaik. Es eignet sich f#65533;r einen schnellen Einstieg in die Problematik und erm#65533;glicht eine Einordnung unterschiedlicher Technologien und Anlagenvarianten. Die Autoren erkl#65533;ren anschaulich die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Sonnenstrahlung und vermitteln die prinzipielle Funktionsweise einer Solarzelle. Sie gehen auf die wesentlichen Unterschiede heutiger und zuk#65533;nftiger Technologien von Solarzellen ein. In der 2. Auflage gehen die Autoren auf die aktuellen Entwicklungen des EEG ein und stellen die Wirtschaftlichkeit unterschiedlicher Anlagenkonzepte mit und ohne F#65533;rderung anhand praxisnaher Beispiele dar.
Photovoltaik für die Wohnungswirtschaft: Schnelleinstieg für Architekten und Bauingenieure (essentials)
by Mario H. KrausDie kurze Einführung in die Photovoltaik erleichtert die ersten Schritte bei der Planung einer PV-Anlage. Die wichtigsten Schwerpunkte werden beschrieben, Rechtsgrundlagen und Risikofaktoren benannt. Ein ausführliches Verzeichnis von Literatur und weiteren Quellen ist enthalten.
Photovoltaik – Physikalische Grundlagen und Konzepte
by Gottfried Heinrich BauerDieses Lehrbuch beschreibt die Prinzipien und Konzepte der quantenhaften Solarenergiewandlung, der Photovoltaik, konsistent mit physikalischen Formulierungen.Beginnend bei den Grundlagen zur Strahlungsquelle Sonne und den theoretischen Grenzen bei der Wandlung solarer Strahlung, über die grundlegenden Prinzipien der Photovoltaik bis zu realen Solarzellen und möglichen Konzepte zur Erhöhung der Ausbeute, ermöglicht das Buch einen Überblick über dieses, auch mit Blick auf eine dauerhafte und klimaneutrale Energieversorgung relevante Thema.Zum Verständnis der Wirkungsweise und der thermodynamischen Limits sind Kenntnisse und Beziehungen aus verschiedenen Gebieten der Physik notwendig, wie Festkörper- und Halbleiterphysik, Thermodynamik und Statistik, Optik und Elektrodynamik. Diese Beziehungen werden zur Erklärung der Funktion von Solarzellen in den vorliegenden Kapiteln im Vergleich mit bestehenden Werken sehr ausführlich dargestellt und in einem Anhang für interessierte Leserinnen und Leser vertieft.Der Inhalt dieses Buchs richtet sich dabei vornehmlich an Studierende im Bachelor- und Masterstudiengang von Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften, beispielsweise der Fachrichtungen Physik, Chemie, Umweltwissenschaften, Elektrotechnik und Informatik.
Photovoltaism, Agriculture and Ecology: From Agrivoltaism to Ecovoltaism
by Martine Hossaert-McKey Claude Grison Lucie Cases Mailys Le MoigneOne of the challenges of our modern society is to successfully reconcile growing energy demand, demographic and food pressure and ecological and environmental urgency.This book offers an update on a rapidly evolving subject, that of modern photovoltaic systems capable of combining the needs of energy and ecological transition. Although photovoltaic solar energy is a well-proven technical solution in terms of energy, its development can compete with agricultural land or natural sites.New solutions are emerging: the installation of photovoltaic parks on industrial wasteland; agrivoltaics, which reconcile agricultural activity and energy production on the same surface; and ecovoltaics, which make it possible to make use of the unused surfaces under solar panels by developing ecological solutions capable of providing services to nature. These innovations are part of the response to the need to preserve terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, halt the decline in animal and plant biodiversity and participate in the development of a new mode of sustainable development and green economy.
Phthalocyanine Research and Applications
by Arthur L. ThomasThe purpose of this monograph is to provide a summary for those who are active in the field of phthalocyanine research. This volume allows the reader to quickly-and at a reasonable cost-determine what is being accomplished so that he may plan his own research programs. It covers such topics as synthesis, reactions, inks, energy systems, coatings, toners, and electrophotographic plates and developers, just to name a few. Packed with over 40 structural drawings of phthalocyanine molecules, this one-of-a-kind reference provides the necessary description and visualization to stimulate further research. This work is an indispensable resource for researchers and practitioners, both novice and experienced, in the field of phthalocyanine science and technology.
Phthalocyanine-Based Functional Polymeric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications
by Jianzhuang Jiang Hailong Wang Kang WangA carefully curated collection of resources covering the concepts, perspectives, and applications of phthalocyanine chemistry In Phthalocyanine-Based Functional Polymeric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive discussion of phthalocyanine-involving hybrids, molecular cages, coordination polymers, covalent organic frameworks, and organic polymers. The book also explains a diverse array of the applications of these novel materials in chemical sensors, organic catalysts, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, energy storage, and more. The authors have included material designed to help you improve the design of monomers to synthesize polymers with desired functionalities. A valuable reference in the development of phthalocyanine chemistry, readers will also find: A thorough introduction to phthalocyanine-based polymers and their uses in sensors, catalysis, energy storage, and other applications Comprehensive explorations of the extended molecular systems of phthalocyanines, filling the gap between monomeric phthalocyanine compounds and polymers Practical discussions of a variety of phthalocyanine-based polymer systems, their potential applications, and major design and synthesis challenges Complete treatments of these novel materials appropriate for readers in academia and industry Perfect for polymer, organic, inorganic, catalytic, complex, and structural chemists, Phthalocyanine-Based Functional Polymeric Materials will also benefit materials scientists and chemists working in industry.
Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery
by Maulin P. Shah Pradeep VermaAlgal and phycology-based approaches for wastewater treatment have recently gained interest. Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery highlights advanced algal-based technologies developed or being considered for wastewater treatment along with the opportunities that existing technologies can provide at an industrial scale. It covers recent findings on algal-based approaches for the removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, and other toxicities from sewage and industrial effluents and supplies in-depth analysis on technologies such as biosorption and bioaccumulations. Advanced mathematical modeling approaches to understand waste removal and resource recovery from wastewater are illustrated as well. The book: Provides exhaustive information on the use of algae for the simultaneous treatment and resource recovery of wastewater Discusses algae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria applications in detail Presents critical insight into limitations of the prevalent technologies Reviews methodology of advanced technologies Includes illustrations and interesting trivia boxes throughout the book This book is of interest to researchers, graduate students and professionals in phycology, microbiology, bioremediation, environmental sciences, biotechnology, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and circular economy.
Phyconanotechnology: Current Research, Challenges, and Prospects (Sustainable Landscape Planning and Natural Resources Management)
by Navneeta Bharadvaja Lakhan Kumar Raksha Anand Sunil KhareThis book explores the scientific development in the field of algal-based nanomaterials synthesis, production methods, and commercial and utilization aspects of phyconanomaterials to address a range of problems of humanity. Nanomaterials have been recently explored for and employed in environmental remediation, biomedical applications, agriculture, food industries, energy sectors, cosmetics, biolabeling, and space due to their versatility and wide range of applicability owing to their peculiar material characteristics and other attributes. Their conventional synthesis approaches are replacing green methods as the latter is comparatively economical, energy-efficient, and eco-friendly. Biological entities and derived materials-based nanomaterials synthesis is such a green approach. Using natural systems to synthesize nanomaterials does not leave behind any toxic compounds generally produced as by-products when physical or chemical methods are employed. Phyconanotechnology, a green way of synthesizing nanomaterials, can be used to overcome this issue. In the proposed book, algal diversity-based nanomaterials synthesis and their applications will be presented to the readers.
Phycoremediation Processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment (Wastewater Treatment and Research)
by Maulin P. ShahIncreasing population and industrialization are the key pollutant contributors in water bodies. The wastes generated by industries are highly hazardous for humans and the ecosystem and require a comprehensive and effective treatment before being discharged into water bodies. Over the years, many up gradations have been introduced in traditional water treatment methods which were expensive and ineffective especially for removal of toxic pollutants. Phycoremediation has been gaining attention due to its mutual benefit in wastewater treatment and for valuable algae biomass production. Wastewater, especially sewage and industrial effluents, is rich in pathogenic organisms, organic and inorganic compounds and heavy metals that adversely affect human and aquatic life. Microalgae use these inorganic compounds and heavy metals for their growth. In addition, they also reduce pathogenic organisms and release oxygen to be used by bacteria for decomposition of organic compounds in a secondary treatment. In this book, the potential of microalgae in wastewater treatment, their benefits, strategies, and challenges are discussed. The increasing need of finding innovative, low-cost, low-energy, sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for wastewater treatment makes the publication of a book on phycoremediation timely and appropriate. Features: (1) Deals with the most emerging aspects of algal research with special reference to phycoremediation. (2) Studies in depth diversity, mutations, genomics and metagenomics study (3) An eco-physiology, culturing, microalgae for food and feed, biofuel production, harvesting of microalgae, separation and purification of biochemicals.
Phycoremediation of Wastewater: Practical Applications for Sustainability
by Maulin P. Shah Günay Yıldız TörePhycoremediation is an alternative method of water and wastewater remediation, which includes the use of algae for treatment, and is an environmentally friendly and sustainable technology. More conventional methods of wastewater treatment have been successful in the removal of conventional contaminants from the water; however, these techniques typically require more time and energy than phycoremediation. Phycoremediation of Wastewater: Practical Applications for Sustainability focuses on the latest developments in water remediation as well as the major challenges faced by municipalities implementing large-scale phycoremediation operations. It addresses the latest advancements in the field as well as the future applications and techniques to make water remediation processes more environmentally sustainable. It focuses on the latest developments in phycoremediation and outlines the major challenges in large-scale operation and implementation. It explores the future scope of the remediation techniques to make processes more sustainable going forward.
Phycotoxins: Chemistry and Biochemistry
by Luis M. Botana Amparo AlfonsoPhycotoxins are a diverse group of poisonous substances produced by certain seaweed and algae in marine and fresh waters and are important to the scientific community for many reasons, the most obvious being that they pose food safety issues which requires a large investment to regularly monitor the presence of these compounds in foods. Phycotoxins: Chemistry and Biochemistry, second edition presents the most updated information available on phycotoxins. Major emphases are given to chemistry and biochemistry, while origins, mechanism of action, toxicology, and analytical methodology are also covered. Since the publication of the first edition, there have been major advances in the science of marine and aquatic toxins, as well as advances in toxicology, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. This fully revised and updated edition includes several new chapters, including those on ciguatoxins, pinnatoxin, ichthyotoxins, as well as new chapters on food safety control of marine toxins, climate change and water toxins, and microalgae as a source of nutraceuticals. The book will be of interest to toxicologists, marine, food, and plant scientists, as well as researchers and academics in the areas of food science, medicine, public health, toxicology, pharmacology and marine biology.
Phygital Intelligence: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2023) (Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication)
by Philip F. Yuan Chao Yan Hua Chai Tongyue SunThis open access book is a compilation of selected papers from 2023 DigitalFUTURES — The 5nd International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2023). The work focuses on novel techniques for computational design and robotic fabrication. The contents make valuable contributions to academic researchers, designers, and engineers in the industry. As well, readers will encounter new ideas about understanding intelligence in architecture.
Physical Activity and Public Health Practice
by Barbara E. Ainsworth Caroline A. MaceraPhysical activity remains a critical area of research as we consider cost-effective measures for lowering the chronic disease epidemic worldwide. In our increasingly automated society, many adults and children are not active at health-enhancing levels. In Physical Activity and Public Health Practice, a panel of respected researchers summarizes esse
Physical Anti-Collision in RFID Systems: Theory and Practice
by Xiaolei Yu Zhimin Zhao Xuezhou ZhangThis book highlights the innovative applications of electromagnetics, optics, thermodynamics theories in creating methods for physical-layer collision prevention- "physical anti-collision" in radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Using engineering mathematical methods as the core of detection and control algorithm design, it proposes semi-physical verification and detection techniques to the dynamic performance testing in RFID systems. The book also introduces the methods to build semi-physical hardware platforms using photoelectric sensing technology. The book provides valuable ideas to the applications of Internet of Things (IOT) systems in smart logistics, car networking, food traceability, anti-counterfeiting and other livelihood fields. It is worth reading for all researchers in IOT and optoelectronic engineering related industries.