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Turing's Legacy: Developments from Turing's Ideas in Logic
by Rod DowneyAlan Turing was an inspirational figure who is now recognised as a genius of modern mathematics. In addition to leading the Allied forces' code-breaking effort at Bletchley Park in World War II, he proposed the theoretical foundations of modern computing and anticipated developments in areas from information theory to computer chess. His ideas have been extraordinarily influential in modern mathematics and this book traces such developments by bringing together essays by leading experts in logic, artificial intelligence, computability theory and related areas. Together, they give insight into this fascinating man, the development of modern logic, and the history of ideas. The articles within cover a diverse selection of topics, such as the development of formal proof, differing views on the Church–Turing thesis, the development of combinatorial group theory, and Turing's work on randomness which foresaw the ideas of algorithmic randomness that would emerge many years later.
A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California
by Willis Linn JepsonThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1925.
Science and the Modern World: Lowell Lectures, 1925
by Alfred North WhiteheadThe famed mathematician and philosopher takes readers on a journey into a new scientific age, exploring topics from relativity to religion. Alfred North Whitehead, one of the great figures in the philosophy of science, wrote this prescient work nearly a century ago. Yet, in an era that has us reckoning with science and technology&’s place and meaning in our lives, it remains as relevant as ever. Science and the Modern World puts scientific discovery into historical and cultural context—exploring the effects of science and people on each other. &“It is a work not only of the first importance but also of great beauty. . . . Vivid writing.&” —Nature
Evolution Contrasted with Scripture Truth
by W. Bell DawsonThe main object of these pages is to show that Evolution is incompatible with the vital doctrines of Christianity. It is first necessary to ascertain just what Evolution properly means. If claims are to be maintained, it must explain the development of all that exists, from primary material to life and intelligence. A theory such as Evolution can be judged not only on the ground of evidence, and the need for adequate forces to cause it to operate, but it can also be tested by its outcome. If it tenets when followed out, are found to be subversive of known truth, in morals and religion, the verdict must be against it.When compared with the foundational doctrines of Christianity, it is coming to be clearly recognized that the teachings of Evolution are antagonistic to them. Compromise is not possible unless the vital truths of Christianity are explained away and replaced by Modernist views. It is thus evident that a choice must be made between evolutionary teaching and the Scriptures as a revelation from God.
Evolution Contrasted with Scripture Truth
by W. Bell DawsonThe main object of these pages is to show that Evolution is incompatible with the vital doctrines of Christianity. It is first necessary to ascertain just what Evolution properly means. If claims are to be maintained, it must explain the development of all that exists, from primary material to life and intelligence. A theory such as Evolution can be judged not only on the ground of evidence, and the need for adequate forces to cause it to operate, but it can also be tested by its outcome. If it tenets when followed out, are found to be subversive of known truth, in morals and religion, the verdict must be against it.When compared with the foundational doctrines of Christianity, it is coming to be clearly recognized that the teachings of Evolution are antagonistic to them. Compromise is not possible unless the vital truths of Christianity are explained away and replaced by Modernist views. It is thus evident that a choice must be made between evolutionary teaching and the Scriptures as a revelation from God.
The Priesthood of Science: A Work of Utopian Fiction (Cangrande)
by William LeissThe global political situation is increasingly volatile, and Hera and her sisters are sealed off from the rest of the world in southern Nevada. She is still tormented by her parents’ decision to genetically modify the brains of their twelve daughters—and by her own agreement to allow a similar procedure to be used on a much larger group of human embryos. That group of engineered embryos has become one thousand young people just turning eighteen, and the gender politics among them is threatening to ruin Hera’s gamble on a new beginning for human society.The Priesthood of Science envisions a future in which scientific research is confined to facilities hidden away from public view and where there is a prohibition against turning scientific discoveries into new technologies in order to keep a world torn apart by religious fanaticism and ethnic hatred under control.
The Secret Tradition in Alchemy: Its Development and Records (Routledge Library Editions: Alchemy)
by Arthur Edward WaiteA complete history of alchemy revealing the subject as much more than the attempts in early science of turning base metals into gold or silver, this book goes about intimating the mystical experience underlying hermetic symbolism. It outlines some of the ‘secret’ inner meanings to alchemy - symbolism, metaphysics, and spirituality. This book contains a universe of information and is worthwhile reading for anyone wanting to know more on this engaging subject. Originally published in 1926.
The Special Theory of Relativity bound with Relativity: A Very Elementary Exposition (Routledge Library Editions: 20th Century Science)
by Herbert Dingle Sir Oliver LodgeThe Special Theory of Relativity: Based on a short course of lectures delivered in the late 1930s, this short book presents the theory of Special Relativity by formulating a redefinition of the measurement of length, and thus will appeal to students of physics who wish to think through Einstein’s thought without the encumbrance of quasi-scientific concepts and language. Relativity: A Very Elementary Exposition: This brief lecture, delivered in October 1921 and published for the first time in 1925, offers an explanation of Einstein’s theory of Special Relativity for the non-scientist, giving a general overview that does justice both to the actual physics involved, and the wider implications of this revolutionary discovery of the 20th century.
Revival: Mind and Body: A Criticism of Psychophysical Parallelism (Routledge Revivals)
by Hans DrieschThis little book is not a text-book of psychology. It is exclusively concerned with one particular psychological problem, a problem, however, that stands at the very centre of psychology. The relations between mind and body are analysed; that is to say, the following three psychedelic problems are successively raised: What is the mind? What is the body? What are the relations between mind and body? But it is only the third problem which is extensively dealt with; the first two are only briefly defined.
The A B C of Nerves (Psychology Revivals)
by D.F. Fraser-HarrisOriginally published in 1928, the preface reads: "It is almost impossible to distinguish between what is ‘elementary’ and what is ‘advanced’ in regard to the nervous system. The constitution and functions of that system are so little matters of common knowledge that it would be safe to assume that practically nothing of its physiology is known to the ordinary reader. The selection of what is necessary to be known and likely to be comprehended by readers who have no previous knowledge of anatomy and physiology is, therefore, no easy task. It is certain that in the opinion of some authorities much has been omitted that should have been included; one can but say in self-defence that to have included more than is here considered would have exceeded the limits of a treatise whose title is the A B C." Today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.
The Albert Einstein Collection Volume Two: Essays in Science, Letters to Solovine, and Letters on Wave Mechanics
by Albert EinsteinFrom revealing, personal letters to brilliant essays on the nature of science, these three volumes demonstrate the breadth of Einstein&’s thought. The man who became famous for conceiving of the equation E=mc2 kept his mind sharp through stimulating correspondence and applied his intellectual acuity to a number of important scientific issues. The second volume of the Albert Einstein Collection offers a fascinating window into how he developed his ideas. Essays in Science: In these sixteen essays, written at the height of his intellectual powers, Einstein sets out his views on scientific knowledge, its relationship to human experience, and the underlying principles of any scientific pursuit. He discusses his own work in theoretical physics and its basis in field theory, as well as the many achievements of other scientific thinkers—including Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, and others. Letters to Solovine: This collection of personal letters from Einstein to his longtime friend and translator Maurice Solovine offers a rare glimpse into the evolution of his thought, as well as a revealing portrait of the man himself. Spanning Einstein&’s career and ranging from philosophical discussion to personal gossip, these letters are presented in English translation alongside the German text, with facsimiles of the original letters also included. Letters on Wave Mechanics: In this stirring collection of correspondence, four of the twentieth century&’s greatest minds—H. A. Lorentz, Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and Albert Einstein—discuss, debate, and refine Schrödinger&’s then-nascent theory of wave mechanics. As the physicist Karl Przibram states in his foreword to this edition, &“little needs to be added to the letters; they speak for themselves. Apart from their essential content, they reveal something of the personalities of the four men of genius.&”
The Evolution of Charles Darwin (Routledge Revivals)
by George A. DorseyCharles Darwin is well-known throughout the world for his revolutionary work from 1859; The Origin of Species, the foundational study of evolution which greatly challenged the near-universal belief in the Christian world, at that time, of creationism. Originally published in 1928, Dorsey attempts to provide a detailed account of the scientist’s life and personality informed by letters, published works and an autobiography written by Darwin. Darwin’s life was full of challenges both in his personal life as well as his career and The Evolution of Charles Darwin explores all aspects of his life from birth to death emphasising the great impact his work had in the scientific community and humanity as a whole.
Studies in Hereditary Ability (Routledge Library Editions: Evolution #4)
by W.T.J. GunOriginally published in 1928, Studies in Hereditary Ability studies the genealogy of great families of Britain and America and examines how their ancestors influenced their genetics and who they subsequently ended up becoming. The book examines the descent of ability through both maternal and paternal lines, and seeks to argue that from both sides, there stems an equal chance of inheritance. At the time of publication maternal genealogy was relatively unexplored and the book examines the influence of the maternal line on hereditary genetics, as well as the early influence of the mother on a child’s environment. The book also examines the links between leadership and intelligence, and maps the genealogy of writers, scientists and artists, and proposes that these notable figures were more likely to have had notable relatives. Although very much of its time, the book will provide a unique and interesting read for social historians, anthropologists and genealogists alike.
Instituting Nature
by Andrew S. MathewsGreater knowledge and transparency are often promoted as the keys to solving a wide array of governance problems. In Instituting Nature, Andrew Mathews describes Mexico's efforts over the past hundred years to manage its forests through forestry science and biodiversity conservation. He shows that transparent knowledge was produced not by official declarations or scientists' expertise but by encounters between the relatively weak forestry bureaucracy and the indigenous people who manage and own the pine forests of Mexico. Mathews charts the performances, collusions, complicities, and evasions that characterize the forestry bureaucracy. He shows that the authority of forestry officials is undermined by the tension between local realities and national policy; officials must juggle sweeping knowledge claims and mundane concealments, ambitious regulations and routine rule breaking. Moving from government offices in Mexico City to forests in the state of Oaxaca, Mathews describes how the science of forestry and bureaucratic practices came to Oaxaca in the 1930s and how local environmental and political contexts set the stage for local resistance. He tells how the indigenous Zapotec people learned the theory and practice of industrial forestry as employees and then put these skills to use when they become the owners and managers of the area's pine forests--eventually incorporating forestry into their successful claims for autonomy from the state. Despite the apparently small scale and local contexts of this balancing act between the power of forestry regulations and the resistance of indigenous communities, Mathews shows that it has large implications--for how we understand the modern state, scientific knowledge, and power and for the global carbon markets for which Mexican forests might become valuable.
Revival: A General Survey of its Principles (Routledge Revivals)
by Theodor WulfIn the present book those results of physical research which are of importance for an understanding of nature have been compiled in a short and, in so far as the author was capable, popular presentation. The whole can be arranged in four sections. The first section concerns bodies as they appear to us and as we perceive them directly by means of our eyes. By further research we have learnt that these bodies are built out of very small particles which we call atoms. Even though these atoms cannot be seen directly with the eye, yet we still have quite certain proofs of their existence and of many of their properties. The whole of our knowledge concerning the atomic structure of matter has been discussed in the second section. The work of the last few decades has allowed us to penetrate still further into the inner structure of matter. The structure of the atom itself is examined in the third section. Finally, there exists a whole series of phenomena, which have been explained on the assumption that, in addition to ponderable matters, there is something still else which fills all interstellar space, a medium which is called the aether. The phenomena which take place in this medium are discussed in the last section of the book.
Birds of the Southwest Pacific
by Ernst MayrThis is the only book in the English language on the birds of the wide area between Fiji, New Caledonia and Micronesia. This practical handbook, by an acknowledged authority, intended primarily for the field student, tells him how to identify and name the birds which he encounters, and what kinds of birds he can expect to find on each island. There is also a condensed summary of the presentknowledge of distribution, geographical variation and habits. Whenever feasible, keys have been supplied to facilitate identification. These keys are simplyand clearly worked out for the beginner who may not know the difference between a curlew and a godwit, or a triller and a graybird.Three magnificent color plates show 39 species which include at least one representation of all of the prominent bird families of the southwest Pacific.A series of black and white drawings show additional species. These pictureswill be particularly valuable to bird students who have never seen awood swallow, a flower pecker, a white-eye or a triller.
Crime as Destiny: A Study of Criminal Twins (Psychology Revivals)
by Johannes LangeFirst published in 1931, Crime as Destiny throws a beam of light across the darkness which enshrouds the study of the deeper causes of crime and the eternal debate between nature versus nurture. The author’s investigations led him to conclusions of the first importance to the sociologist and the psychologist. But the subject is wilder than it seems and by its direct bearing on the question of determinism will arouse the interest of the theologian and the student of philosophy as well. For the student of history, this research work will help trace the beginning of the logic of eugenics that will eventually take its nightmarish form under Hitler.
Science at the Cross Roads: Papers from The Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology 1931 (Routledge Revivals)
by N. I. Bukharin et alThe papers given by the Soviet Delegation to the Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology in London in 1931, headed by N. I. Bukharin, exerted a profound influence on Western historiography of science. Perhaps the most influential contribution was that of Hessen, who made a long and classical statement of Marxist historiography, taking Isaac Newton as his example. The collection, which appeared in Britain at the height of the Depression, fostered an acute social awareness and a heated debate among many working scientists. Accredited by some as "the starting point of a new evaluation of the history of science", the book reflects the huge social and economic divide between Socialism and Capitalism present at the time of publication, and its influence on intellectual culture and scientific advancement.
World Chaos: The Responsibility of Science (Routledge Library Editions: 20th Century Science)
by William McDougallThis book, first published 1931, examines the attitudes surrounding the natural sciences at the time of writing, and contends that an unreflective belief in the power of science, and especially in humanity’s capacity to turn such knowledge to noble ends, could lead to catastrophic results for human civilisation. Commenting on the forced industrialisation in Russia, India and China that was proceeding with little regard for human life at the time, the unsustainable inequality generated by modern Western capitalism and many other related issues, the author argues that it is necessary to devote the same energy to the resolution of social problems as to scientific research and development. His thesis, though expounded with reference to concrete situation different from our own, is nonetheless as relevant today as it was when first published.
Beyond Versus
by James TaberyIf everyone now agrees that human traits arise not from nature or nurture but from the interaction of nature and nurture, why does the "nature versus nurture" debate persist? In Beyond Versus, James Tabery argues that the persistence stems from a century-long struggle to understand the interaction of nature and nurture -- a struggle to define what the interaction of nature and nurture is, how it should be investigated, and what counts as evidence for it. Tabery examines past episodes in the nature versus nurture debates, offers a contemporary philosophical perspective on them, and considers the future of research on the interaction of nature and nurture. From the eugenics controversy of the 1930s and the race and IQ controversy of the 1970s to the twenty-first-century debate over the causes of depression, Tabery argues, the polarization in these discussions can be attributed to what he calls an "explanatory divide" -- a disagreement over how explanation works in science, which in turn has created two very different concepts of interaction. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of science, Tabery offers a way to bridge this explanatory divide and these different concepts integratively. Looking to the future, Tabery evaluates the ethical issues that surround genetic testing for genes implicated in interactions of nature and nurture, pointing to what the future does (and does not) hold for a science that continues to make headlines and raise controversy.
Experimental Analysis of Development (Routledge Revivals)
by Bernhard DürkenThis book, first published in English in 1932, serves as an introduction to experimental embryology. This title, while covering in-depth the field of investigation, presents the general issues surrounding this particular study rather than just providing an analysis of particular results. This title will be of interest to students of introductory biology and the history of science.
Innovation, Dual Use, and Security: Managing the Risks of Emerging Biological and Chemical Technologies
by Jonathan B. Tucker Richard DanzigRecent advances in disciplines such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, and neuropharmacology entail a "dual-use dilemma" because they promise benefits for human health and welfare yet pose the risk of misuse for hostile purposes. The emerging field of synthetic genomics, for example, can produce custom DNA molecules for life-saving drugs but also makes possible the creation of deadly viral agents for biological warfare or terrorism. The challenge for policymakers is to prevent the misuse of these new technologies without forgoing their benefits . Innovation, Dual Use, and Security offers a systematic approach for managing the dual-use dilemma. The book presents a "decision framework" for assessing the security risks of emerging technologies and fashioning governance strategies to manage those risks. This framework is applied to fourteen contemporary case studies, including synthetic genomics, DNA shuffling and directed evolution, combinatorial chemistry, protein engineering, immunological modulation, and aerosol vaccines. The book also draws useful lessons from two historical cases: the development of the V-series nerve agents in Britain and the use and misuse of LSD by the U. S. Army and the CIA. Innovation, Dual Use, and Security offers a comprehensive, multifaceted introduction to the challenges of governing dual-use technologies in an era of rapid innovation. The book will be of interest to government officials and other practitioners as well as to students and scholars in security studies, science and technology studies, biology, and chemistry.
Functional Affinities of Man, Monkeys, and Apes: A Study of the Bearings of Physiology and Behaviour on the Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes, and Man (Routledge Library Editions: Evolution #15)
by S. ZuckermanOriginally published in 1933 Functional Affinities of Man, Monkeys and Apes gives a taxonomic and phylogenetic survey and the findings of diverse experimental investigations of lemurs, monkeys, and apes. The book discusses the inter-relationships of different Primates and emphasizes seldom-used approaches to the question of primate phylogeny. The book attempts to show how little they have been systematically tried, and argues for a regard to the proper place of functional investigations in the study of the classification and evolution of Primates. This book will be of interest to anthropologists, scientists and historians alike.
Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada
by Ronald Altig Roy W. Mcdiarmid Aaron M. BauerGenerously illustrated, this essential handbook for herpetologists, ecologists, and naturalists features comprehensive keys to eggs, embryos, salamander larvae, and tadpoles; species accounts; a glossary of terms; and an extensive bibliography. The taxonomic accounts include a summarization of the morphology and basic natural history, as well as an introduction to published information for each species. Tadpole mouthparts exhibit major characteristics used in identifications, and the book includes illustrations for a number of species. Color photographs of larvae of many species are also presented. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada, written by the foremost experts on larval amphibians, is the first guide of its kind and will transform the fieldwork of scientists and fish and wildlife professionals.
Science in the Changing World bound with Science at Your Service (Routledge Library Editions: 20th Century Science)
by VariousScience in the Changing World, first published in 1933, contains a series of broadcasted presentations on the relationship between science and the development of European civilisation in the first half of the 20th century. Specifically, each talk attempts to reflect the crisis through which the world seemed to be passing at the time, and to make an analysis of those forces of transformation in science, art, economics, and social life which were associated most closely with the advent of the ‘scientific’ century. Included among the presenters are such eminent and diverse thinkers as Julian Huxley, Bertrand Russell and Hilaire Belloc. Science at Your Service: First published in 1945, this collection of twelve BBC broadcasts focuses on the influence of science in everyday life, and demonstrates that not all science is remote and theoretical. Each speaker deals with some aspect of mid-20th century scientific advance as it related to subjects of practical importance, from textiles and tunnels to fishing and ship design. Offering a glimpse into the attitudes towards science current in the middle of the Second World War, this brief and accessible collection will be of interest to cultural historians as well as to the general science enthusiast.