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Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors for Mm-wave Systems Technology, Modeling and Circuit Applications
by Niccolò Rinaldi Michael SchröterThe semiconductor industry is a fundamental building block of the new economy, there is no area of modern life untouched by the progress of nanoelectronics. The electronic chip is becomingan ever-increasing portion of system solutions, starting initially from less than 5% in the 1970 microcomputer era, to more than 60% of the final cost of a mobile telephone, 50% of the price of a personal computer (representing nearly 100% of the functionalities) and 30% of the price of a monitor in the early 2000’s.Interest in utilizing the (sub-)mm-wave frequency spectrum for commercial and research applications has also been steadily increasing. Such applications, which constitute a diverse but sizeable future market, span a large variety of areas such as health, material science, mass transit, industrial automation, communications, and space exploration.Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors for mm-Wave Systems Technology, Modeling and Circuit Applications provides an overview of results of the DOTSEVEN EU research project, and as such focusses on key material developments for mm-Wave Device Technology. It starts with the motivation at the beginning of the project and a summary of its major achievements. The subsequent chapters provide a detailed description of the obtained research results in the various areas of process development, device simulation, compact device modeling, experimental characterization, reliability, (sub-)mm-wave circuit design and systems.
Silicon-Molecular Beam Epitaxy: Volume I (Electrochemical Society. Proceedings Ser. #Vol. 85-7)
by E. KasperThis subject is divided into two volumes. Volume I is on homoepitaxy with the necessary systems, techniques, and models for growth and dopant incorporation. Three chapters on homoepitaxy are followed by two chapters describing the different ways in which MBE may be applied to create insulator/Si stackings which may be used for three-dimensional circuits. The two remaining chapters in Volume I are devoted to device applications. The first three chapters of Volume II treat all aspects of heteroepitaxy with the exception of the epitaxial insulator/Si structures already treated in volume I.
Silicon-based Nanomaterials
by Zhiming M. Wang Jiang Wu Handong LiA variety of nanomaterials have excellent optoelectronic and electronic properties for novel device applications. At the same time, and with advances in silicon integrated circuit (IC) techniques, compatible Si-based nanomaterials hold promise of applying the advantages of nanomaterials to the conventional IC industry. This book focuses not only on silicon nanomaterials, but also summarizes up-to-date developments in the integration of non-silicon nanomaterials on silicon. The book showcases the work of leading researchers from around the world who address such key questions as: Which silicon nanomaterials can give the desired optical, electrical, and structural properties, and how are they prepared? What nanomaterials can be integrated on to a silicon substrate and how is this accomplished? What Si-based nanomaterials may bring a breakthrough in this field? These questions address the practical issues associated with the development of nanomaterial-based devices in applications areas such as solar cells, luminous devices for optical communication (detectors, lasers), and high mobility transistors. Investigation of silicon-based nanostructures is of great importance to make full use of nanomaterials for device applications. Readers will receive a comprehensive view of Si-based nanomaterials, which will hopefully stimulate interest in developing novel nanostructures or techniques to satisfy the requirements of high performance device applications. The goal is to make nanomaterials the main constituents of the high performance devices of the future.
Silicon: Electrochemistry, Production, Purification and Applications
by Eimutis JuzeliunasSilicon The expert reference on sustainable and energy-efficient production of photovoltaic-grade silicon materials Electrochemical methods, in particular molten-salt approaches, are a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and highly sustainable approach for producing solar-grade silicon. Surface micro- and nanostructuring methods for effective light harvesting, silicon electrorefining in molten salts, electrodeposition of photoresponsive films, and other related processes are likely to replace conventional carbothermic production methods. Silicon: Electrochemistry, Production, Purification and Applications presents an up-to-date summary of recent experimental and technological developments in the field, highlighting sustainable and energy-efficient processes for high-grade silicon production for a variety of photovoltaic and energy applications. Presented in a logical and concise format, this authoritative volume details the fundamental properties and technical processes of metal-grade silicon production and describes the various electrochemical methods for high-grade silicon production. Topics include silicon surface modification, chemical-physical structuring, porous and black silicon, electrochemical Si surface structuring and anodizing in molten salts, and more. Reviews the sustainable and energy-efficient production and purification of photovoltaic-grade silicon materials Summarizes recent progress in sustainable processes for high-grade silicon production Describes electrochemical methods for silicon production such as electrolysis, electrodeposition, and electrorefining Concludes with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities Written by a leading researcher in the field, Silicon: Electrochemistry, Production, Purification and Applications is a valuable resource for chemists and material scientists in academia and industry, particularly those working in sustainable energy development, photovoltaics, light harvesting efficiency, solar-to-chemical conversion, and production of solar-grade silicon, batteries, photoelectrodes, or silicon-based semiconductors.
Silicone Composite Insulators
by Frank Schmuck Konstantin O. PapailiouComposite insulators have been in service in electric power networks successfully for more than 40 years, and now up to the highest operating voltages. The present book extensively covers such insulators with a special focus on today's prevalent material, which is silicone rubber. It includes a detailed description of the electrical and mechanical characteristics of composite insulators, their material properties, their design as well as typical applications and service experience. Particular attention is given to the mechanical behavior of long rod and post insulators, insulated cross-arms, interphase spacers and hollow core apparatus insulators. The state of the art on manufacturing procedures and the selection and dimensioning of the necessary power arc and corona fittings is presented as well as evaluation tests of "old" insulators, i.e. insulators after many years in service. The closing chapter deals with an up to date overview of test procedures and IEC standards. The selection and the contents of the various subjects covered in this book are based on the authors' more than thirty years of experience with a renowned European manufacturer of composite insulators and string hardware. Their long and active participation in the relevant CIGRE and IEC working bodies adding to this experience. This book is therefore addressed to practicing engineers from electric utilities and the industry, as well as to academic professionals.
Silicone Dispersions (Surfactant Science)
by Yihan LiuSilicone is an important class of materials used in applications that range from industrial assembly to everyday consumer products. Silicones are often delivered and synthesized in dispersion forms, the most common being liquid-in-liquid (emulsion), solid-in-liquid (suspension), air-in-liquid (foam) and solid-in air (powder). This book compiles a carefully selected number of topics that are essential to the understanding, creative design and production of silicone dispersions. As such, it provides the first unified description of silicone dispersions in the literature.
Silicone Surface Science
by Michael J. Owen Petar R. DvornicSilicone Surface Science offers a survey of the major topics concerning the properties and behavior of silicone surfaces. It covers all main aspects of the subject, including: polydimethylsiloxane, spread monolayers, self-assembled monolayers, hydrophobicity and super-hydrophobicity, coupling agents, surfactants, fluorosilicones, surface treatments and surface analysis. This book brings together the field's leading experts who investigated both fundamental and applied aspects of silicone surface science and technology, and introduces the reader to the origins and historical development of silicone surfaces as well as to their most significant current key features. Silicone Surface Science is an invaluable guide and indispensable reference source for all those interested in this important area of polymer and materials science and technology, from graduate students to experienced scientists alike.
Silikon-Verbundisolatoren: Werkstoffe, Dimensionierung, Anwendungen
by Frank Schmuck Konstantin O. PapailiouIn dem Buch stellen die Autoren das Thema Silikon-Verbundisolatoren umfassend dar. Sie beschreiben die mechanischen und elektrotechnischen Grundlagen, berücksichtigen neueste Entwicklungen und gehen auf alle wesentlichen Aspekte ein: von der Auswahl der Werkstoffe über die Dimensionierung bis zur Anwendung in Hochspannungsnetzen. Die Autoren sind Pioniere auf dem Gebiet der Verbundisolatoren und legen höchsten Wert auf die Praxisrelevanz ihres Wissens. So eignet sich der Band als Einführung in das Thema ebenso wie als Nachschlagewerk für die Praxis.
Silizium-Halbleitertechnologie: Grundlagen Mikroelektronischer Integrationstechnik (Teubner Studienbücher Technik)
by Ulrich HilleringmannDas Lehrbuch behandelt die Grundlagen und die technische Durchführung der Einzelprozesse zur mikroelektronischen Schaltungsintegration in der Silizium-Halbleitertechnologie. Die Integrationstechnik setzt sich aus einer Vielzahl von sich wiederholenden Einzelprozessen zusammen, deren Durchführung und apparative Ausstattung extremen Anforderungen genügen müssen, um die geforderten Strukturgrößen bis zu wenigen Nanometern gleichmäßig und reproduzierbar zu erzeugen. Das Zusammenspiel der Oxidationen, Ätzschritte und Implantationen zur Herstellung von MOS- und Bipolarschaltungen werden - ausgehend vom Rohsilizium bis zur gekapselten integrierten Schaltung - aus Sicht der Prozessführung erläutert.
Silizium-Halbleitertechnologie: Grundlagen mikroelektronischer Integrationstechnik
by Ulrich HilleringmannDas Lehrbuch behandelt die Grundlagen und die technische Durchführung der Einzelprozesse zur mikroelektronischen Schaltungsintegration in der Silizium-Halbleitertechnologie. Die Integrationstechnik setzt sich aus einer Vielzahl von sich wiederholenden Einzelprozessen zusammen, deren Durchführung und apparative Ausstattung extremen Anforderungen genügen müssen, um die geforderten Strukturgrößen bis zu wenigen Nanometern gleichmäßig und reproduzierbar zu erzeugen. Das Zusammenspiel der Oxidationen, Ätzschritte und Implantationen zur Herstellung von MOS- und Bipolarschaltungen werden - ausgehend vom Rohsilizium bis zur gekapselten integrierten Schaltung - aus Sicht der Prozessführung erläutert. Moderne 3D-Bauformen für Feldeffekttransistoren runden den Inhalt ab.
Silizium-Halbleitertechnologie: Grundlagen mikroelektronischer Integrationstechnik
by Ulrich HilleringmannEin Lehrbuch zu den grundlegenden Verfahren der Mikroelektronik und Integrationstechniken. Grundlage der mikroelektronischen Integrationstechnik ist die Silizium-Halbleitertechnologie. Sie setzt sich aus einer Vielzahl von sich wiederholenden Einzelprozessen zusammen, deren Durchführung und apparative Ausstattung extremen Anforderungen genügen müssen, um die geforderten Strukturgrößen bis zu wenigen 10 nm gleichmäßig und reproduzierbar zu erzeugen. Das Zusammenspiel der Oxidationen, Ätzschritte und Implantationen zur Herstellung von MOS- und Bipolarschaltungen werden - ausgehend vom Rohsilizium bis zur gekapselten integrierten Schaltung - aus Sicht des Anwenders erläutert. Das Buch behandelt neben den Grundlagen auch die technische Durchführung der Einzelprozesse zur Integrationstechnik. In der 6. Auflage ...
Silos: Fundamentals of Theory, Behaviour and Design
by J. Nielsen C. J. BrownBringing together the leading European expertise in behaviour and design of silos, this important new book is an essential reference source for all concerned with current problems and developments in silo technology. Silos are used in an enormous range of industries and the handling characteristics of many industrial materials require different app
Silting Problems in Hydro Power Plants: Proceedings of the First International Conference, New Delhi, India, 13-15th October 1999
by C.V.J. VarmaAn examination of how silt has a major impact on the operation of hydropower projects in terms of the silting of reservoirs, with particular reference to India where one-third of the Earth's silt material originates. An effort is made to raise awareness of silt issues in the minds of hydropower engineers, considering silting problems in hydropower projects on the Indian sub-continent. Also under discussion are environmental and economic aspects of silt management; reduction of silt by implementing ISO 1400 for hilly projects; technical treatments of reservoir sedimentation, desilting and its economic optimization, damage mechanisms and their analysis, and design criteria. Although this book considers the problem of silting from several viewpoints, it focuses on the design of hydropower plants in India.
Silting and Desilting of Reservoirs
by Dan G. Batuca J.M. Jordaan JrThe creation of river dams and the storage of water have been a strategy for survival for many centuries. Reservoirs have diverse functions, providing irrigation, water supply, storage of water, flood control, navigation and power generation. The silting of a reservoir is an unavoidable process. Although it cannot be halted, silting can be slowed down and controlled by a variety of soil conservation practices and by modifying agricultural practices in the catchment area. Other methods of reducing silting include the placing of certain engineering structures in the river system and the introduction of adequate strategies of reservoir operation. Silting and Desilting of Reservoirs includes aspects such as hydraulics, sediment transport, silting, sediment distribution, calculation and prediction of silting and solutions to reservoir silting.
Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices: Biocompatibility and Toxicity
by Huiliang CaoSince the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has raised serious concerns in the biomaterials and biomedical engineering community, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices: Biocompatibility and Toxicity brings together the synthesis, the physicochemical properties and the biological actions of Ag NPs, as well as the clinical demands for fabricating antibacterial medical devices, discussing how to suppress the side effects of nanomaterials and how to impart to them the selective toxicity. This book presents the two primary paradigms that have emerged in probing the antibacterial applications of Ag NPs, i.e. the active attacking releasing way and the conservative defending approach by taking advantage of various short-range actions; it shows readers how the ways in which Ag NPs have behaved can be engineered purposively. With contributions from leading international experts and extensive references listed in each chapter, this volume provides the general principles on controlling the physicochemical behaviors of nanomaterials and managing their toxicity risks.
Silver Nanoparticles in the Environment
by Jingfu Liu Guibin JiangThis comprehensive book covers the environmental issues concerning silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Following an introduction to the history, properties and applications, the environmental concerns of AgNPs is discussed. In the second chapter, the separation, characterization and quantification of AgNPs in environment samples are described in detail. In the remaining parts of the book, the authors focus on the environmental processes and effects of AgNPs, with chapters on the pathway into environment, fate and transport, toxicological effects and mechanisms, as well as the environmental bioeffects and safety-assessment of AgNPs in the environment. This book is designed to describe current understanding of the environmental aspects of AgNPs. It provides a valuable resource to students and researchers in environmental science and technology, nanotechnology, toxicology, materials science and ecology; as well as to professionals involved in the production and consumption of AgNPs in various areas including catalysis, food products, textiles/fabrics, and medical products and devices. Jingfu Liu and Guibin Jiang are professors at State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Silver Screen to Digital: A Brief History of Film Technology
by Carlo MontanaroA history of transformations in moviemaking technology, from pigments to pixels, celluloid to CGI.An era has ended. After one hundred and twenty-five years, a change has taken place in cinemas. The thousands of figures formed by silver and colored pigments can no longer be viewed through transparent film—instead, everything has become digital, compressed, virtual and built into the rapid alternation of millions (hopefully, for quality’s sake) of dots, or pixels within a very neat and minuscule grid.But projection is just the last link in a chain that is transforming the most direct language invented by humanity over the centuries. The other links—shooting, editing, special effects, re-elaboration and sound reproduction—have by now undergone radical transformations that have often signified progress. Perhaps it is worth the trouble, then, having accepted this transformation-revolution once and for all, to understand where we started out from, how cinematographic language was born, and how its grammar first and later its syntax evolved thanks to technological development.Without lightweight equipment for sound recording, sensitive emulsions, and portable and compact lighting, it would not have been possible, at the end of the fifties, for example, to create identifiable “currents” of experimentation and concept under such titles as free cinema or nouvelle vague, which were largely based on footage from life and no longer reconstructed in the studio. That which filmmakers today can achieve even more effectively thanks to a range of digital technologies, paradoxically, involves working with even more-minimal equipment such as a smartphone in front of green or blue screens, against absolutely virtual backgrounds. In short: no more silver and more and more pixels. This volume journeys through the history of cinema, focusing on the machines and mechanisms that contributed to the magic.
Silver Tower (Independent #1)
by Dale Brownfrom the back page 1992, A year of crisis. The Middle East is on the brink of ruin as the Soviets launch a brutal invasion of Iran. The last hope for peace: America's completion of the most sophisticated laser defence system ever. The Silver Tower, America's first permanent space station, is the test bed for top-secret military experiments. Now, the most astounding test of all is about to begin. A grueling counterattack by air, by sea, by outer space. The ultimate battle between the superpowers - on the verge of nuclear war.
Silver and Gold #3 (Astronaut Girl #3)
by Cathy Hapka Ellen VandenbergCan Astronaut Girl save the day with a little help from science? Find out as she and her space crew blast off on new adventures in this chapter book series!Val and Wallace aren't looking forward to the last weekend of summer vacation, though they are excited about going to the local town fair! But after Wallace's friend Carlos shows up for a visit, the day quickly goes downhill for Val. Things get even worse when Astronaut Girl, Wallace, the Astro crew, and Carlos end up in a spaceship zigzagging through an asteroid belt! Can Val and Carlos put their differences aside to get them all safely back home?Exciting, easy-to-read books are the stepping stone a young reader needs to bridge the gap between being a beginner and being fluent.
Silverton and the Alpine Loop
by Jeff CorrAs the ancestral hunting grounds of mountain people known as the Utes, the future site of Silverton was explored by nomadic hunters for generations. During the 1860s, Charles Baker, an early mining prospector, discovered some mineral wealth in the area and spread highly exaggerated rumors that brought in even more prospectors. Significant wealth was found in Arrastra Gulch along the Alpine Loop, north of Baker's Park. From the beginning of its mining heritage, Silverton has gone through periods of boom to bust. In the 1950s, the area was discovered by Hollywood, increasing its appeal to tourism, and in the 1960s, the Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad reinvested heavily to dedicate itself to tourist travel. Although mining continued on a limited basis up until the 1990s, Silverton's economy is now supported by those who come for its history, picturesque landscapes, fly fishing, jeeping, and hiking.
Silviculture in the Tropics
by Michael Weber Bernd Stimm Reinhard Mosandl Sven GünterThis book integrates the latest global developments in forestry science and practice and their relevance for the sustainable management of tropical forests. The influence of social dimensions on the development of silvicultural concepts is another spotlight. Ecology and silvicultural options form all tropical continents, and forest formations from dry to moist forests and from lowland to mountain forests are covered. Review chapters which guide readers through this complex subject integrate numerous illustrative and quantitative case studies by experts from all over the world. On the basis of a cross-sectional evaluation of the case studies presented, the authors put forward possible silvicultural contributions towards sustainability in a changing world. The book is addressed to a broad readership from forestry and environmental disciplines.
Silviculture of Trees Used in British Forestry
by Peter SavillFully updated throughout, this new edition describes the silvicultural characteristics of trees commonly grown in the UK, including all important native species and a selection of some of the most significant exotics. With details of climatic zones, soils, productivity, pests and diseases, this book provides concise but detailed information regarding the establishment and management of forests. Detailed drawings of leaves and fruits are also provided to aid with identification, making this a useful resource for students and forestry professionals.
Silvohorticulture: A grower's guide to integrating trees into crops
by Andy Dibben Ben Raskin"Dibben and Raskin offer an insightful, inspiring but also exceptionally practical guide to integrating trees into annual cropping systems. . . in this book we see how the phrase 'the sky’s the limit' has never been more applicable."—Jesse Frost, author of The Living Soil Handbook An invaluable handbook for farmers, growers, and gardeners, Silvohorticulture is the first book to offer a detailed, practical guide on how to effectively integrate trees with vegetable growing, offering information previously known only in the foresting world. Drawing on the decades-long experiences of Ben Raskin and Andy Dibben, both of whom have designed and managed agroforestry systems and have extensive experience in commercial horticultural crop production, this is the definitive book on the interaction between trees and crops, covering the benefits of trees for edible crops and the potential for additional crops from trees, plus crucial new information on how to fit trees into complex crop rotations as well as manipulating access to light. Ben and Andy also reveal the latest research on how tree roots behave and, importantly, how that impacts your crops. Agroforestry can bring immense benefits to farmers and growers—not just optimizing yield, but also improving soil, managing pests and water, increasing biodiversity, and reducing costs. System design must be customised to each grower’s requirements, and Silvohorticulture offers step-by-step detail that will allow you to manage your trees and crops successfully. "In this immensely practical guide, the authors provide the technical details towards integrating trees with vegetables and other crops, all while dispelling any preconceived notions that this idea reduces productivity or function. In fact, these systems might prove essential for farm resilience in a changing climate."—Steve Gabriel, author of Silvopasture
Silvopastoral Systems in Southern South America
by Pablo Luis Peri Francis Dube Alexandre VarellaThis multi-authored volume contains peer-reviewed chapters from leading researchers and professionals in silvopastoral systems topic in Southern South America (Argentina, Chile and South Brazil). It is a compendium of original research articles, case studies, and regional overviews and summarizes the current state of knowledge on different components and aspects (pasture production, animal production, trees production, carbon sequestration, conservation) of silvopatoral systems in native forests and tree plantations. The main hypothesis of the book is that farmers have integrated tree and pasture/grassland species in their land use systems to reach higher production per unit of land area, risk avoidance, product diversification, and sustainability. These production systems also impact positively in main ecosystem processes. Management of these productive systems, Policy and Socioeconomic Aspects provide great opportunities and challenges for farmers and policy makers in our region. The book is unique on this subject in Southern South America and constitutes a valuable reference material for graduate students, professors, scientists and extensionists who work with silvopastoral systems.
Silvopastoral systems of Meso America and Northern South America
by Shibu Jose Julián CharáThis book offers an overview of the most important research and developments in silvopastoral systems of the northern part of South America and Central America, including the most common silvopastoral arrangements in each country and their characteristics in terms of productivity, and environmental and socioeconomic aspects. Featuring a compilation of original research articles, country overviews and reviews of the contribution of silvopastoral systems to different topics, it summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding various aspects of silvopastoral systems in this region.