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Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions: Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops and Weed Emergence
by Udo BlumIn an effort to implement conservation measures farmers have used a variety of production methods, including the use of reduced or zero tillage and cover crops. One benefit of these production methods has been early season weed control. The literature suggests that a variety of mechanisms may be involved, among them the allelopathic effects of phenolic acids. This retrospective analysis addresses the following: How likely are phenolic acid concentrations and environmental conditions in wheat no-till cropping systems for the inhibition of annual broadleaf weed emergence? and Do phenolic acids have a dominant role or are they just one component of a larger promoter/modifier/inhibitor complex? The book covers allelopathic plant-plant interactions, laboratory and field experiments, and future research. It uses a journal format, provides justifications for procedures used, if-then hypotheses, and cons and pros so that readers can reach their own conclusions.
Boden und globaler Wandel
by Winfried E. BlumKönnen Sie sich vorstellen, wie wir uns in Zukunft ernähren und ob wir in 30 Jahren noch genügend Nahrung produzieren können, ob wir noch genügend sauberes Wasser zur Verfügung haben werden und wie die biologische Vielfalt unserer unmittelbaren natürlichen Umgebung aussehen wird? Wir leben zwar auf dem Boden, haben jedoch selten eine Vorstellung davon, wie dieser unter unseren Füßen aussieht und welche Funktionen er für uns und unsere Umwelt erfüllt und wie diese durch weltweite Veränderungen beeinflusst werden. Wussten Sie, dass der Boden unmittelbar die Atmosphäre und damit auch den Klimawandel beeinflusst, oder, dass die Zusammensetzung der Salze in den Weltmeeren durch die Verwitterung der Gesteine und durch die Bodenbildung auf den Kontinenten bestimmt ist? Wussten Sie, dass das Überleben der Ureinwohner des Amazonasgebietes Südamerikas nur möglich war, weil sie sich eigene, neue Böden geschaffen haben, die „Schwarzerde der Indianer“? Und wussten Sie, dass wir heute in Europa täglich wertvolle Bodenflächen in der Größenordnung von ca. 850 Fußballfeldern durch den Bau von Wohnungen, Industrieanlagen, Straßen, u. a. versiegeln? Diese und zahlreiche weitere Informationen bietet Ihnen dieses Buch, das die Böden und ihre weltweite Verbreitung sowie ihre Funktionen für Mensch und Umwelt beschreibt, und Ihnen einen Einblick in die globalen Veränderungen der Land- und Bodennutzung und deren Ursachen und Wirkungen ermöglicht.
And: Life And Loathing In Greater Israel (American Poets Continuum)
by Michael BlumenthalThrough Michael Blumenthal&’s eyes we gain a renewed, childlike wonder at everything from plants, trees, and relationships to the most fundamental word in our vocabulary: AND. Blumenthal uses the conjunction to unify this collection and create a chanting, sonorous rhythm to his work. The result is a book of poems-as-hymns-and-praises.Michael Blumenthal holds the Mina Hohenberg Darden Endowed Chair in Creative Writing at Old Dominion University. His other books include the memoir All My Mothers and Fathers (HarperCollins Publishers, 2002), and the poetry collection Dusty Angel (BOA Editions, Ltd., 1999), for which he was awarded the Isabella Gardner Poetry Award. Blumenthal&’s new collection of poems, titled &“And,&” is the closest that the stoicism of Ecclesiastes will come to getting a 21st-century makeover. In it, there&’s a time to laugh and cry, scatter stones and gather them up, and all the rest. There&’s no point, though, in toil and hope beyond that. After reading these poems, which are designed with a cosmic sweep, you get the feeling that Blumenthal&’s plan is, as in Dylan Thomas&’s poem, eventually just to go gentle into that good night: &“Rage, rage against the dying of the light&” be damned.--THE JEWISH DAILY FORWARDMichael Blumenthal&’s stunning new book, And, is an Eliotic celebration of life in the world as continuum and progress. He achieves this through a simple and seductive meditation upon the conjunction, &“and,&” and the way it enriches the complexity of language as it shapes lived experience.--The Montserrat Review
Single-Sided NMR
by Bernhard Blümich Federico Casanova Juan PerloThis book describes the design of the first functioning single-sided tomograph, the related measurement methods, and a number of applications in medicine, materials science, and chemical engineering. It will be the first comprehensive account of this new device and its applications. Among the key advances of this method is that images can be obtained in much shorter times than originally anticipated, and that even vector maps of flow fields can be measured although the magnetic fields are highly inhomogeneous. Furthermore, the equipment is small, mobile and affordable to small and medium enterprises and can be located in doctors' offices.
Ethics in Computing, Science, and Engineering: A Student’s Guide to Doing Things Right
by Barry G. BlundellThis comprehensive textbook introduces students to the wide-ranging responsibilities of computing, science and engineering professionals by laying strong transdisciplinary foundations and by highlighting ethical issues that may arise during their careers. The work is well illustrated, and makes extensive use of both activities, and ethical dilemmas which are designed to stimulate reader engagement. A number of memorable case studies are also included and frequently draw on the demanding aerospace industry. The book adopts a strongly human centric approach, with matters such as privacy erosion and censorship being viewed not only in their current context but also in terms of their ongoing evolution. What are our individual ethical responsibilities for ensuring that we do not develop for future generations a technological leviathan with the potential to create a dystopian world? A broad range of technologies and techniques are introduced and are examined within an ethical framework. These include biometrics, surveillance systems (including facial recognition), radio frequency identification devices, drone technologies, the Internet of Things, and robotic systems. The application and potential societal ramifications of such systems are examined in some detail and this is intended to support the reader in gaining a clear insight into our current direction of travel. Importantly, the author asks whether we can afford to allow ongoing developments to be primarily driven by market forces, or whether a more cautious approach is needed. Further chapters examine the benefits that are associated with ethical leadership, environmental issues relating to the technology product lifecycle (from inception to e-waste), ethical considerations in research (including medical experimentation involving both humans and animals), and the need to develop educational programs which will better prepare students for the needs of a much more fluid employment landscape. The final chapter introduces a structured approach to ethical issue resolution, providing a valuable, long-term source of reference. In addition it emphasises the ethical responsibilities of the professional, and considers issues that can arise when we endeavour to effect ethically sound change within organisations. Examples are provided which highlight the possible ramifications of exercising ethical valour. The author has thus created an extensively referenced textbook that catalyses student interest, is internationally relevant, and which is multicultural in both its scope and outlook.
Silkies and Other Guinea Pigs (World Book's Animals of the World)
by Dan BlunkTopics include: different kinds of guinea pigs, how they are cared for and shown, and where they came from.
California Burning: The Fall of Pacific Gas and Electric--and What It Means for America's Power Grid
by Katherine BluntA revelatory, urgent narrative with national implications, exploring the decline of California&’s largest utility company that led to countless wildfires — including the one that destroyed the town of Paradise — and the human cost of infrastructure failurePacific Gas and Electric was a legacy company built by innovators and visionaries, establishing California as a desirable home and economic powerhouse. In California Burning, Wall Street Journal reporter and Pulitzer finalist Katherine Blunt examines how that legacy fell apart—unraveling a long history of deadly failures in which Pacific Gas and Electric endangered millions of Northern Californians, through criminal neglect of its infrastructure. As PG&E prioritized profits and politics, power lines went unchecked—until a rusted hook purchased for 56 cents in 1921 split in two, sparking the deadliest wildfire in California history.Beginning with PG&E&’s public reckoning after the Paradise fire, Blunt chronicles the evolution of PG&E&’s shareholder base, from innovators who built some of California's first long-distance power lines to aggressive investors keen on reaping dividends. Following key players through pivotal decisions and legal battles, California Burning reveals the forces that shaped the plight of PG&E: deregulation and market-gaming led by Enron Corp., an unyielding push for renewable energy, and a swift increase in wildfire risk throughout the West, while regulators and lawmakers pushed their own agendas.California Burning is a deeply reported, character-driven narrative, the story of a disaster expanding into a much bigger exploration of accountability. It&’s an American tragedy that serves as a cautionary tale for utilities across the nation—especially as climate change makes aging infrastructure more vulnerable, with potentially fatal consequences.
News of the Universe: Poems of Twofold Consciousness (A\sierra Club Books Publication Ser.)
by Robert BlyAcclaimed poet and translator Robert Bly here assembles a unique cross-cultural anthology that illuminates the idea of a larger-than-human consciousness operating in the universe. The book's 150 poems come from around the world and many eras: from the ecstatic Sufi poet Rumi to contemporary voices like Kenneth Rexroth, Denise Levertov, Charles Simic, and Mary Oliver. Brilliant introductory essays trace our shifting attitudes toward the natural world, from the "old position" of dominating or denigrating nature, to the growing sympathy expressed by the Romantics and American poets like Whitman and Dickinson. Bly's translations of Neruda, Rilke, and others, along with superb examples of non-Western verse such as Eskimo and Zuni songs, complete this important, provocative anthology.
Stealing Sugar from the Castle: Selected and New Poems, 1950-2013
by Robert Bly"[Robert Bly] is . . . the most recent in a line of great American transcendentalist writers."--New York Times Selected from throughout Robert Bly's monumental body of work from 1950 through the present, Stealing Sugar from the Castle represents the culmination of an astonishing career in American letters. Bly has long been the voice of transcendentalism and meditative mysticism for his generation. Influenced by Emerson and Thoreau, inspired by spiritual traditions from Sufism to Gnosticism, his vision is "oracular" (Antioch Review). From the rich, earthy simplicity of Silence in the Snowy Fields (1962) to the wild yet intricately formal ghazals of My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy (2005) and the striking richness and authority of Talking into the Ear of a Donkey (2011), Bly's poetry is spiritual yet worldly, celebrating the uncanny beauty of the everyday. "I am happy, / The moon rising above the turkey sheds. // The small world of the car / Plunges through the deep fields of the night," he writes in "Driving Toward the Lac Qui Parle River." Here is a poet moved by the mysteries of the world around him, speaking the language of images in a voice brilliant and bold.
Next to Nature: A Lifetime in the English Countryside
by Ronald Blythe'All the charm, wonder, eccentricity and vigour of country life is here in these pages, and told with such engaging directness, detail and colour. To immerse yourself in this East Anglian year is be reminded of why we love and value the rhythms and realities of rural life. Bliss' STEPHEN FRY'A capacious work that contains multitudes . . . a work to amble through, seasonally, relishing the vivid dashes of colour and the precision and delicacy of the descriptions' THE SPECTATOR'England's greatest living country writer' INDEPENDENTRonald Blythe lives at the end of an overgrown farm track deep in the rolling countryside of the Stour Valley, on the border between Suffolk and Essex. His home is Bottengoms Farm, a sturdy yeoman's house once owned by the artist John Nash. From here, Blythe has spent almost half a century observing the slow turn of the agricultural year, the church year, and village life in a series of rich, lyrical rural diaries.Beginning with the arrival of snow on New Year's Day and ending with Christmas carols sung in the village church, Next to Nature invites us to witness a simple life richly lived. With gentle wit and keen observation Blythe meditates on his life and faith, on literature, art and history, and on our place in the landscape.It is a celebration of one of our greatest living writers, and an unforgettable ode to the English countryside.
Next to Nature: A Lifetime in the English Countryside
by Ronald Blythe'All the charm, wonder, eccentricity and vigour of country life is here in these pages, and told with such engaging directness, detail and colour. To immerse yourself in this East Anglian year is be reminded of why we love and value the rhythms and realities of rural life. Bliss' STEPHEN FRY'A capacious work that contains multitudes . . . a work to amble through, seasonally, relishing the vivid dashes of colour and the precision and delicacy of the descriptions' THE SPECTATOR'England's greatest living country writer' INDEPENDENTRonald Blythe lives at the end of an overgrown farm track deep in the rolling countryside of the Stour Valley, on the border between Suffolk and Essex. His home is Bottengoms Farm, a sturdy yeoman's house once owned by the artist John Nash. From here, Blythe has spent almost half a century observing the slow turn of the agricultural year, the church year, and village life in a series of rich, lyrical rural diaries.Beginning with the arrival of snow on New Year's Day and ending with Christmas carols sung in the village church, Next to Nature invites us to witness a simple life richly lived. With gentle wit and keen observation Blythe meditates on his life and faith, on literature, art and history, and on our place in the landscape.It is a celebration of one of our greatest living writers, and an unforgettable ode to the English countryside.
Next to Nature: A Lifetime in the English Countryside
by Ronald BlytheAs the celebrated author of Akenfield, Ronald Blythe, turns 100 this year, Next to Nature brings together a seasonal collection from the very best of a lifetime of writing.Ronald Blythe lives at the end of an overgrown farm track deep in the rolling countryside of the Stour Valley, on the border between Suffolk and Essex. His home is Bottengoms Farm, a sturdy yeoman's house once owned by the artist John Nash. From here, Blythe has spent almost half a century observing the slow turn of the agricultural year, the church year, and village life in a series of rich, lyrical rural diaries.Beginning with the arrival of snow on New Year's Day and ending with Christmas carols sung in the village church, Next to Nature invites us to witness a simple life richly lived. With gentle wit and keen observation Blythe meditates on his life and faith, on literature, art and history, and on our place in the landscape.It is a celebration of one of our greatest living writers, and an unforgettable ode to the English countryside.'One of the great prose stylists on the twentieth century . . . a modern Hazlitt' Mark Cocker'England's greatest living country writer' INDEPENDENT(P) 2022 Hodder & Stoughton Limited
Moonface's Story (The Magic Faraway Tree #7)
by Enid BlytonThe perfect introduction to the enchanted world of the Magic Faraway Tree for the youngest children. Discover the magic!A brand-new picture book story where you can meet Silky, Moonface and Saucepan Man and explore the Magic Faraway Tree. On Moonface's birthday he wants to hold a party for all his special friends. He tries to bake a cake but it ends up burnt. Will he find help in one of the wonderful lands at the top of the Faraway Tree?A full-colour picture book, ideal for for sharing with children of 3 and over. The story is new and is written by Emily Lamm.
Nature Stories: Contains 30 classic tales (Bumper Short Story Collections #63)
by Enid BlytonA collection of thirty wonderful stories about the nature and the countryside from one of the world's best-loved children's authors; perfect to enjoy all year round.Enjoy the freedom of the outdoors, the beauty of the countryside and the charm of all creatures great and small in this bumper short-story collection. Enid Blyton loved the countryside, animals and birds and she wrote many wonderful stories to teach children all about the natural world. Each story is perfect for reading aloud to young children and is the ideal length for bedtime or classroom story time.***Enid Blyton ® and Enid Blyton's signature are Registered Trademarks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trademark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trademark and copyright owner.
Nature Stories: Contains 30 classic tales
by Enid BlytonA collection of thirty wonderful stories about the nature and the countryside from one of the world's best-loved children's authors; perfect to enjoy all year round.Enjoy the freedom of the outdoors, the beauty of the countryside and the charm of all creatures great and small in this bumper short-story collection. Enid Blyton loved the countryside, animals and birds and she wrote many wonderful stories to teach children all about the natural world. Each story is perfect for reading aloud to young children and is the ideal length for bedtime or classroom story time.***Enid Blyton ® and Enid Blyton's signature are Registered Trademarks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trademark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trademark and copyright owner.
Nature Stories: Contains 30 classic tales (Bumper Short Story Collections #63)
by Enid BlytonA collection of thirty wonderful stories about the nature and the countryside from one of the world's best-loved children's authors.Enjoy the freedom of the outdoors, the beauty of the countryside and the charm of all creatures great and small in this bumper short-story collection. Enid Blyton loved the countryside, animals and birds and she wrote many wonderful stories to teach children all about the natural world. Each story is perfect for reading aloud to young children and is the ideal length for bedtime or classroom story time.***Enid Blyton ® and Enid Blyton's signature are Registered Trademarks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trademark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trademark and copyright owner.(P)2020 Hodder & Stoughton Limited
Rainy Day Stories (Bumper Short Story Collections #66)
by Enid BlytonPull on your welly boots for these short stories by the world's best-loved story teller. Ideal for children aged 5 and up!In this charming collection by Enid Blyton, children stumble upon secret rooms on rainy days and gnomes pretend they can forecast the weather. The rain may be pouring down in these stories, but there's plenty of mischief and adventure to be found. These classic tales are ideal for younger children being read to and for newly confident readers to read alone. Each story stands alone and is the perfect length for reading at bedtime or in the classroom. Enid Blyton remains one of Britain's favourite children's authors and her bumper short story collections are perfect for introducing her to the latest generation of readers. Read all of Enid Blyton's bumper short story collections. New in 2021: Rainy Day StoriesPet StoriesStories of Spells and EnchantmentsChristmas Tales *** Enid Blyton® and Enid Blyton's signature are registered trade marks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trade mark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trade mark and copyright owner.
Rainy Day Stories (Bumper Short Story Collections #66)
by Enid BlytonPull on your welly boots for these short stories by the world's best-loved story teller. Ideal for children aged 5 and up!In this charming collection by Enid Blyton, children stumble upon secret rooms on rainy days and gnomes pretend they can forecast the weather. The rain may be pouring down in these stories, but there's plenty of mischief and adventure to be found. These classic tales are ideal for younger children being read to and for newly confident readers to read alone. Each story stands alone and is the perfect length for reading at bedtime or in the classroom. Enid Blyton remains one of Britain's favourite children's authors and her bumper short story collections are perfect for introducing her to the latest generation of readers. Read all of Enid Blyton's bumper short story collections. New in 2021: Rainy Day StoriesPet StoriesStories of Spells and EnchantmentsChristmas Tales *** Enid Blyton® and Enid Blyton's signature are registered trade marks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trade mark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trade mark and copyright owner.(P)2021 Hodder & Stoughton Limited
Rainy Day Stories (Bumper Short Story Collections #66)
by Enid BlytonPull on your welly boots for these short stories by the world's best-loved story teller. Ideal for children aged 5 and up!In this charming collection by Enid Blyton, children stumble upon secret rooms on rainy days and gnomes pretend they can forecast the weather. The rain may be pouring down in these stories, but there's plenty of mischief and adventure to be found. These classic tales are ideal for younger children being read to and for newly confident readers to read alone. Each story stands alone and is the perfect length for reading at bedtime or in the classroom. Enid Blyton remains one of Britain's favourite children's authors and her bumper short story collections are perfect for introducing her to the latest generation of readers. Read all of Enid Blyton's bumper short story collections. New in 2021: Rainy Day StoriesPet StoriesStories of Spells and EnchantmentsChristmas Tales *** Enid Blyton® and Enid Blyton's signature are registered trade marks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trade mark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trade mark and copyright owner.
Stories for All Seasons (The Enchanted Library #5)
by Enid BlytonA gorgeous picture book to delight all little readers, with stories for every season. Collect the whole series for a year-round library of beautiful books. Discover busy birds, seaside adventures, twelve fairy coats and frost patterns in this beautiful collection of stories by the world's best-loved storyteller, Enid Blyton. With charming colour illustrations by Becky Cameron, acclaimed illustrator of Treasury of Bedtime Stories by Enid Blyton and of Paddington and the Christmas Wish, this is the perfect gift.Step into a world of magic and nature with The Enchanted Library series. Look out for:Stories of Nature's TreasuresStories of Favourite FriendsStories of Animal SecretsStories of Dreamy AdventuresStories of Starry NightsStories of Fairy FunStories of Woodland AdventuresStories for Cosy DaysStories of Tasty Treats * Enid Blyton ® and Enid Blyton's signature are Registered Trademarks of Hodder and Stoughton Limited. No trademark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trademark and copyright owner.
Stories for Every Season
by Enid BlytonA beautiful treasury of stories for every season from one of the world's best-loved storytellers. With gorgeous full-colour illustrations throughout, this collection will delight at any time of the year and makes the perfect gift.Step into a world of magic and nature, where elfin tailors make clothes from autumn leaves and a spring lamb remembers a kind little girl. Join a fawn as it shelters from a summer storm, learn how to help birds keep warm in cold weather and share the wonder of the seaside, where you might just meet a fairy in a seashell . . . Divided into four sections to reflect the seasons, this treasury contains 28 timeless stories from Enid Blyton's archives - plus a bonus extra story for Christmas. Some of these wonderful tales are collected in book form for the very first time. It is gorgeously illustrated by Becky Cameron, acclaimed illustrator of Treasury of Bedtime Stories by Enid Blyton and of Paddington and the Christmas Wish. Look out for these other gorgeous Enid Blyton gift books: Treasury of Bedtime StoriesThe Famous Five TreasuryJolly Good Food (a children's cook book)Favourite Enid Blyton Stories*Enid Blyton ® and Enid Blyton's signature are Registered Trademarks of Hodder and Stoughton Limited. No trademark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trademark and copyright owner.
Stories for Every Season
by Enid BlytonA beautiful treasury of stories for every season from one of the world's best-loved storytellers. This audiobook collection will delight at any time of the year and makes the perfect gift. <p><p> Step into a world of magic and nature, where elfin tailors make clothes from autumn leaves and a spring lamb remembers a kind little girl. <p><p>Join a fawn as it shelters from a summer storm, learn how to help birds keep warm in cold weather and share the wonder of the seaside, where you might just meet a fairy in a seashell . . . <p><p>Divided into four sections to reflect the seasons, this treasury contains 28 timeless stories from Enid Blyton's archives—plus a bonus extra story for Christmas. Some of these wonderful tales are collected in book form for the very first time. <p><p>Look out for these other gorgeous Enid Blyton gift books: Treasury of Bedtime Stories, The Famous Five Treasury <p>*Enid Blyton ® and Enid Blyton's signature are Registered Trademarks of Hodder & Stoughton Limited. No trademark or copyrighted material may be reproduced without the express written permission of the trademark and copyright owner.
Analysis of Engineering Design Studies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons at Pueblo Chemical Depot
by Board on Army Science and Technology Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for the Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons: Phase II National Research CouncilThe Program Manager for Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (PMACWA) of the Department of Defense (DOD) requested the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the engineering design studies (EDSs) developed by Parsons/Honeywell and General Atomics for a chemical demilitarization facility to completely dispose of the assembled chemical weapons at the Pueblo Chemical Depot in Pueblo, Colorado. To accomplish the task, the NRC formed the Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons: Phase II (ACW II Committee). This report presents the results of the committee's scientific and technical assessment, which will assist the Office of the Secretary of Defense in selecting the technology package for destroying the chemical munitions at Pueblo. The committee evaluated the engineering design packages proposed by the technology providers and the associated experimental studies that were performed to validate unproven unit operations. A significant part of the testing program involved expanding the technology base for the hydrolysis of energetic materials associated with assembled weapons. This process was a concern expressed by the Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons (ACW I Committee) in its original report in 1999 (NRC, 1999). The present study took place as the experimental studies were in progress. In some cases, tests for some of the supporting unit operations were not completed in time for the committee to incorporate results into its evaluation. In those cases, the committee identified and discussed potential problem areas in these operations. Based on its expertise and its aggressive data-gathering activities, the committee was able to conduct a comprehensive review of the test data that had been completed for the overall system design. This report summarizes the study.
Disposal of Neutralent Wastes
by Board on Army Science Technology National Research CouncilInformation on the Disposal of Neutralent Wastes
America's Climate Choices
by Board on Atmospheric Sciences ClimateClimate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further change and greater risks. America's Climate Choices makes the case that the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks posed by climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action now to limit the magnitude of climate change and to prepare for adapting to its impacts. Although there is some uncertainty about future risk, acting now will reduce the risks posed by climate change and the pressure to make larger, more rapid, and potentially more expensive reductions later. Most actions taken to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts are common sense investments that will offer protection against natural climate variations and extreme events. In addition, crucial investment decisions made now about equipment and infrastructure can "lock in" commitments to greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. Finally, while it may be possible to scale back or reverse many responses to climate change, it is difficult or impossible to "undo" climate change, once manifested. Current efforts of local, state, and private-sector actors are important, but not likely to yield progress comparable to what could be achieved with the addition of strong federal policies that establish coherent national goals and incentives, and that promote strong U. S. engagement in international-level response efforts. The inherent complexities and uncertainties of climate change are best met by applying an iterative risk management framework and making efforts to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; prepare for adapting to impacts; invest in scientific research, technology development, and information systems; and facilitate engagement between scientific and technical experts and the many types of stakeholders making America's climate choices.