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Physics and Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals
by Shunpei Yamazaki Noboru KimizukaElectronic devices based on oxide semiconductors are the focus of much attention, with crystalline materials generating huge commercial success. Indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) transistors have a higher mobility than amorphous silicon transistors, and an extremely low off-state current. C-axis aligned crystalline (CAAC) IGZO enables aggressive down-scaling, high reliability, and process simplification of transistors in displays and LSI devices. This original book introduces the CAAC-IGZO structure, and describes the physics and technology of this new class of oxide materials. It explains the crystallographic classification and characteristics of crystalline oxidesemiconductors, their crystallographic characteristics and physical properties, and how this unique material has made a major contribution to the field of oxide semiconductor thin films. Two further books in this series describe applications of CAAC-IGZO in flat-panel displays and LSI devices. Key features: Introduces the unique and revolutionary, yet relatively unknown crystalline oxide semiconductor CAAC-IGZO Presents crystallographic overviews of IGZO and related compounds. Offers an in-depth understanding of CAAC-IGZO. Explains the fabrication method of CAAC-IGZO thin films. Presents the physical properties and latest data to support high-reliability crystalline IGZO based on hands-on experience. Describes the manufacturing process the CAAC-IGZO transistors and introducesthe device application using CAAC-IGZO.
Physics class 9 - MIE
by Mauritius Institute of EducationThe textbook offers a comprehensive overview of Grade 9 Physics from the Mauritius Institute of Education, specifically focusing on the Measurement in Science unit. It includes information on contributors involved in the textbook's creation and review, curriculum alignment with national standards, and an emphasis on incremental content development and scientific skills from previous grades. Learning tools provided encompass inquiry-based activities, summaries, "Find out" features, "Did you know?" sections, project work suggestions, unit summaries, and concept maps for effective learning and assessment. The unit itself covers the measurement of physical quantities such as length, volume, mass, time, and temperature, offering detailed explanations, error avoidance techniques, and practical activities to aid comprehension.
Physics for Anesthesiologists and Intensivists: From Daily Life to Clinical Practice
by Antonio PisanoThis book, now in its 2nd edition, discusses, explains and provides detailed, up-to-date information on physics applied to clinical practice in anesthesiology and critical care medicine, with the aid of simple examples from daily life. Almost everything that happens around us, including in the operating room and intensive care units, can be explained by physical laws. An awareness and understanding of relatively simple laws such as the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, or of slightly more complex topics such as harmonic motion and electromagnetism, to name just a few, offer anesthesiologists and intensivists fascinating insights into why they do what they do.After an introductory chapter that brushes up on all the (few) mathematics the reader will need to face the book, with many practical examples and clinical applications, each of the following 20 chapters deals with some everyday phenomena, explains them with one or more physical laws, and shows why these laws are important in anesthesia and critical care practice. Many illustrations are included for extra clarity. This enriched and updated edition of Physics for Anesthesiologists is intended for anesthesiologists, intensivists, anesthesia and intensive care medicine teachers and trainees, as well as medical students.
Physics for Particle Detectors and Particle Detectors for Physics: Timing Performance of Semiconductor Detectors with Internal Gain and Constraints on High-Scale Interactions of the Higgs Boson (Springer Theses)
by Philipp WindischhoferExperimental particle physics is a science of many scales. A large number of physical processes spanning energies from meV to TeV must be understood for modern collider experiments to be designed, built, and conducted successfully. This thesis contributes to the understanding of phenomena across this entire dynamic range. The first half of this document studies aspects of low-energy physics that govern the operation of particle detectors, limit their performance, and guide the development of novel instrumentation. To formalise these aspects, classical electrodynamics is used to derive a general description of the formation of electrical signals in detectors, and ideas from quantum mechanics are applied to the study of charge avalanche amplification in semiconductors. These results lead to a comprehensive analytical characterisation of the time resolution and the efficiency of single-photon avalanche diodes, and isolate the most important design variables. They also reveal the applicability of these devices in precision timing detectors for charged particles, which is experimentally verified in a high-energy hadron beam. Large detector systems at hadron colliders probe fundamental physics at the energy frontier. In the second half, data collected with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider are used to measure the cross-section for the production of a Higgs boson together with an electroweak boson as a function of the kinematic scale of the process. This measurement provides the finest granularity available to date for this process. It is highly informative of the structure of interactions beyond the direct kinematic reach of the experiment, and new limits are set on the couplings of such interactions within an effective field theory.
Physics of Biological Oscillators: New Insights into Non-Equilibrium and Non-Autonomous Systems (Understanding Complex Systems)
by Aneta Stefanovska Peter V. E. McClintockThis book, based on a selection of invited presentations from a topical workshop, focusses on time-variable oscillations and their interactions. The problem is challenging, because the origin of the time variability is usually unknown. In mathematical terms, the oscillations are non-autonomous, reflecting the physics of open systems where the function of each oscillator is affected by its environment. Time-frequency analysis being essential, recent advances in this area, including wavelet phase coherence analysis and nonlinear mode decomposition, are discussed. Some applications to biology and physiology are described.Although the most important manifestation of time-variable oscillations is arguably in biology, they also crop up in, e.g. astrophysics, or for electrons on superfluid helium. The book brings together the research of the best international experts in seemingly very different disciplinary areas.
Physics of Coal and Mining Processes
by Anatoly D. AlexeevAround the world, on average, four coal miners die for each million tons of coal recovered. Improving the safety of mining work while responding to the need for increased coal production, however, is impossible without further development of the physics of mining processes. A relatively new branch of science, it tackles problems that arise during m
Physics of Continuous Matter: Exotic and Everyday Phenomena in the Macroscopic World
by B. LautrupPhysics of Continuous Matter: Exotic and Everyday Phenomena in the Macroscopic World, Second Edition provides an introduction to the basic ideas of continuum physics and their application to a wealth of macroscopic phenomena. The text focuses on the many approximate methods that offer insight into the rich physics hidden in fundamental continuum me
Physics of Continuous Media: A Collection of Problems With Solutions for Physics Students
by G.E. VeksteinThis textbook is based on lectures and tutorials given for several years at the Physics Department of Novosibirsk State University. It is constructed as a set of problems followed by detailed solutions and may act as a complementary text for standard courses on the physics of continuous media.
Physics of Daily Life First Semester FYBA, B.COM, B.SC New NEP Syllabus - SPPU
by Dr R. B. Bhise Dr A. B. Bhorde Dr M. S. Shinde Dr M. D. Dhiware R. G. Waykar Dr T. P. Gujar"Physics of Daily Life" is an introductory textbook designed for first-year undergraduate students (B.Sc., B.A., and B.Com) following the National Education Policy (NEP) syllabus of 2024. The book simplifies fundamental physics concepts and demonstrates their applications in everyday life, making them accessible to students from diverse academic backgrounds. It covers various topics, including atmospheric physics, human body mechanics, sports physics, and technological applications. The book explains physical principles like Pascal’s law, Archimedes’ principle, and Rayleigh scattering, alongside their real-world implications, such as weather systems, optical instruments, and modern technologies like GPS, lasers, and electric motors. Written in a clear and structured manner, it integrates theoretical explanations with practical examples to enhance comprehension.
Physics of Earth’s Radiation Belts: Theory and Observations (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)
by Hannu E. Koskinen Emilia K. KilpuaThis open access book serves as textbook on the physics of the radiation belts surrounding the Earth. Discovered in 1958 the famous Van Allen Radiation belts were among the first scientific discoveries of the Space Age. Throughout the following decades the belts have been under intensive investigation motivated by the risks of radiation hazards they expose to electronics and humans on spacecraft in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere. This textbook teaches the field from basic theory of particles and plasmas to observations which culminated in the highly successful Van Allen Probes Mission of NASA in 2012-2019. Using numerous data examples the authors explain the relevant concepts and theoretical background of the extremely complex radiation belt region, with the emphasis on giving a comprehensive and coherent understanding of physical processes affecting the dynamics of the belts. The target audience are doctoral students and young researchers who wish to learn about the physical processes underlying the acceleration, transport and loss of the radiation belt particles in the perspective of the state-of-the-art observations.
Physics of Electronic Ceramics, (2 Part)
by L. L. HenchThis book includes papers, presented at a conference held at the University of Florida in 1969, on aspects of the technology of electronic ceramics in terms of the underlying science upon which the technology depends. It is intended for users of electronic ceramics and teachers in this field.
Physics of Fast Processes in Scintillators (Particle Acceleration and Detection)
by Mikhail Korzhik Gintautas Tamulaitis Andrey N. Vasil'evThis book presents the current advances in understanding of the fast excitation transfer processes in inorganic scintillation materials, the discovery of new materials exhibiting excellent time resolution, and the results on the evaluation of timing limits for scintillation detectors. The book considers in-depth basic principles of primary processes in energy relaxation, which play a key role in creating scintillating centers to meet a growing demand for knowledge to develop new materials combining high energy and time resolutions. The rate of relaxation varies. However, the goal is to make it extremely fast, occurring within the ps domain or even shorter. The book focuses on fast processes in scintillation materials. This approach enables in-depth understanding of fundamental processes in scintillation and supports the efforts to push the time resolution of scintillation detectors towards 10 ps target. Sophisticated theoretical and advanced experimental research conducted in the last decade is reviewed. Engineering and control of the energy transfer processes in the scintillation materials are addressed. The new era in development of instrumentation for detection of ionizing radiation in high- energy physics experiments, medical imaging and industrial applications is introduced. This book reviews modern trends in the description of the scintillation build up processes in inorganic materials, transient phenomena, and engineering of the scintillation properties. It also provides reliable background of scientific and educational information to stimulate new ideas for readers to implement in their research and engineering. The book is aimed at providing a coherent updated background of scientific and instructive information to stimulate new ideas for readers in their research and engineering.
Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks
by Behzad Ghanbarian Hui-Hai Liu Feng LiangPhysics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks Understanding and predicting fluid flow in hydrocarbon shale and other non-conventional reservoir rocks Oil and natural gas reservoirs found in shale and other tight and ultra-tight porous rocks have become increasingly important sources of energy in both North America and East Asia. As a result, extensive research in recent decades has focused on the mechanisms of fluid transfer within these reservoirs, which have complex pore networks at multiple scales. Continued research into these important energy sources requires detailed knowledge of the emerging theoretical and computational developments in this field. Following a multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, geosciences and rock physics, Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks provides both academic and industrial readers with a thorough grounding in this cutting-edge area of rock geology, combining an explanation of the underlying theories and models with practical applications in the field. Readers will also find: An introduction to the digital modeling of rocks Detailed treatment of digital rock physics, including decline curve analysis and non-Darcy flow Solutions for difficult-to-acquire measurements of key petrophysical characteristics such as shale wettability, effective permeability, stress sensitivity, and sweet spots Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks is a fundamental resource for academic and industrial researchers in hydrocarbon exploration, fluid flow, and rock physics, as well as professionals in related fields.
Physics of Gas-Liquid Flows
by Thomas J. HanrattyPresenting tools for understanding the behaviour of gas-liquid flows based on the ways large scale behaviour relates to small scale interactions, this text is ideal for engineers seeking to enhance the safety and efficiency of natural gas pipelines, water-cooled nuclear reactors, absorbers, distillation columns and gas lift pumps. The review of advanced concepts in fluid mechanics enables both graduate students and practising engineers to tackle the scientific literature and engage in advanced research. It focuses on gas-liquid flow in pipes as a simple system with meaningful experimental data. This unified theory develops design equations for predicting drop size, frictional pressure losses and slug frequency, which can be used to determine flow regimes, the effects of pipe diameter, liquid viscosity and gas density. It describes the effect of wavy boundaries and temporal oscillations on turbulent flows, and explains transition between phases, which is key to understanding the behaviour of gas-liquid flows.
Physics of Granular Suspensions: Micro-mechanics of Geophysical Flows (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #612)
by Marco Mazzuoli Laurent LacazeThis book provides graduate students and scientists with fundamental knowledge on the mechanics of granular suspensions as well as on the mathematical and numerical techniques that can be adopted to investigate geophysical flows. To this end, three formidably complex problems (sediment transport, flow-like landslide inception, and gravity currents) are considered. The reader will find a thorough combination of elements of fluid and solid mechanics, rheology, geotechnics, geomorphology, civil, and coastal engineering. The first part of the book introduces the problem of granular suspensions from the mathematical viewpoint, focusing on issues that characterise geophysical flows such as turbulence, the effects of inter-particle contacts, and strong velocity gradients. In the second part, different models that were successfully used to investigate the mechanics of granular suspensions in environmental flows are presented.
Physics of Graphene
by Mildred S. Dresselhaus Hideo AokiThis book provides a state of the art report of the knowledge accumulated in graphene research. The fascination with graphene has been growing very rapidly in recent years and the physics of graphene is now becoming one of the most interesting as well as the most fast-moving topics in condensed-matter physics. The Nobel prize in physics awarded in 2010 has given a tremendous impetus to this topic. The horizon of the physics of graphene is ever becoming wider, where physical concepts go hand in hand with advances in experimental techniques. Thus this book is expanding the interests to not only transport but optical and other properties for systems that include multilayer as well as monolayer graphene systems. The book comprises experimental and theoretical knowledge. The book is also accessible to graduate students.
Physics of Josephson Diodes Formed from 1T-Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (Springer Theses)
by Pranava Keerthi SivakumarThis book provides a clear and lucid introduction to the field of non-reciprocal supercurrent transport in Josephson junctions, particularly the Josephson diode effect in junctions fabricated from mechanically exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides and its microscopic mechanism. Superconducting materials that display a non-reciprocity in their critical current, namely a supercurrent diode effect (SDE), and Josephson junctions (JJs) that display a Josephson diode effect (JDE) have recently been discovered just a few years ago. These phenomena have attracted much attention for their potential in creating energy-efficient superconducting electronics. The SDE was discovered for the first time only in 2020 and the JDE shortly afterwards. JJs are a critical element of many superconducting devices and, in particular, superconducting qubits that are under intense study for the development of quantum computers. In order to make use of devices that display a JDE, a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the physical origin or origins of this effect is essential, which is the main topic of this dissertation. In addition to the published results, the dissertation contains detailed information on the basic theoretical aspects of superconductivity, Josephson junctions, and the experimental methods that are necessary to achieve these results, which is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students or any reader with knowledge on basic condensed matter physics.
Physics of Magnetic Nanostructures
by Frank J. OwensA comprehensive coverage of the physical properties and real-world applications of magnetic nanostructures This book discusses how the important properties of materials such as the cohesive energy, and the electronic and vibrational structures are affected when materials have at least one length in the nanometer range. The author uses relatively simple models of the solid state to explain why these changes in the size and dimension in the nanometer regime occur. The text also reviews the physics of magnetism and experimental methods of measuring magnetic properties necessary to understanding how nanosizing affects magnetism. Various kinds of magnetic structures are presented by the author in order to explain how nanosizing influences their magnetic properties. The book also presents potential and actual applications of nanomaterials in the fields of medicine and computer data storage. Physics of Magnetic Nanostructures: Covers the magnetism in carbon and born nitride nanostructures, bulk nanostructured magnetic materials, nanostructured magnetic semiconductors, and the fabrication of magnetic nanostructures Discusses emerging applications of nanomaterials such as targeted delivery of drugs, enhancement of images in MRI, ferrofluids, and magnetic computer data storage Includes end-of-chapter exercises and five appendices Physics of Magnetic Nanostructures is written for senior undergraduate and graduate students in physics and nanotechnology, material scientists, chemists, and physicists. Frank J. Owens, PhD., is a research professor in the Department of Physics at Hunter College and member of the graduate faculty at City University of New York. From 1990 until 2008, Dr. Owens was a senior research physicist for the US Army Armament Research Engineering and Development Center (ARDEC). Dr. Owens is the author of more than six books and more than 180 journal publications. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society.
Physics of Mammographic Imaging (Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy)
by Mia K. MarkeyDue to the increasing number of digital mammograms and the advent of new kinds of three-dimensional x-ray and other forms of medical imaging, mammography is undergoing a dramatic change. To meet their responsibilities, medical physicists must constantly renew their knowledge of advances in medical imaging or radiation therapy, and must be prepared
Physics of Microwave Discharges: Artificially Ionized Regions in the Atmosphere
by A GurevichA comprehensive and unique account of the creation of artificially ionized layers in the middle and upper atmosphere, using powerful radio waves. Major physical mechanisms associated with the formation of the ionized region are studied in detail. The main part of the author's research is devoted to problems associated with the breakdown mechanisms for radio frequency discharges in air. A special chapter deals with breakdown in intersecting pulsed beams and the effects of recombination, diffusion and atmospheric winds on the stability of the structure. The kinetics of the plasma produced are also described. The authors examine possibilities of inducing changes in the chemical composition of the upper atmosphere by means of radio frequence heating, with promising effects on the concentration of constituents such as ozone. The feasibility of using this phenomenon for; ozone healing - in connection with the ozone holes in the polar regions is investigated. The text is a timely treatment of key topics in the field of ionospheric modification.
Physics of Molecular and Cellular Processes (Graduate Texts in Physics)
by Krastan B. Blagoev Herbert LevineThis is a graduate-level introduction to quantitative concepts and methods in the science of living systems. It relies on a systems approach for understanding the physical principles operating in biology. Physical phenomena are treated at the appropriate spatio-temporal scale and phenomenological equations are used in order to reflect the system of interest. Biological details enter to the degree necessary for understanding specific processes, but in many cases the approach is not reductionist. This is in line with the approach taken by physics to many other complex systems.The book bridges the gap between graduate students’ general physics courses and research papers published in professional journals. It gives students the foundations needed for independent research in biological physics and for working in collaborations aimed at quantitative biology and biomedical research. Also included are modern mathematical and theoretical physics methods, giving the student a broad knowledge of tools that can shed light on the sophisticated mechanisms brought forth by evolution in biological systems. The content covers many aspects that have been the focus of active research over the past twenty years, reflecting the authors' experience as leading researchers and teachers in this field.
Physics of Nanostructured Solid State Devices
by Supriyo BandyopadhyayPhysics of Nanostructured Solid State Devices introduces readers to theories and concepts such as semi-classical and quantum mechanical descriptions of electron transport, methods for calculations of band structures in solids with applications in calculation of optical constants, and other advanced concepts. The information presented here will equip readers with the necessary tools to carry out cutting edge research in modern solid state nanodevices.
Physics of Nonlinear Optics
by C. Vijayan Y. V. MurtiThe book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to upper-undergraduate students enrolled in physics. The first edition of this book was published in 2014. As there is a demand for the next edition, it is quite natural to take note of the several advances that have occurred in the subject over the past five years and to decide which of these are appropriate for inclusion at the textbook level, given the fundamental nature and the significance of the subject area. This is the prime motivation for bringing out a revised second edition. Among the newer mechanisms and materials, the book introduces the super-continuum generation, which arises from an excellent interplay of the various mechanisms of optical nonlinearity. The topics covered in this book are quantum mechanics of nonlinear interaction of matter and radiation, formalism and phenomenology of nonlinear wave mixing processes, optical phase conjugation and applications, self-focusing and self-phase modulation and their role in pulse modification, nonlinear absorption mechanisms, and optical limiting applications, photonic switching and bi-stability, and physical mechanisms leading to a nonlinear response in a variety of materials. This book has emerged from an attempt to address the requirement of presenting the subject at the college level. This textbook includes rigorous features such as the elucidation of relevant basic principles of physics; a clear exposition of the ideas involved at an appropriate level; coverage of the physical mechanisms of non-linearity; updates on physical mechanisms and emerging photonic materials and emphasis on the experimental study of nonlinear interactions. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in physics and related courses.
Physics of Nuclear Energy: Foundations Towards Fusion Energy (Springer Series in Plasma Science and Technology)
by Francesco RomanelliThis textbook provides a comprehensive exploration of nuclear energy physics, focusing on the fundamentals of both nuclear physics and fusion energy production. The book includes the basics of quantum mechanics with applications to radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, and radiation penetration, as well as principles of magnetic confinement fusion. Chapters cover the topics of statistical descriptions of many-body systems, cross-sections, electromagnetism, and special relativity. The author looks into nuclear reactions, fission reactors, plasma dynamics, the power balance in fusion reactors, magnetic field production, and engineering constraints. Additionally, he addresses edge plasma dynamics and the nuclear related challenges of fusion such as tritium breeding, and neutron-resistant material development. The book is an essential resource for graduate students in engineering and researchers in nuclear energy. It provides a solid foundation in both theoretical and practical aspects of nuclear fusion, enabling readers to design fusion reactors and address the engineering challenges associated with them. Whether readers are scholars or practitioners in industrial engineering or related fields, this book provides valuable insights for advancing their understanding of nuclear energy.
Physics of Optoelectronics (Optical Science and Engineering)
by Michael A. ParkerPhysics of Optoelectronics focuses on the properties of optical fields and their interaction with matter. Understanding that lasers, LEDs, and photodetectors clearly exemplify this interaction, the author begins with an introduction to lasers, LEDs, and the rate equations, then describes the emission and detection processes.The book summarizes and reviews the mathematical background of the quantum theory embodied in the Hilbert space. These concepts highlight the abstract form of the linear algebra for vectors and operators, supplying the "pictures" that make the subject more intuitive. A chapter on dynamics includes a brief review of the formalism for discrete sets of particles and continuous media. It also covers the quantum theory necessary for the study of optical fields, transitions, and semiconductor gain. This volume supplements the description of lasers and LEDs by examining the fundamental nature of the light that these devices produce. It includes an analysis of quantized electromagnetic fields and illustrates inherent quantum noise in terms of Poisson and sub-Poisson statistics. It explains matter-light interaction in terms of time-dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, and concludes with a detailed discussion of semiconductor emitters and detectors.