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Financial Crime in Romania: A Community Pulse Survey (SpringerBriefs in Finance)
by Monica Violeta Achim Robert W. McGeeThis book explores financial crime and corruption in Romanian society based on a community pulse study. It examines the main behavioral patterns of Romanian society in relation to financial crime variables such as tax compliance, tax morale, corruption in public institutions, and money laundering. The authors also investigate how various demographic aspects (e.g., age, gender, region, professional status, education, etc.) are associated with financial crime. The results of the enclosed survey help policy makers consider best practices in financial governance to reduce the level of financial crime in the region.
Economic and Financial Crime, Sustainability and Good Governance (Contributions to Finance and Accounting)
by Monica Violeta AchimThis book addresses the most widespread forms of financial crime today, namely corporate fraud, corruption, tax fraud, the shadow economy, informal entrepreneurship, money laundering, international informal capital flows, cybercrimes, and cryptocurrency scams. Given the rapid rise of digitalization, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a huge surge in financial crime, especially in the form of cybercrime, which affects people’s financial security. Hence, the aim of this book is to stress the connected nature of financial crime and good governance, in order to achieve the most positive, sustainable development of society. The book analyzes financial crime in the context of digitalization. On the one hand, digitalization offers clear advantages in terms of reducing classical types of fraud such as tax evasion, corruption, the shadow economy, etc. On the other hand, digitalization offers new channels for criminals to gain illegal benefits when operating in digital space, e.g. through cybercrime, bank fraud, FinTech fraud, e-commerce fraud, etc. In this context, the term “digital shadow economy” has recently emerged in the literature as an expression of the types of fraud committed in digital space. In addition, the book explores issues concerning changes in regulations for various financial crimes around the world, statistics, and ways to combat digital crimes including punitive, preventive and other measures. Special attention is paid to cybercrime and cybersecurity issues, the goal being to raise readers’ awareness of these threats.
Vom „Theater des Schreckens“ zum „peinlichen Rechte nach der Vernunft“: Literatur und Strafrecht im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert (Literatur und Recht #5)
by Eric Achermann Gideon StieningDas Strafrecht der frühen Neuzeit erfährt zwischen dem beginnenden 17. und dem späten 18. Jahrhundert in Theorie und Praxis grundstürzende Veränderungen. Vor allem im Zuge der Aufklärung wird es entschärft, rationalisiert und teilweise humanisiert. Diese Prozesse werden von der europäischen Literatur kritisch reflektiert und kommentiert, womit es ihr häufig gelingt, in die Strafpraxis einzugreifen. Der Band klärt die moralphilosophischen Grundlagen dieser Entwicklung und untersucht das Wechselverhältnis von Literatur und Recht in Einzelstudien zu bedeutenden Werken der Zeit.
Literatur und Recht: Formen und Prozesse gegenseitiger Vergegenständlichung (Literatur und Recht #1)
by Eric Achermann Andreas Blödorn Corinna Norrick-Rühl Petra PohlmannLiteratur hat nicht selten Recht als ihren Gegenstand, und Recht regelt Literatur auf vielfältige Weise. Diese gegenseitige Vergegenständlichung, zusammengefasst unter dem Begriff der „Materialität“, geschieht in verschiedenen Formen und erfüllt unterschiedliche Funktionen. Daraus ergibt sich eine Fülle von Fragen zur normativen Qualität des Rechts und zu den kulturellen Reflexionsleistungen der Literatur. Der Band fragt daneben auch konkreter nach der Rechtsförmigkeit des Fiktiven, der narrativen Ordnung von Rechtstexten, der historischen Wandelbarkeit des Verhältnisses von Recht und Literatur oder den rechtlichen Bedingungen des Buchmarktes.Dies ist ein Open-Access-Buch.
Lizensur: Was darf fiktionale Literatur? (Literatur und Recht #7)
by Eric Achermann Daniel Arjomand-Zoike Nursan CelikÖffentliche Kontroversen um Literatur werden primär unter ethischen und juristischen Prämissen diskutiert und münden oftmals in Debatten, die den Zensurvorwurf perpetuieren. Darüber geraten die Lizenzen, auf die sich Literatur in Theorie und Praxis gern beruft, schnell in Vergessenheit. Der interdisziplinär angelegte Band widmet sich den Sondererlaubnissen fiktionaler Literatur, die unter dem Schlagwort „Lizensur“ präsentiert, kritisch analysiert und historisch kontextualisiert werden. Auf diese Weise wird das spannungsreiche Verhältnis zwischen Fiktion und Lizenz in einen literatursysteminternen, geschichtlichen sowie rechtlichen Zusammenhang gestellt.
Wirtschaftsethik für Dummies (Für Dummies)
by Wieland Achenbach Veronika KneipDas Buch gibt einen kompakten Überblick über die Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik und bereitet Studierende der BWL/VWL auf Prüfungen im Bachelor vor. Die Autoren beschreiben die Regeln unseres wirtschaftlichen Zusammenlebens sowie die effiziente und gerechte Nutzung knapper Ressourcen theoretisch und realitätsnah anhand von Beispielen. Sie thematisieren und analysieren ethische Diskussionen und Konflikte im Widerstreit von Egoismus, Fortschritt, Altruismus, Gesellschaft sowie Rechtssystem und stellen Strategien für Lösungen vor.
Vulnerabilities: Rethinking Medicine Rights and Humanities in Post-pandemic (Integrated Science #18)
by Stefania Achella Chantal MaraziaDrawing from a wide array of disciplinary perspectives and geographical contexts, this volume offers new insights for critically engaging with the problem of vulnerability. The essays here contained take the move from the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to explore the inherent vulnerability of individuals, but also of social, economic and political systems, and probe the descriptive and prescriptive import of the concept.Each chapter provides a self-contained perspective on vulnerability, as well as a specific methodological framework for questioning its meaning. Taken together, the chapters combine into a multi-disciplinary toolkit for approaching the various forms and structures of vulnerability, with a special attention to the intersectional factors shaping the individual experience of it: from gender to age, from disability to mental illness, from hospitalisation to incarceration. The book explores the theoretical richness and complexity of the concept and proposes new analytical approaches to it, before illustrating its multifariousness through empirically grounded case studies. The closing section engages with “the future of vulnerability”, as a hermeneutic, epistemological, and critical-normative perspective to be deployed beyond the domain of global crises and emergencies.The volume is primarily intended as a reference for scholars in the human, social and health sciences. The accessible structure and plain language of the chapters make it also a valuable didactic resource for graduate courses in philosophy, the social sciences and public health.
Handbuch Tierethik: Grundlagen – Kontexte – Perspektiven
by Johann S. Ach Dagmar BorchersDas Handbuch führt ein in zentrale Begriffe, Konzeptionen, Themen- und Problemfelder der Tierethik. Neben der Geschichte der Tierethik, relevanten Konzepten und Theorien sowie einer Bandbreite unterschiedlicher Anwendungskontexte findet sich auch eine Darstellung der Tierphilosophie und ihrer wichtigsten Fragestellungen. Das Handbuch will darüber hinaus auch die sich in aktuellen Diskussionen und Kontroversen abzeichnenden Perspektiven der Tierethik umfassend vorstellen. Ziel des Handbuchs ist es, das breite Spektrum inhaltlicher und begrifflicher Aspekte der historischen und gegenwärtigen Tierethik zu reflektieren und einen Einblick in den aktuellen Diskussionsstand zu geben.
Geoethics In Latin America (The Latin American Studies Book Series)
by Rogelio Daniel Acevedo Jesús Martínez FríasThis book studies geoethics in Latin America and offers comprehensive research on geoethics and geoeducation. Its respective chapters explore geoethics in relation to UNESCO geoparks, mining activities in Latin America, natural hazards and risk management. Geoethics is a key discipline in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and not only includes scientific, technological, methodological and social-cultural aspects, but also addresses the need to consider appropriate protocols, scientific integrity issues and a code of good practice when studying the abiotic world.The position of Latin America’s recently created geoethics associations is based on protection of the environment, together with a reassurance that the balance of nature and the rights of human beings to enjoy it will be preserved.
Beyond the Algorithm: Qualitative Insights for Gig Work Regulation
by Deepa Das AcevedoIn Beyond the Algorithm: Qualitative Insights for Gig Work Regulation, Deepa Das Acevedo and a collection of scholars and experts show why government actors must go beyond mass surveys and data-scrubbing in order to truly understand the realities of gig work. The contributors draw on qualitative empirical research to reveal the narratives and real-life experiences that define gig work, and they connect these insights to policy debates being fought out in courts, town halls, and even in Congress itself. The book also bridges academic and non-academic worlds by drawing on the experiences of drivers, journalists, and workers' advocates who were among the first people to study gig work from the bottom up. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in gig work, the legal infrastructure surrounding it, and how that infrastructure can and must be improved.
The Aegean Maritime Disputes and International Law
by Yucel AcerThis key work analyses the disputes between Greece and Turkey as to their respective rights in the Aegean Sea, paying particular attention to the claims regarding territorial waters, the continental shelf, and the yet to be declared exclusive maritime zones in the area. While many earlier studies have concentrated on political factors, this study provides an exhaustive analysis of the relevant principles of international law in general and rules and principles of maritime law in particular, identifying the legal principles appropriate to the settlement of the Aegean dispute. With this regard, it makes a detailed examination of all the related aspects of the Aegean Sea and its islands, as well as the legal arguments of Greece and Turkey on the disputes concerned. It also clarifies the prospects for settling the dispute on the basis of international law, either by the two parties involved, or by the intervention of a third party such as the International Court of Justice. As such, it offers an important study of a particular problem, but one that can be used as a case study for other international disagreements.
Redesigning AI (Boston Review / Forum)
by Daron AcemogluA look at how new technologies can be put to use in the creation of a more just society.Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not likely to make humans redundant. Nor will it create superintelligence anytime soon. But it will make huge advances in the next two decades, revolutionize medicine, entertainment, and transport, transform jobs and markets, and vastly increase the amount of information that governments and companies have about individuals. AI for Good leads off with economist and best-selling author Daron Acemoglu, who argues that there are reasons to be concerned about these developments. AI research today pays too much attention to the technological hurtles ahead without enough attention to its disruptive effects on the fabric of society: displacing workers while failing to create new opportunities for them and threatening to undermine democratic governance itself. But the direction of AI development is not preordained. Acemoglu argues for its potential to create shared prosperity and bolster democratic freedoms. But directing it to that task will take great effort: It will require new funding and regulation, new norms and priorities for developers themselves, and regulations over new technologies and their applications.At the intersection of technology and economic justice, this book will bring together experts--economists, legal scholars, policy makers, and developers--to debate these challenges and consider what steps tech companies can do take to ensure the advancement of AI does not further diminish economic prospects of the most vulnerable groups of population.
TAXTOPIA: How I Discovered the Injustices, Scams and Guilty Secrets of the Tax Evasion Game
by The Rebel Accountant'A shocking, enraging, sometimes hilarious exposé of a tax system that lives down to all our worst fears of further enriching the wealthy at the expense of the little guys.' - Piers Morgan'Very funny (and furious)... By the end of the book you may be spluttering with rage at the injustice of it all. Page after page shows how the rich are exploiting loopholes to reduce their tax bill.... But this is not some crazed figure on the extreme left hoping to bring down the establishment. The book is written by an accountant who has spent his career coming up with the very tax avoidance schemes the super-wealthy use to evade the clutches of HMRC.' - The Telegraph'Funny, clever and really quite brilliant. Taxtopia will make you furiously angry and possibly even filthy rich.' - Tom Peck, The Independent'If you want to know how skewed the system is and how the rich always get richer and stay that way, while you don't, then read this book. Then get angry.' - Patrick Alley, Co-founder of Global Witness and author of Very Bad People'Taxtopia's anonymous author has done the impossible - created a hilarious and deeply troubling expose about how the world's shady tax system is exploited and proves what we always suspected - that our tax system is rigged against us. Read it and weep.' - Geraint Anderson author of City Boy'Would I recommend the book? For readers of Spear's, my answer is 'yes, and it may also be worth going back over some of the more interesting ideas with your accountant' -Spear's'The book is enormously readable ... I would very much recommend reading Taxtopia because it's the most hilarious book about tax I've ever read!' - Siân Pattenden, The BunkerIn TAXTOPIA a rogue accountant breaks ranks to share his journey from clueless naïf to skilled tax consultant -and in doing so blows the lid on the murky world of making the tax burdens of the ultra-wealthy disappear.In the topsy-turvy world of tax avoidance, you can get richer by buying a yacht, the world's biggest exporter of coffee is Switzerland, and billionaires like Jeff Bezos, Donald Trump and the Duke of Westminster often pay less tax than you do.Written with sharp wit and over-brimming with inside secrets, the anonymous author shows us that not only does the global tax system encourage dubious practice which favours the rich, but that it was specifically founded with that in mind.If you suspect that tax is a rigged game, a con, designed to fleece the little guy, you are about to find out just how shockingly true that really is.Welcome to TAXTOPIA.
TAXTOPIA: How I Discovered the Injustices, Scams and Guilty Secrets of the Tax Evasion Game
by The Rebel Accountant'A shocking, enraging, sometimes hilarious exposé of a tax system that lives down to all our worst fears of further enriching the wealthy at the expense of the little guys.' - Piers Morgan'Very funny (and furious)... By the end of the book you may be spluttering with rage at the injustice of it all. Page after page shows how the rich are exploiting loopholes to reduce their tax bill.... But this is not some crazed figure on the extreme left hoping to bring down the establishment. The book is written by an accountant who has spent his career coming up with the very tax avoidance schemes the super-wealthy use to evade the clutches of HMRC.' - The Telegraph'Funny, clever and really quite brilliant. Taxtopia will make you furiously angry and possibly even filthy rich.' - Tom Peck, The Independent'If you want to know how skewed the system is and how the rich always get richer and stay that way, while you don't, then read this book. Then get angry.' - Patrick Alley, Co-founder of Global Witness and author of Very Bad People'Taxtopia's anonymous author has done the impossible - created a hilarious and deeply troubling expose about how the world's shady tax system is exploited and proves what we always suspected - that our tax system is rigged against us. Read it and weep.' - Geraint Anderson author of City Boy'Would I recommend the book? For readers of Spear's, my answer is 'yes, and it may also be worth going back over some of the more interesting ideas with your accountant' -Spear's'The book is enormously readable ... I would very much recommend reading Taxtopia because it's the most hilarious book about tax I've ever read!' - Siân Pattenden, The BunkerIn TAXTOPIA a rogue accountant breaks ranks to share his journey from clueless naïf to skilled tax consultant -and in doing so blows the lid on the murky world of making the tax burdens of the ultra-wealthy disappear.In the topsy-turvy world of tax avoidance, you can get richer by buying a yacht, the world's biggest exporter of coffee is Switzerland, and billionaires like Jeff Bezos, Donald Trump and the Duke of Westminster often pay less tax than you do.Written with sharp wit and over-brimming with inside secrets, the anonymous author shows us that not only does the global tax system encourage dubious practice which favours the rich, but that it was specifically founded with that in mind.If you suspect that tax is a rigged game, a con, designed to fleece the little guy, you are about to find out just how shockingly true that really is.Welcome to TAXTOPIA.
Law and Revolution: Past Experiences, Future Challenges
by Matej Accetto Katja Škrubej Joseph H. H. WeilerThe last one hundred years have seen a number of events that could be perceived as disruptive challenges to the normal operation of the legal order. Some have been disruptive innovations of technologies or business practices, others social changes or constitutional transformations, further buttressed by the impact of globalisation and interdependence affecting the development of international, transnational and global law. Coincidentally, this period of one hundred years has been bookended by two pandemics, themselves disruptive realities testing the resilience as well as the adaptability of the legal regimes. A hundred years ago, the founding dean of a newly established law faculty beginning its mission amid the ashes of the First World War and the disintegration of the only remaining European empire gave an opening lecture exploring the role of law and judges in the face of revolutionary societal changes. Drawing upon that important text, this edited volume explores similar challenges for law brought about by various disruptive realities. The collection looks at the past as well as the future. Following the text of the opening lecture by Pitamic, the contributions are grouped under five headings, dealing with the law and revolution in 1918, the challenges posed for law by the seemingly more gradual political or technological transformations, the effects of globalisation and the changing world, with the final contributions reassessing the law, its methodologies and traditional paradigms including, in the epilogue, the challenges posed for law the recent disruptive reality of the Covid-19 pandemic. The book will be of interest to academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of legal history, jurisprudence, constitutional law, law and politics, and law and technology.
From Dezinformatsiya to Disinformation: A Critical Analysis of Strategies and Effect on the Digital Public Sphere
by Suania AcampaThe book takes a critical look at the phenomenon of disinformation by identifying the historical, technological and human elements that contribute to the current success of disinformation strategies. The author examines the origin of the word "Dezinformatsiya", used by Russian planners in the 1950s, to understand how military strategy has transformed into militarization of information. The book pays particular attention to the power of algorithmic platforms on the selection and dissemination of digital content and their role in the spread of misinformation. This influences traditional editorial practices, disintermediating the production and distribution of news and amplifying a particular human cognitive mechanism: confirmation bias. The author investigates the Italian case to identify general archetypes, and typical and salient elements of disinformation strategies. The results offer a further interpretative aspect to studying disinformation, which represents a fracture in the digital public sphere, a kind of irrational object circulating in a space believed to be governed by rational engagement norms. The book conclusively shows how polarizing narratives used in disinformation strategies are the expression of complex ideological undergrowth embodied in extremes of the political spectrum. This highly topical book is for students and researchers from across the social sciences and media interested in the disinformation phenomenon.
فجوة الامن الغذائي
by Dubai Police Academyلوحظ أن قضية الأمن الغذائي، في عالمنا المعاصر، لا تمثل فقط مجرد هم اقتصادي ملح فرضته بشدة تفاقم مخاطر ظاهرتى: التصحر حول العالم، والاحترارا أو الاحتباس الحرارى التي أفضت إلى تغيرات مناخية مقلقة، وإنما تمتد أبعادها لتمس الأمن القومى للبلاد وتقوض استقرارها الاجتماعي، لهذا اعتبرت من أهم القضايا الاقتصادية التي يحرص العالم على معالجتها، ومن أكثر المشكلات التي أحدثت قلقا كبيرا للسلطات ؛ بشكل تسببت معه في إحداث أعمال شغب متنامية في كثير من المجتمعات، إلى درجة قدر معها البنك الدولى أن 33 دولة في العالم على الأقل مهددة باضطرابات سياسية وأمنية واجتماعية
بحث مجلس الامن
by Dubai Police Academyمنذ بداية البشرية والإنسان يسعى في كل مراحل تطور حياته إلى تحقيق أمنه وحماية وجوده، ليشكل ذلك نقطة الانطلاق في استقراره وقدرته على الإبداع والعطاء في مختلف المجالات؛ وكلما تطورت معطيات الحياة وازداد انفتاح المجتمعات على بعضها البعض واتسعت المصالح التي تربطها وتشابكت ترسخت القناعة بأن أمنها كل لا يتجزأ. وبينما كان المجتمع الدولي ينمو يوماً بعد يوم وتتعدد أشخاصه وتتنوع أشكال العلاقات القائمة بينها تارة آخذة منحى سلمي وتارة متجهة نحو استخدام القوة بمختلف أشكالها، كانت هذه الفكرة تتعمق وتثبت أنها جوهرية وحتمية.
حماية حقوق الملكية الفكرية
by Dubai Police Academyارتباط النهضة والتقدم بمدى حماية حقوق الملكية الفكرية: أضحى خارج دائرة الشك أن حرية التفكير والإبداع الأدبي والفني، والاختراع والابتكار العلمي والتكنولوجي من الحريات والحقوق التي تحرص مختلف القوانين على حمايتها، لما لذلك من مردود في إثراء المعرفة الإنسانية، وتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية حيث يتعلق الأمر في النهاية بحماية رأس المال الفكري intellectual Capital الذي لا يقل أهمية، بل زادت أهميته، اليوم على رأس المال والأصول المادية Tangible Capital للشركات ومؤسسات الأعمال
الإضـراب بين المشروعية ... والتجريـم
by Dubai Police Academyيعاقب التشريع المصري على الإضراب في المادة (124) من قانون العقوبات، رغبة في حماية المصلحة العامة، وذلك من خلال حسن إدارة وتنظيم الأجهزة المختلفة، وضمان السير الطبيعي للإدارة العامة؛ لأن الدولة تمنح الموظف العام السلطات اللازمة لحسن سير العمل الوظيفي، وفي مقابل هذه السلطات، تفرض عليه واجبات معينة، ويحدث خرقه لها اضطرابًا فعليًا، أو حكميًا، لجهة الإدارة.
القوة الناعمة - بعد التعديل
by Dubai Police Academyرافقت الأزمات الإنسان منذ أن وجد على هذه الأرض.. وتعامل معها وفق إمكاناته المتاحة للحد من آثارها.. أو مارس فقط دور المتفرج إن تجاوزت الأزمة قدراته وإمكاناته المحدودة. ورغم أهمية علم إدارة الأزمات إلا أن الباحثين لم ينتبهوا إلى أهمية هذا الحقل المعرفي إلا في العصر الحديث نتيجة تعدد الأزمات من ناحية وارتفاع الأصوات التي ما انفكت تنادي بأن شيئاً ما يجب أن يتخذ تجاه الأحداث المفاجئة تفادياً لآثارها المدمرة
خيار المستهلك في العدول نهائي
by Dubai Police Academyيتناول هذا البحث دراسة خيار المُستهلك في العُدول عن العقد الإلكتروني، والذي تمّ إقراره لأول مرة في سورية من خلال قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية الجديد لعام 2014، في حين أنه بقي غائباً في نصوص قانون حماية المُستهلك السوري لعام 2015. وقد حاولنا بدايةً بيان ماهيّة هذا الخيار من خلال إيجاد تعريف مناسب له وتحديد الأساس القانوني الذي يستند إليه من بين العديد من الأفكار والنظريات التي طرحها بعض الكتاب، ثمّ بيّنا شروط وظروف مُمارسة هذا الخيار من قبل المُستهلك، كما ناقشنا مدى ضرورة جعل الأحكام الخاصة بهذا الخيار من النظام العام. وبعد ذلك عرضنا آثار استعمال خيار العُدول على المُستهلك والبائع، فوضحنا بشكل رئيسي التزامات المُستهلك في رد السلعة ودفع مصاريف إرجاعها، والتزامات البائع في رد الثمن وفسخ العقود التي تم إبرامها بمناسبة العقد الذي عدل عنه المُستهلك.
تنازع القوانين في الفقه الإسلامي
by Dubai Police Academyالدين الإسلامي هـو رسالة الله الأخيرة إلى الثقلين جميعـا ، ومـن ثم فقد " اقتضت الحكمة الإلهية أن يكون هذا الدين الخاتم الذي بعث به النبي الخاتم صالحا ومصلحا للإنسانية ، وملائما للطبيعة البشرية ، متمشيا مع كل زمان ومكان ، لا يصادم مصالح الناس ، ولا يعوق تقدمهم ... " ، ودين هذا شأنه مـن البديهي ، أن يشكل منظومـة رحمـة إلهية متكاملة ، مهداة من الله تعالى ، الرحيم بجميع خلقه ، إلى العالمين كافـة ، لإصلاح البشرية ورقي الإنسانية ، وليخرج الناس به من الظلمـات إلى النور ، ويرشدهم إلى سبل الخير والهدى والرشاد ، ويدرأ المفاسد ويدفع المضار عنهم جميعـا ويحقق مصالحهم ويقيم سعادتهم في الحال والمآل
دور بصمة المخ بعد التعديل
by Dubai Police Academyالإثبات من الموضوعات الرئيسية فى القانون الجزائى ، حيث لا جريمة بلا عقاب ، ولا عقاب بغير إثبات وقد تطورت وسائل الاثبات من الوسائل التقليدية كالاعتراف وشهادة الشهود حتى وصلنا الى الأدلة العلمية التى تساعد فى اثبات الجريمة ومنها البصمة الوراثية ثم وفى تطور آخر يشهده مجال الاثبات الجنائى الحديث ظهر ما يعرف بالأدلة العلمية العصبية ، والتى تنقسم الى أربعة أقسام وهى المكتشفات العلمية فى مجال الاثبات ، تقنيات تشخيص المتهم ، التدخلات التقنية فى ادراك الشخص لارتكاب الفعل
إشكالية الاختصاص بالفصل في المسائل الاولية
by Dubai Police Academyيحظى التحكيم، في نطاق القانون الخاص، بمكانة عظيمة الأهمية، كوسيلة بديلة للقضاء. ويعد التحكيم امتدادا طبيعيا لهذا القانون؛ حيث نشا وترعرع في أحضانه. الأمر الذي يجعلنا لا نغالي إذا قررنا أن العلاقة بينهما لاتخرج عن كونها علاقة أبوة أو بنوة شرعية